Nitrogen monoksida: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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Baris 1:
{{distinguish|dinitrogen oksida|nitrogen oksida}}
{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477001381
| ImageFile = Nitric-oxide-2D.png
| ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageSize = 121px
|
| ImageFileL1 = Nitric oxide.svg
| ImageNameL1 = Skeletal formula showing three lone pairs and one unpaired electron
| ImageFileR1 = Nitric-oxide-3D-vdW.png
| ImageFileR1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}
| ImageNameR1 = Space-filling model of nitric oxide
| IUPACName = Nitric oxide
| SystematicName = Oxidonitrogen(•)<ref>{{cite web|title = Nitric Oxide (CHEBI:16480)|url = https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16480|work = Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI)|location = UK|publisher = European Bioinformatics Institute}}</ref> (additive)
| OtherNames = Nitrogen monoxide<br />
Nitrogen(II) oxide
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 10102-43-9
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 1200689
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| PubChem = 145068
| PubChem_Ref = {{Pubchemcite|correct|pubchem}}
| ChemSpiderID = 127983
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| UNII = 31C4KY9ESH
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| EINECS = 233-271-0
| UNNumber = 1660
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00435
| KEGG = D00074
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 16480
| RTECS = QX0525000
| Gmelin = 451
| 3DMet = B00122
| ATCCode_prefix = R07
| ATCCode_suffix = AX01
| SMILES = [N]=O
| StdInChI = 1S/NO/c1-2
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| InChI = 1/NO/c1-2
| StdInChIKey = MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| InChIKey = MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYAI
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| N = 1
| O = 1
| ExactMass = 29.997988627 g mol<sup>−1</sup>
| Appearance = Colourless gas
| Density = 1.3402 g dm<sup>−3</sup>
| MeltingPtC = −164
| BoilingPtC = −152
| Solubility = 0.0098 g/100ml (0 °C) <br /> 0.0056 g/100ml (20 °C)
| RefractIndex = 1.0002697
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| MolShape = linear ([[point group]] C<sub>∞''v''</sub>)
}}
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = 90.29 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>
| Entropy = 210.76 J K<sup>−1</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup>
}}
| Section5 = {{Chembox Pharmacology
| AdminRoutes = [[Inhalation]]
| Bioavail = good
| Metabolism = via pulmonary capillary bed
| HalfLife = 2–6 seconds
}}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = [http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/nitric_oxide.pdf External MSDS]
| EUClass = {{Hazchem O}} {{Hazchem T}}
| RPhrases = {{R8}}, {{R23}}, {{R34}}, {{R44}}
| SPhrases = {{S1}}, {{S17}}, {{S23}}, {{S36/37/39}}, {{S45}}
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 3
| NFPA-O = OX
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related
| Function = [[nitrogen]] [[oksida]]
| OtherFunctn = [[Dinitrogen pentoksida]]<br />
[[Dinitrogen tetroksida]]<br />
[[Dinitrogen trioksida]]<br />
[[Nitrogen dioksida]]<br />
[[Dinitrogen oksida]]<br/>
[[Azanone|Nitroxyl]] (bentuk tereduksi)<br/>
[[Hydroxylamine]] (bentuk terhidrogenasi)
}}
}}
'''Nitrogen monoksida''' ({{lang-en|nitric oxide, endothelial-derived relaxing factor, nitrogen monoxide, NO}}) adalah senyawa dengan [[rumus kimia]] berupa NO yang berfungsi sebagai [[molekul]] [[transduksi sinyal selular|sinyal]] intraselular pada [[mamalia]] termasuk [[manusia]] dengan modulasi berupa [[aliran darah]], [[trombosis]] dan aktivitas neural. Molekul NO sering juga diproduksi oleh polutan dari [[asap]] [[rokok]], [[kendaraan]] dan lain-lain, sehingga sering dianggap bersifat toksik dan sangat reaktif, tetapi penggunaan [[gas]] NO konsentrasi rendah untuk perawatan [[hipertensi]] [[paru]] pada [[bayi]] yang baru dilahirkan, mendapatkan persetujuan dari [[FDA]].<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2248324|title=Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease|accessdate=2011-07-31|work=Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Agricultural and Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital; PÁL PACHER, JOSEPH S. BECKMAN, and LUCAS LIAUDET}}</ref> Selain itu, NO dapat diproduksi oleh [[neuron]] selama 80 tahun di dalam [[otak]] manusia tanpa menimbulkan efek [[keracunan]], kadar NO yang cukup diperlukan [[tubuh]] untuk memelihara [[hati]] dari kerusakan [[iskemia|iskemik]] akibat [[sepsis]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9366709|title=Nitric oxide down-regulates hepatocyte-inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression|accessdate=2010-10-18|work=Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh; Taylor BS, Kim YM, Wang Q, Shapiro RA, Billiar TR, Geller DA.}}</ref> namun produksi NO saat terjadi [[iskemia]] [[otak]] akan merusak neuron yang sama.
