Antankarana: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox ethnic group|group='''Antankarana'''|image=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een Antankarana vrouw uit het noordoosten van Madagascar in kleermakerszit TMnr 60027439.jpg|caption=Potret seorang dari Antankarana|population=|popplace='''Antsiranana'''|region1={{flag|Madagaskar}}|pop1=44.852|ref1={{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=145|ps="They were, in the 1970's, the second smallest 'tribe', with a population of some 44,852 (...)."}}|pop2=|langs=[[Bahasa Malagasi]]|related=Etnis [[Sakalava]], orang [[Austronesia]]}}
'''Antankarana''' adalah [[Kelompok etnik|kelompok etnis]] yang mendiami Kota [[Antsiranana]]''',''' [[Madagaskar]]'''.''' ''Antankarana'' berarti 'dari Ankarana (batu)', merujuk pada kondisi bebatuan di daerah tempat tinggal mereka.<ref name=":0" /> Populasi Antankara sekitar 50.000 orang.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=145|ps="They were, in the 1970's, the second smallest 'tribe', with a population of some 44,852 (...)."}}
== Identitas ==
== Sejarah ==
Dinasti Sakalava di barat daya Madagaskar berdiri pada abad keenam belas hingga tujuh belas. Kerajaan ini meluaskan pengaruhnya hingga ke utara dan menghasilkan garis keturunan Zafin'i'fotsy (cucu putih/perak).{{Sfn|Gezon|2006|p=68|ps="The kingdom eventually expanded to the far north. The Zafinosty dynasty (grandchildren of white/silver, contrasting with the Zafinimena, or grandchildren of red/gold, to the south), out of which arose the Antankarana line, (...)"}} Kelompok ini berpisah dari Sakalava pada abad ke-16 setelah perebutan kekuasaan dengan kelompok Zafin'i'mena (cucu merah/ emas) di selatan yang berakhir dengan hak raja diambil oleh pihak Zafin'i'mena.{{Sfn|Gezon|2006|p=68|ps="The kingdom eventually expanded to the far north. The Zafinosty dynasty (grandchildren of white/silver, contrasting with the Zafinimena, or grandchildren of red/gold, to the south), out of which arose the Antankarana line, (...)"}}
[[Prancis]] mempertahankan Proktetorat Antankarana meskipun telah mengakui kedaulatan Malagasy.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=5-6|ps="Although the peoples of Madagascar were brought into a single political and administrative structure (...), the long powers struggles between Merina, Sakalava and French and British colonial powers that had preceded the declaration of a French Protectorate left their mark on relations between Malagasy, (...)"}}{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=169|ps="Tsimiaro's difficulties during the protectorate are evident (...). The Antankarana were subject to the same colonial policies that subsequently incited resistance and revolt throughout Madagascar, (...)"}} Di saat itu, Tsimiaro bekerja sama dengan pihak Prancis.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=148b|ps='Tsimiaro went to Bourbon to ask the French to chase away the Hova. In return, in a treaty signed April 5, 1841, Tsimiaro gave the French four islands off the coast."}} Pada masa pemerintahan penerusnya, Tsialana II, kerja sama dengan Prancis tetap berjalan.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=148c|ps="Tsimiaro I was succeeded by his first son, Tsialamna II. The French gave him a golden sabre."}}{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=148d|ps="The sabre has jewels on its sheath and says Republique Francaise on one side and Tsialana Roi on the other in an elaborate script."}}
Madagaskar merdeka dari Prancis pada tahun 1960.{{Sfn|Pryor|1990|p=209|ps="On June 26, 1960, Madagascar became fully independent."}} Pemerintahan republik tidak banyak mengganggu pemerintahan di kerajaan di bawah pimpinan Raja Tsimiaro II. Namun, sejak [[Albert Zafy]] terpilih sebagai presiden
== Budaya dan
Budaya Antankarana mirip dengan budaya Sakalava. Agama tradisional mereka adalah ''tromba'' (pemujaan roh leluhur) dan kepercayan terhadap roh alam.{{Sfn|Sharp|1993|p=78b|ps="Ceremonies are similar and at times indistinguishable: tromba ceremonies may include the same spirits,(...)"}} Mereka mematuhi berbagai ''fady'' (tabu leluhur), terutama beberapa yang berfungsi untuk melindungi satwa liar dan daerah hutan belantara.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=211|ps="Often, these become the taboos (sandrana/fady) of a group, (...)"}} Ekonomi tradisional Antankarana berpusat pada perikanan dan peternakan, meskipun akhir-akhir ini mereka mengadopsi pertanian. Beberapa orang Antankarana bekerja di administrasi sipil, pendidikan, perdagangan dan bidang lainnya. Mayoritas orang Antankarana menganut agama [[Islam]]. Islam yang dipraktikkan oleh Antankarana [[Sinkretisme|sinkretis]]. Mereka memadukan pemujaan leluhur tradisional dengan elemen budaya yang ditiru dari budaya Muslim Arab.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=148e|ps="On another occasion the king told us 80% of the Antankarana were Muslim; in actual fact the number is much less and the Islamic practice of many local Muslims is nominal."}}
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== Daftar Pustaka ==
{{refbegin|1}}
*{{citebook|title=Global visions, local landscapes : a political ecology of conservation, conflict, and control in Northern Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/globalvisionsloc0000gezo|last=Gezon|first=Lisa L.|publisher=AltaMira Press|year=2006|isbn=0-7591-0737-8|location=Lanham, MD|pages=|oclc=62804635|ref={{sfnref|Gezon|2006}}|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|title=Des morts, des vivants et des choses ethnographie d'un village de pêcheurs au nord de Madagascar|last=Giguère|first=Hélène|publisher=CÉLAT|year=2006|isbn=978-2-7637-1309-0|location=Sainte-Foy|pages=|oclc=1033441453|url-status=live}}
*{{
*{{
▲*{{Citebook|title=Malaŵi and Madagascar|last=Pryor|first=Frederic L|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=0-19-520823-4|location=Oxford|pages=|oclc=22276285|ref={{sfnref|Pryor|1990}}|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|title=Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues 586-606|last=Service|first=United States Joint Publications Research|publisher=United States Joint Publications Research Service|year=1967|isbn=|location=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Service|1967}}|url-status=live}}
*{{Citebook|title=The possessed and the dispossessed : spirits, identity, and power in a Madagascar migrant town|url=https://archive.org/details/possesseddisposs0000shar|last=Sharp|first=Lesley Alexandra|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-520-91845-0|location=Berkeley|pages=|oclc=45729881|ref={{sfnref|Sharp|1993}}|url-status=live}}▼
▲*{{Citebook|title=The possessed and the dispossessed : spirits, identity, and power in a Madagascar migrant town|last=Sharp|first=Lesley Alexandra|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-520-91845-0|location=Berkeley|pages=|oclc=45729881|ref={{sfnref|Sharp|1993}}|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|title=The sacrificed generation : youth, history, and the colonized mind in Madagascar|last=Sharp|first=Lesley Alexandra|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-93588-4|location=Berkeley|pages=|oclc=614606565|ref={{sfnref|Sharp|2002}}|url-status=live}}
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