Magnoliid: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Magnoliid''' (jamak: '''magnoliids''', atau '''Magnoliidae''' pada [[sistem klasifikasi Cronquist]]) adalah sekelompok [[tumbuhan berbunga]] yang mencakup sekitar 9,000<ref name="palmer">{{cite journal | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 | title = The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view | author = Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase | journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 2004 | volume = 91 | pages = 1437–1445 (Fig.2) | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437 | access-date = 2009-12-08 | archive-date = 2010-10-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101009220630/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> jenis tumbuhan berciri sama: memiliki [[bunga|bunga trimer]] (simetri tiga), [[serbuk sari]] dengan satu pori, dan dengan urat daun yang biasanya bercabang. Ke dalam kelompok penting ini termasuk [[magnolia]], [[cempaka]], [[pala]], [[kulit manis]], [[Alpukat]], [[lada]], serta [[kemukus]].
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = Magnoliid
|taxon=Magnoliid/displayed
|fossil_range = {{fossil range|113|0|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Magnoliales|url=https://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/magnolialesweb.htm|access-date=2023-06-18|website=www.mobot.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Friis |first1=Else Marie |last2=Crane |first2=Peter R. |last3=Pedersen |first3=Kaj Raunsgaard |date=2021-01-01 |title=Catanthus , an Extinct Magnoliid Flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711081 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |language=en |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=28–45 |doi=10.1086/711081 |s2cid=228939581 |issn=1058-5893}}</ref>}}[[Albium]] - saat ini
|image = Starr 070320-5725 Michelia x alba.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[cempaka putih|Magnolia × alba]]'' (Cempaka putih/kantil)
|regnum = [[Tumbuhan|Plantae]]
<!--angiospermae-->
<!--tumbuhan berbunga-->
| color = {{tc2|Tumbuhan}}
| regnum = [[Tumbuhan|Plantae]]
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh|Tracheophyta]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Tumbuhan berbiji|Spermatophyta]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Tumbuhan berbunga|Angiospermae]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Mesangiospermae]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|'''Magnoliid'''{{br}}<small>APG IV</small>{{br}}'''Magnoliidae'''{{br}}<small>Novák ex [[Takht.]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Takhtajan|first=A.|year=1967|title= Система и филогения цветкорых растений (Systema et Phylogenia Magnoliophytorum)|location=Moscow|publisher=Nauka }}</ref> [W.S. Judd, P.S. Soltis & D.E. Soltis]<ref name="Cantino"/></small>}}
|subdivision_ranks = Ordo
|subdivision =
[[Canellales]]<br />
[[Laurales]]<br />
Baris 16 ⟶ 23:
[[Piperales]]
}}
==
Secara tradisi, Magnoliidae merupakan suatu subkelas (dapat dilihat dari akhirannya). Dalam perkembangan belakangan, khususnya setelah pertimbangan data molekular dimasukkan, cakupan (sirkumskripsi) kelompok ini berubah-ubah, tetapi tetap harus mencakup suku [[Magnoliaceae]].<ref>[[ICBN]], Art. 16</ref> Menurut versi ''PhyloCode'' (yang juga sejalan dengan APG III), Magnoliidae (sebagai magnoliids) dianggap sebagai klad yang mencakup bangsa-bangsa [[Canellales]], [[Laurales]], [[Magnoliales]], dan [[Piperales]].
=== Klasifikasi menurut sistem APG ===
Sistem APG, baik [[sistem klasifikasi APG I]] (1998) maupun [[sistem klasifikasi APG II]] (2003) menggunakan istilah [[klad]] untuk kelompok di atas bangsa ([[ordo]]), seperti ''magnoliids'' (plural, tidak dikapitalisasi) atau "kompleks magnoliid". Sistem APG II (dan APG III, 2009) mengakui klad magnoliids dengan cakupan sebagai berikut:
{| align="left" style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef"
|-
| style="background:#fff; padding:2.5px" |
:
:
:
:
|{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|label1=Mesangiospermae
|1={{clade
|1=[[Chloranthaceae]]
|2={{clade
|3=[[
|4=''[[Ceratophyllum]]''
|5=[[
}}
}}
|-style="font-size:90%;"
| colspan=2 |
|}{{-}}
<!--
===Cronquist system===
[[Image:Magnolia tripetala (obovata?)1.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Flower of ''[[Magnolia obovata]]'', showing multiple [[petal]]s, [[stamen]]s, and [[pistil]]s.]]
The [[Cronquist system]] (1981) used the name Magnoliidae for one of six subclasses (within class [[Magnoliopsida]] = [[dicotyledons]]). In the original version of this system the circumscription was:<ref name="Cronquist">{{cite book | last=Cronquist | first=Arthur | year=1981 | title=An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants | location=New York | ppublisher=Columbia University Press | isbn=0-231-03880-1 | publisher=Columbia Univ. Press }}</ref>
* subclass Magnoliidae :
*: order [[Magnoliales]]
*: order [[Laurales]]
Baris 74 ⟶ 80:
===Dahlgren and Thorne systems===
Both [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren]] and [[Thorne system (1992)|Thorne]] classified the magnoliids (''sensu'' APG) in superorder '''Magnolianae''', rather than as a subclass.<ref name="Thorne 1992"/> In their systems, the name Magnoliidae is used for a much larger group including all [[dicotyledons]]. This is also the case in some of the systems derived from the Cronquist system.
