Magnoliid: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''MagnoliidaeMagnoliid''' (ataujamak: '''magnoliids''', atau '''Magnoliidae''' pada [[sistem klasifikasi Cronquist]]) adalah suatu kelompoksekelompok [[tumbuhan berbunga]] yang mencakup sekitar 9,000<ref name="palmer">{{cite journal | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 | title = The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view | author = Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase | journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 2004 | volume = 91 | pages = 1437–1445 (Fig.2) | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437 | access-date = 2009-12-08 | archive-date = 2010-10-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101009220630/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> jenis tumbuhan berciri sama: memiliki [[bunga|bunga trimer]] (simetri tiga), [[serbuk sari]] dengan satu pori, dan dengan urat daun yang biasanya bercabang. Ke dalamnyadalam kelompok penting ini termasuk [[magnolia]], [[cempaka]], [[pala]], [[kulit manis]], [[apokatAlpukat]], [[lada]], serta [[kemukus]]. ▼

Other magnoliids also are known for their narcotic, hallucinogenic, or paralytic properties. The [[Polynesian culture|Polynesian]] beverage [[kava]] is [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] from the pulverized roots of ''Piper methysticum'', and has both sedative and [[narcotic]] properties.<ref name="Heywood"/> It is used throughout the Pacific in social gatherings or after work to relax. Likewise, some native peoples of the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]] take a [[hallucinogen]]ic [[snuff]] made from the dried and powdered fluid exuded from the bark of ''[[Virola]]'' trees.<ref name="Cronquist"/> Another hallucinogenic compound, [[myristicin]], comes from the spice nutmeg.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shulgin | first=Alexander T. | date=1966-04-23 | title=Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance | journal=Nature | volume=210 | pages=380–384 | doi=10.1038/210380a0 }}</ref> As with safrole, ingestion of nutmeg in quantities can lead to hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting, with symptoms lasting several days.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Panayotopoulos | first=D. J. | coauthors=D. D. Chisholm | date=1970 | title= Hallucinogenic effect of nutmeg | journal=British Medical Journal | volume=1 | issue=5698 | pages=754 | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=1699804&pageindex=1 | pmid=5440555 | doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5698.754-b }}</ref> A more severe reaction comes from poisoning by [[rodiasine]] and [[demethylrodiasine]], the active ingredients in fruit extract from ''[[Ocotea venenosa]]''. These chemicals paralyze muscles and nerves, resulting in [[tetanus]]-like reactions in animals. The [[Cofán]] peoples of westernmost Amazon in [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]] use the compound as a poison to tip their arrows in hunting.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kostermans | first=A. J. | coauthors=Homer V. Pinkley, William L Stern | year=1969 | title=A new Amazonian arrow poison: ''Ocotea venenosa'' | journal=Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University | volume=22 | issue=7 | pages=241–252 }}</ref>▼

Not all the effects of chemical compounds in the Magnoliidae are detrimental. In previous centuries, sailors would use Winter's Bark from the [[South America]]n tree ''[[Drimys winteri]]'' to ward off the vitamin-deficieny of [[scurvy]].<ref name="Heywood"/> Today, [[benzoyl]] is extracted from ''[[Lindera benzoin]]'' (common spicebush) for use as a food additive and skin medicine, due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.<ref>{{cite book | last=Zomlefer | first=Wendy B. | year=1994 | title= Guide to Flowering Plant Families | url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoflowering0000zoml | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | isbn=0-8078-2160-8 | pages=pp 29–39 }}</ref> Drugs extracted from the bark of ''[[Magnolia]]'' have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Scientific investigation of [[magnolol]] and [[honokiol]] have shown promise for their use in dental health. Both compounds demonstrate effective anti-bacterial activity against the bacteria responsible for [[halitosis|bad breath]] and [[dental caries]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Greenberg | first=M | coauthors=P. Urnezis, M. Tian | year=2007 | title=Compressed mints and chewing gum containing magnolia bark extract are effective against bacteria responsible for oral malodor | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=55 | issue=23 | pages=9465–9469 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17949053 | doi=10.1021/jf072122h }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Chang | first=B | coauthors=Lee Y, Ku Y, Bae K, Chung C. | year=1998 | title=Antimicrobial activity of magnolol and honokiol against periodontopathic microorganisms | journal=Planta Medica | volume=64 | issue=4 | pages=367–369 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9619121 | doi=10.1055/s-2006-957453 }}</ref> Several members of the family [[Annonaceae]] are also under investigation for uses of a group of chemicals called [[acetogenin]]s. The first acetogenin discovered was [[uvaricin]], which has anti-[[leukemic]] properties when used in living organisms. Other acetogenins have been discovered with anti-[[malaria]]l and anti-tumor properties, and some even inhibit [[HIV]] replication in laboratory studies.<ref name="Pilar">{{cite book | last = Pilar Rauter | first = Amélia | coauthors = A. F. Dos Santos and A. E. G. Santana | title = Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | format = HTML | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] | isbn = 1402010478 | pages = 540 pages | chapter = Toxicity of Some species of ''Annona'' Toward ''Artemia Salina'' Leach and ''Biomphalaria Glabrata'' Say | chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&pg=PA264&lpg=PA264&source=web&ots=GVwQsxA_oK&sig=9U5mL2oGo14l_K6XnC8wb8k1a_M&hl=en | accessdate = 2008-07-12 }}</ref>▼

Many magnoliid species produce [[essential oil]]s in their leaves, bark, or wood. The tree ''[[Virola surinamensis]]'' (Brazilian "nutmeg") contains [[trimyristin]], which is extracted in the form of a fat and used in [[soap]]s and [[candle]]s, as well as in [[shortening]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Pereira Pinto | first=Gerson | year=1951 | title= Contribuição ao estudo químico do Sêbo de Ucuúba | journal=Boletim Técnico do Instituto Agronômico do Norte | volume=23 | pages=1–63 }}</ref> Other fragrant volatile oils are extracted from ''[[Aniba rosaeodora]]'' ([[bois-de-rose oil]]), ''[[Cinnamomum porrectum]]'', ''[[Cinnamomum cassia]]'', and ''[[Litsea odorifera]]'' for scenting soaps.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Kostermans | first= A. J. G. H. | year=1957 | title=Lauraceae | journal=Communication of the Forest Research Institute, Indonesia | volume=57 | pages=1–64 }}</ref> [[Perfume]]s also are made from some of these oils; [[ylang-ylang]] comes from the flowers of ''[[Cananga odorata]]'', and is used by [[Arab]] and [[Swahili]] women.<ref name="Heywood"/> A compound called [[nutmeg butter]] is produced from the same tree as the spice of that name, but the sweet-smelling "butter" is used in perfumery or as a [[lubricant]] rather than as a food.▼

{{Reflist|2}}▼