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[[Berkas:Medicibib.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.2|Pandangan dari udara. LaurentianBangunan LibraryPerpustakaan dapatLaurenziana diidentifikasidikenal dari deretan panjang jendela di atas biara yang memanjang ke arah kiri gambar. Struktur lebih tinggi dengan dua deret jendela tepat bersebelahan di sebelah kanan adalah Vestibule.]]
'''Perpustakaan LaurentianLaurenziana''' (bahasa Latin: '''{{lang-la|Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana'''; '''Perpustakaan Medici'''}}; {{lang-enit|LaurentianLibreria LibraryLaurenziana}}), juga dikenal atausebagai ''Medici'Perpustakaan LibraryMedici'')', adalah sebuah perpustakaan bersejarah di [[FlorenceFirenze]], [[Italia]], yang menyimpan suatu repositorikoleksi lebih dari 11.000 [[naskah]] dan 4.500 buku cetak kuno.<ref name=brit>{{cite book|year=2007|title=Medicean-Laurentian Library|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Dibangun dalam sebuah biara (''cloister'') [[Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze]] di bawah santunan paus [[Medici]], [[Klemens VII]], perpustakaan ini didirikan untuk menekankan bahwa keluarga [[Medici]] tidak lagi hanya pedagang melainkan bagian masyarakat terpelajar dan gerejawi. Memuat naskah-naskah dan buku-buku yang menjadi milik perpustakaan pribadi keluarga Medici. Perpustakaan ini terkenal karena arsitekturnya dirancang dan dibangun oleh [[Michelangelo]] dan merupakan suatu contoh aliran [[Mannerisme]].<ref name=brit/><ref name=build>Fazio, Michael; Moffett, Marian; Wodehouse, Lawrence, ''Buildings across Time'' (London: Lawrence King Publishing Ltd, 2009), pp 308-310</ref><ref name=aii>Lotz, Wolfgang; Howard, Deborah, ''Architecture in Italy, 1500-1600'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp 91-94</ref>
== Arsitektur ==
Perpustakaan LaurentianLaurenziana diperintahkan pembangunannya pada tahun 1523 dan konstruksi dimulai tahun 1525; tetapi, ketika Michelangelo meninggalkan Florence pada tahun 1534, hanya tembok-tembok ruang baca yang sudah jadi. Kemudian dilanjutkan oleh Tribolo, Basari, dan Ammannati berdasarkan denah dan instruksi lisan Michelangelo. Dengan cara ini, pembangunan gedung itu meleburkan bagian yang dikerjakan Michelangelo dengan bagian lain yang dibangun kemudian berdasarkan penafsiran instruksinya. Perpustakaan ini dibuka pada tahun 1571. LaurentianPerpustakaan LibraryLaurenziana adalah salah satu prestasi arsitektur terpenting Michelangelo. Para sejawat Michelangelo juga menyadari bahwa inovasi dan penggunaan ruang pada LaurentianPerpustakaan LibraryLaurenziana adalah revolusioner.<ref name=aii/>
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<blockquote>
The admirable distribution of the windows, the construction of the ceiling, and the fine entrance of the Vestibule can never be sufficiently extolled. Boldness and grace are equally conspicuous in the work as a whole, and in every part; in the cornices, corbels, the niches for statues, the commodious staircase, and its fanciful division-in all the building, as a word, which is so unlike the common fashion of treatment, that every one stands amazed at the sight thereof. – Giorgio Vasari.<ref>Vasari, Giorgio; Blashfield, Edwin Howland; Blashfield, Evangeline Wilbour; Hopkins, Albert Allis, ''Lives of Seventy of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects'' (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1909), pp. 115-116</ref>
</blockquote>
The two-story Quattrocento cloister was to remain unchanged by the addition of the library. Because of this, certain features of Michelangelo’s plan such as the length and width were already laid out. Therefore walls were built on already pre-existing walls and [[cloisters]]. Because the walls were built on pre-existing walls, recessing the columns into the walls was a structural necessity. This also led to a unique style and pattern that Michelangelo takes advantage of.<ref name=build/>
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[[Berkas:Laurentian Library vestibule.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Vestibule]]
=== Vestibule ===