Sitotoksisitas yang dipicu NO, ditimbulkan oleh [[peroksinitrita]] (ONOO−), yang terbentuk dari reaksi antara NO dengan [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] [[radikal bebas]] berupa [[anion]] [[superoksida]]. Peroksinitrita berinteraksi dengan [[lipid]], [[DNA]] dan [[protein]] melalui mekanisme langsung berupa [[reaksi oksidatif]] dan mekanisme tidak langsung dengan kofaktor berupa radikal bebas. Adanya senyawa peroksinitrita merupakan indikasi berbagai kondisi pategenik seperti [[stroke]], [[infarksi miokardial]], [[gagal jantung]] kronis, [[diabetes]], [[kanker]], [[sklerosis multipel]], [[artritis]], kelainan ''neurodegenerative'', ''circulatory shock'', ''chronic inflammatory disease'', dll; oleh karena senyawa superoksida dengan cepat akan diredam oleh berbagai jenis [[enzim]] [[dismutase superoksida]] yang terdapat pada [[mitokondria]], [[sitoplasma]] dan [[periplasma]], sedangkan NO dengan cepat akan terdifusi keluar ke dalam periplasma dan memasuki [[sel darah merah]] untuk dikonversi menjadi [[asam nitrat]] melalui reaksi dengan [[oksihemoglobin]]. Sehingga reaksi antara NO dan superoksida yang membentuk peroksinitrita, sangat jarang terjadi.
Peroksinitrita akan menyebabkan [[apoptosis]] pada [[sel (biologi)|sel]] yang terpapar, seperti [[timosit]], [[sel HL-60]], [[sel PC-12]], [[fibroblas]], [[sel SN-4741]] yang merupakan [[neuron]] [[dopamin|''dopaminergik'']], sel [[neuroblastoma]] [[sel SH-SY5Y|SH-SY5Y]], neuron primer, [[astrosit]], [[oligodendrosit]], [[sel endotelial]], [[sel beta]] pada [[islet Langerhans]], [[neutrofil]], [[kondrosit]], [[kardiomiosit]] dan [[sel tubular]] pada saluran [[ginal|renal]].
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pustaka tambahan ==
*Butler A. and Nicholson R.; [http://books.google.com/books?id=0d1Z0m76YeYC&printsec=frontcover "Life, death and NO."] Cambridge 2003. ISBN 978-0-85404-686-7.
*van Faassen, E. E.; Vanin, A. F. (eds); [http://books.google.com/books?id=UJ4glFNEcn0C&printsec=frontcover "Radicals for life: The various forms of Nitric Oxide."] Elsevier, [[Amsterdam]] 2007. ISBN 978-0-444-52236-8.
*Ignarro, L. J. (ed.); [http://books.google.com/books?id=h5FugARr4bgC&printsec=frontcover "Nitric oxide:biology and pathobiology."] [[Academic Press]], San Diego 2000. ISBN 0-12-370420-0.
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1311.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1311]
*[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0448.html CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
*[http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1998/index.html 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for discovery of NO's role in cardiovascular regulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020126143157/http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1998/index.html |date=2002-01-26 }}
*{{PDFlink|[http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/burkearchive/summary.pdf Nitric oxide and its role in health and diabetes.]}}
* [http://mattson.creighton.edu/NOx/index.html Microscale Gas Chemistry: Experiments with Nitrogen Oxides]
* [http://www.livescience.com/980-brain-boots-computer.html Your Brain Boots Up Like a Computer] – new insights about the biological role of nitric oxide.
* [http://www.podiatrytoday.com/article/5164 Assessing The Potential of Nitric Oxide in the Diabetic Foot]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071121213845.htm New Discoveries About Nitric Oxide Can Provide Drugs For Schizophrenia]
* [http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/erd/Chemicals/8000/6828.html Nitric Oxide at the Chemical Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930092625/http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/erd/Chemicals/8000/6828.html |date=2009-09-30 }}
{{Senyawa nitrogen}}
{{Senyawa oksigen}}
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