Antankarana: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox ethnic group|group='''Antankarana'''|image=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een Antankarana vrouw uit het noordoosten van Madagascar in kleermakerszit TMnr 60027439.jpg|caption=Potret seorang dari Antankarana|population=|popplace='''Antsiranana'''|region1={{flag|Madagaskar}}|pop1=44.852|ref1={{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=145|ps="They were, in the 1970's, the second smallest 'tribe', with a population of some 44,852 (...)."}}|pop2=|langs=[[Bahasa Malagasi]]|related=[[Rakyat Sakalava]], Orang [[Austronesia]]}}Antankarana dapat dilihat dari dua sisi. Pertama lokatif, sebagai sebutan kepada orang-orang yang tinggal di daerah yang sama menurut asal kata itu sendiri.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=66|ps="In one sense, Antankarana is a geographic term, referring to any people who happen to live near the massive.}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Walsh|first=Andrew|date=2010-12-02|year=|title=What Makes (the) Antankarana, Antankarana? Reckoning Group Identity in Northern Madagascar|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0014184020042616?needAccess=true&|journal=Ethnos|language=en|volume=|issue=|pages=31|doi=10.1080/0014184020042616}}</ref>{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=66|ps="In one sense, Antankarana is a geographic term, referring to any people who happen to live near the massive.}} Kedua, merujuk pada sebuah suku atau etnis asli daerah Ankarana dengan bahasa dan tradisi sendiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bennett|first=Norman R.|date=1996-06-01|title=Philip M. Allen. Madagascar: Conflicts of Authority in the Great Island. (Nations of Contemporary Africa.) Boulder, Colo.: Westview. 1995. Pp. xiv, 254. $54.95|url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/101/3/885/118756|journal=The American Historical Review|language=en|volume=101|issue=3|pages=885–886|doi=10.1086/ahr/101.3.885-a|issn=0002-8762}}</ref> Mereka tinggal di bagian paling utara Pulau Madagaskar dan mengaku sebagai keturunan orang [[Bangsa Malagasi|Malagasi]] dan [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]]. Mereka adalah bagian dari kelompok etnis [[Rakyat Sakalava|Sakalava]]. Secara historis, wilayah mereka terbentang dari ujung utara pulau di Antsiranana hingga ke pantai barat, termasuk Pulau Nosy Mitsio. Wilayahnya di timur sampai Sungai Bemarivo dan meluas ke selatan ke Desa Tetezambato.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=148|ps="The kingdom extends in the north to Diego Suarez and the Bobaomby; in the east to the Bermarivo river; in the west to Nosy Mitsio; and in the south to Tetezambato (which is by the road to Nosy Faly)."}}

Dinasti Sakalava di barat daya Madagaskar berdiri pada abad keenam belas hingga tujuh belas. Kerajaan ini meluaskan pengaruhnya hingga ke utara dan menghasilkan garis keturunan Zafin'i'fotsy (cucu putih/perak).{{Sfn|Gezon|2006|p=68|ps="The kingdom eventually expanded to the far north. The Zafinosty dynasty (grandchildren of white/silver, contrasting with the Zafinimena, or grandchildren of red/gold, to the south), out of which arose the Antankarana line, (...)"}} Kelompok ini berpisah dari Sakalava pada abad ke-16 setelah perebutan kekuasaan dengan kelompok Zafin'i'mena (cucu merah/ emas) di selatan yang berakhir dengan hak raja diambil oleh pihak Zafin'i'mena.{{Sfn|Gezon|2006|p=68|ps="The kingdom eventually expanded to the far north. The Zafinosty dynasty (grandchildren of white/silver, contrasting with the Zafinimena, or grandchildren of red/gold, to the south), out of which arose the Antankarana line, (...)"}} yang berakhir dengan hak raja diambil oleh pihak Zafin'i'mena. Setelah gagal mempertahankan haknya sebagai penerus takhta, Zafin'i'fotsy meninggalkan kerajaan dan tinggal di utara perbatasan Sakalava.{{Sfn|Sharp|1993|p=78|ps="For example, in the past, Sakalava and Antanaraka mebers of one group. As a result of a dispute over royal succession, the Antanaraka split off and moved north, so that now Sakalava and Antanaraka are members of related yet separate descent groups."}} Pemimpin Antankarana pertama, Kozobe, mencaplok sebagian besar daerah utara pulau utara sebagai wilayahnya, kemudian membaginya menjadi lima daerah yang masing-masing diperintah oleh salah satu putranya.{{Sfn|Gezon|2008|p=68b|ps="According to Laporte (1950), Kozobe's kingdom was vast, covering the whole northern are of (...). He sent his children to preside over five different governments in this area."}} Putranya, Andriantsirotso, memimpin Zafin'i'fotsy mengembara lebih jauh ke utara ke daerah yang sekarang menjadi [[Cagar Alam Ankarana|Cagar Ankarana]]. Andriantsirotso kemudian mendirikan kerajaan Antankarana.{{Sfn|Gezon|2006|p=68c|ps="Laporte (1950) writes that at the time, Andriantsirotso first gave his subjects the name Antankarana. This was when the dynasty first considered separate from other Sakalava lines."}}

[[Prancis]] mempertahankan Proktetorat Antankarana meskipun telah mengakui kedaulatan Malagasy.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=5-6|ps="Although the peoples of Madagascar were brought into a single political and administrative structure (...), the long powers struggles between Merina, Sakalava and French and British colonial powers that had preceded the declaration of a French Protectorate left their mark on relations between Malagasy, (...)"}}{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=169|ps="Tsimiaro's difficulties during the protectorate are evident (...). The Antankarana were subject to the same colonial policies that subsequently incited resistance and revolt throughout Madagascar, (...)"}} Di saat itu, Tsimiaro bekerja sama dengan pihak Prancis.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=148b|ps='Tsimiaro went to Bourbon to ask the French to chase away the Hova. In return, in a treaty signed April 5, 1841, Tsimiaro gave the French four islands off the coast."}} Pada masa pemerintahan penerusnya, Tsialana II, kerja sama dengan Prancis tetap berjalan.{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=148c|ps="Tsimiaro I was succeeded by his first son, Tsialamna II. The French gave him a golden sabre."}}{{Sfn|Middleton|1999|p=148d|ps="The sabre has jewels on its sheath and says Republique Francaise on one side and Tsialana Roi on the other in an elaborate script."}}

== Budaya dan Kepercayaankepercayaan ==

*{{citebook|title=Global visions, local landscapes : a political ecology of conservation, conflict, and control in Northern Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/globalvisionsloc0000gezo|last=Gezon|first=Lisa L.|publisher=AltaMira Press|year=2006|isbn=0-7591-0737-8|location=Lanham, MD|pages=|oclc=62804635|ref={{sfnref|Gezon|2006}}|url-status=live}}

*{{citebookCitebook|title=Ancestors, power,Malaŵi and history in Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/malawimadagascar0000pryo|last=MiddletonPryor|first=KarenFrederic L|publisher=BrillOxford University Press|year=19991990|isbn=900-0419-11289520823-84|location=LeidenOxford|pages=|oclc=4076269022276285|ref={{sfnref|MiddletonPryor|19991990}}|url-status=live}}

[[Kategori:SukuKelompok bangsaetnik di Madagaskar]]