[[Berkas:Biblioteca medicea laurenziana , internovestibolo 01e scala di michelangelo, 07. JPGjpg|jmpl| kirikanan| Ruang bacaVestibule]] ▼Vestibule, juga dikenal sebagai ''ricetto'', panjangnya 19,50 m, lebarnya 20,30 m, dan tingginya 14,6 m (31 x 34 x 44 kaki).<ref name=aii/> Dibangun di atas bangunan biara yang sudah ada di bagian timur kompleks, dengan pintu masuk dari ruangan atas biara. Asalnya, Michelangelo merencanakan suatu lubang cahaya, tetapi Klemens VII percaya itu akan menyebabkan atap akan bocor, sehingga jendela-jendela ''clerestory'' digabungkan ke dalam tembok sebelah barat.<!-- windows were incorporated into the west wall. Blank tapering windows––framed in pietra serena, surmounted by either triangular or segmental pediments, and separated by paired columns set into the wall––circumscribe the interior of the vestibule.<ref name=build/>
Lit by windows in bays that are articulated by [[pilasters]] corresponding to the beams of the ceiling, with a tall constricted [[Vestibule (Architecture)|vestibule]] (executed to Michelangelo's design in 1559 by [[Bartolomeo Ammannati]]<ref name=brit/>) that is filled with a stair that flows up to (and down from) the entrance to the reading room, the Library is often instanced as a prototype of [[Mannerism]] in architecture.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abcgallery.com/M/michelangelo/michelangelo66.html | title = Vestibule of the Laurentian Library | work =Olga's Gallery | accessdate = February 14, 2007 }}</ref>-->
[[Berkas:Laurentian library plan.jpg|jmpl|ka|Peta]]
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=== Tangga ===
The plan of the stairs changed dramatically in the design stage. Originally in the first design in 1524, two flights of stairs were placed against the side walls and formed a bridge in front of the reading room door. A year later the stairway was moved to the middle of the vestibule. [[Tribolo]] attempted to carry out this plan in 1550 but nothing was built. Ammannati took on the challenge of interpreting Michelangelo’s ideas to the best of his abilities using a small clay model, scanty material, and Michelangelo’s instructions.<ref name=aii/>
The staircase leads up to the reading room and takes up half of the floor of the vestibule. The treads of the center flights are convex and vary in width, while the outer flights are straight. The three lowest steps of the central flight are wider and higher than the others, almost like concentric oval slabs. As the stairway descends, it divides into three flights.<ref name=build/><ref name=aii/>
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▲[[Berkas:Biblioteca medicea laurenziana interno 01.JPG|jmpl|kiri|Ruang baca]]
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===Ruang baca ===
The reading room is 46.20 m. long, 10.50 m. wide, and 8.4 m. high (152 by 35 by 28 feet). There are two blocks of seats separated by a center aisle with the backs of each serving as desks for the benches behind them. The desks are lit by the evenly spaced windows along the wall. The windows are framed by pilasters, forming a system of bays which articulate the layout of the ceiling and floor.<ref name=aii/>
Because the reading room was built upon an existing story, Michelangelo had to reduce the weight of the reading-room walls. The system of frames and layers in the walls’ articulation reduced the volume and weight of the bays between the pilasters.<ref name=aii/>
Beneath the current wooden floor of the library in the Reading Room is a series of 15 rectangular red and white ''[[terra cotta]]'' floor panels. These panels, measuring 8 foot-6-inches (2.6 m) on a side, when viewed in sequence demonstrate basic principles of [[geometry]]. It is believed that these tiles were arranged so as to be visible under the original furniture; but this furniture was later changed to increase the number of reading desks in the room.<ref>Ben Nicholson, Jay Kappraff, and Saori Hisano, [http://www.nexusjournal.com/conferences/N1998-Nicholson.html "The Hidden Pavement Designs of the Laurentian Library"], pp. 87-98 in ''Nexus II: Architecture and Mathematics'', ed. Kim Williams, Fucecchio (Florence): Edizioni dell'Erba, 1998.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first = Paul L. | last = Rosin | coauthors = Martin, Ralph R. | year = 2003 | title = Hidden Inscriptions in the Laurentian Library | journal = Proceedings of Int. Soc. Arts, Mathematics, and Architecture (ISAMA) | pages = 37–44 | url = http://ralph.cs.cf.ac.uk/papers/Geometry/Laurentian.pdf | accessdate = 2007-02-16|format=PDF}}</ref>
===Interpretasi ===
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[[Berkas:Biblioteca medicea laurenziana sala lettura moderna.JPG|jmpl| The Bibliotheca Medicea is also a fully modern scholarly library]]
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In the ''ricetto'', critics have noted that the recessed columns in the vestibule make the walls look like taut skin stretched between vertical supports. This caused the room to appear as if it mimics the human body, which at the time of the [[Italian Renaissance]] was believed to be the ideal form. The columns of the building also appear to be supported on [[corbels]] so that the weight seems to be carried on weak elements. Because of the seemingly instability of the structure, the viewer cannot discern whether the roof is supported by the columns or the walls. This sense of ambiguity is heightened by the unorthodox forms of the windows and, especially, by the compressed quality of all architectural elements, which creates a sense of tension and constrained energy.<ref name=build/>
The dynamic sculpture of the staircase appears to pour forth like lava from the upper level and reduces the floor space of the vestibule in a highly unusual way. In the central flight, the convex treads vary in width which makes the entire arrangement disquieting.<ref name=build/>
In sharp contrast to the vestibule and staircase, the reading room’s evenly spaced windows set between pilasters in the side walls let in copious amounts of natural light and create a serene, quiet, and restful appearance.<ref name=build/>
[[Mark Rothko]] stated that the vestibule and the walls in the staircase of the library influenced his 1959 Seagram Murals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Feeding fury|author=Jonathan Jones|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 December 2002|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2002/dec/07/artsfeatures}}</ref>
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{{external media | width = 210px | align = right
| headerimage=[[Berkas:Biblioteca medicea laurenziana vestibolo 15.JPG|210px]]
| video1 = [http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/michelangelo-laurentian-library1.html Michelangelo, Laurentian Library], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth">{{cite web | title =Michelangelo, Laurentian Library | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/michelangelo-laurentian-library1.html | accessdate =March 18, 2013 }}</ref> }}
== Koleksi ==
Pada tahun 1571, [[Cosimo I]], Grand Duke of Tuscany, membuka perpusatakaan yang masih belum lengkap untuk para sarjana.<ref name=brit/> Tambahan-tambahan terkenal pada koleksi ini dibuat oleh ''librarian'' (kepala perpustakaan) termasyhur, [[Angelo Maria Bandini]], yang diangkat pada tahun 1757 dan mengawasi pembuatan katalog cetaknya. Perpustakaan ini melestarikan [[Nahuatl]] [[Florentine Codex]], sumber penting untuk kehidupan Aztec sebelum Conquest. Di antara naskah-naskah terkenal pada Laurentian Library didapati [[Rabula Gospels]] bahasa Suryani dari abad ke-6; [[Codex Amiatinus]], yang memuat naskah paling tua yang masih ada dari Alkitab bahasa Latin [[Vulgata]]; [[Squarcialupi Codex]], sebuah naskah musik kuno yang penting; dan potongan-potongan papirus [[Erinna]] yang memuat sajak-sajak teman-teman [[Sapfo]].
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Papirus 89]]
* [[Uncial 0171]]
* [[Uncial 0174]]
* [[Minuscule 458]]
* [[Minuscule 619]]
* [[Minuscule 836 (Gregory-Aland)]]
== Referensi ==
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* Pierre Petitmengin – Laetitia Ciccolini, ''Jean Matal et la bibliothèque de Saint Marc de Florence (1545)'', "Italia medioevale e umanistica", 46, 2005, pp. 207-238 207–238. ▼
▲* Pierre Petitmengin – Laetitia Ciccolini, ''Jean Matal et la bibliothèque de Saint Marc de Florence (1545)'', "Italia medioevale e umanistica", 46, 2005, pp. 207-238.
== Pranala luar ==
{{coord|43.774521|N|11.253374|E|type:landmark_region:IT|display=title}}
{{Michelangelo|architecture}}
[[Kategori:Perpustakaan di Florence]]
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