Dahlgren divided his Magnolianae into ten [[order (biology)|orders]], more than other systems of the time, and unlike Cronquist and Thorne, he did not include the [[Piperales]].<ref name="Dahlgren"/> Thorne grouped most of his Magnolianae into two large orders, [[Magnoliales]] and [[Berberidales]], although his Magnoliales was divided into suborders along lines similar to the ordinal groupings used by both Cronquist and Dahlgren. Thorne revised his system in 2000, restricting the name Magnoliidae to include only the Magnolianae, Nymphaeanae, and Rafflesianae, and removing the Berberidales and other previously included groups to his subclass Ranunculidae.<ref name="Thorne 2000"/> This revised system diverges from the Cronquist system, but agrees more closely with the circumscription later published under APG II.
Baris 87 ⟶ 93:
!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[APG II system]]<ref name="APG2">{{cite journal | journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=141 | pages=399–436 | author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group | year=2003 | title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/full/ | doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x }}</ref><br/>magnoliids
!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Cronquist system]]<ref name="Cronquist"/><br/>Magnoliidae
!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Dahlgren system]]<ref name="Dahlgren">{{cite journal | last=Dahlgren | first=R.M.T. | year=1980 | title = A revised system of classification of
!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Thorne system (1992)]]<ref name="Thorne 1992">{{cite journal | last=Thorne | first=R. F. | year=1992 | title= Classification and geography of the flowering plants | journal= Botanical Review | volume=58 | pages=225–348 | doi= 10.1007/BF02858611}}</ref><br/>Magnolianae
!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | Thorne system (2000)<ref name="Thorne 2000">{{cite journal | last=Thorne | first=R. F. | year=2000 | title= The classification and geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae | journal= Botanical Review | volume=66 | issue=4 | pages=441–647 |doi= 10.1007/BF02869011 }}</ref><br/>Magnolianae
Baris 135 ⟶ 141:
| rowspan=5 | ''in Ranunculidae''
|-
| rowspan=4 | ''placed in
| [[Nelumbonales]]
| [[Nelumbonales]]
Baris 150 ⟶ 156:
|}
{{-}}
-->
== Pemanfaatan ==
Kompleks magnoliid (Magnoliidae) mencakup banyak tumbuhan dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi, baik sebagai sumber pangan, bahan pengobatan, parfum, produk perkayuan, maupun penghias lingkungan, untuk menyebut beberapa di antaranya.
=== Bahan pangan ===
[[Berkas:Persea americana 2.jpg|jmpl|ka|[[Apokat]] dibudidayakan di Amerika sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu.]]
Beberapa magnoliid menjadi bahan [[pangan]] dan [[rempah-rempah]]:
* [[Apokat]], diperkirakan telah di[[budidaya]]kan sejak 10.000 tahun yang lalu di [[Meksiko]] dan [[Amerika Tengah]]<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Angiospermae | encyclopedia = The New Encyclopaedia Britannica | volume = 13 | pages = pp 634–645 | date = 1994 }}</ref> untuk dimakan buahnya
* Jenis-jenis ''[[Annona]]'', seperti [[sirsak]], [[srikaya]], dan [[cerimoya]]<ref name="Heywood">{{cite book|last=Heywood|first=V. H. (ed.)|year=1993|title= Flowering Plants of the World|edition= updated|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-521037-9|pages=pp 27–42 }}</ref>
* [[Pala]], juga menjadi [[obat|bahan pengobatan]] dan [[halusinogen]]
* [[Sassafras]], minyaknya mengandung [[safrola]], yang pernah menjadi komponen aroma pada [[root beer]] dan [[sarsaparila]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hester|coauthors=Roy M. Harrison|year=2001|title=Food safety and food quality|url=https://archive.org/details/foodsafetyfoodqu0000unse|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=0854042709|pages=p118|unused_data=|first-R. E. }}</ref> sebelum dilarang karena berpotensi merusak [[hati]]<ref name="Hayes">{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Andrew Wallace|year=2001|title= Principles and Methods of Toxicology|edition=4th|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=1560328142|pages=p518 }}</ref> dan [[ginjal]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Sassafras oil overdose | work=New York Times |url=http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/poison/sassafras-oil-overdose/overview.html | accessdate=2008-07-12 }}</ref> serta menjadi prekursor dalam pembuatan ''ecstasy'' (MDMA, [[metilena-dioksi-metamfetamina]])<ref>{{cite journal | year=2005 | title= MDMA and MDA producers using Ocotea cymbarum as a precursor | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg1105/mg1105.html | journal=Microgram Bulletin | volume=XXXVIII | issue=11 }}</ref>
* Jenis-jenis ''[[Piper]]'', seperti [[lada]], [[sirih]], [[kemukus]], [[cabe jawa]], dan [[wati (tumbuhan)|wati]] (kava)
=== Wewangian ===
Sumber wewangian yang utama dari magnoliid adalah berbagai [[minyak atsiri]] dari bunga jenis-jenis [[cempaka]] (Magnoliaceae) dan [[kenanga]] (Annonaceae). Minyaknya diekstrak, ataupun bunganya diletakkan di ruangan, sebagai sumber pengharum.
<!--
.<ref name="Heywood"/> It is used throughout the Pacific in social gatherings or after work to relax. Likewise, some native peoples of the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]] take a [[hallucinogen]]ic [[snuff]] made from the dried and powdered fluid exuded from the bark of ''[[Virola]]'' trees.<ref name="Cronquist"/> Another hallucinogenic compound, [[myristicin]], comes from the spice nutmeg.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Shulgin | first=Alexander T. | date=1966-04-23 | title=Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance | journal=Nature | volume=210 | pages=380–384 | doi=10.1038/210380a0 }}</ref> As with safrole, ingestion of nutmeg in quantities can lead to hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting, with symptoms lasting several days.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Panayotopoulos | first=D. J. | coauthors=D. D. Chisholm | date=1970 | title= Hallucinogenic effect of nutmeg | journal=British Medical Journal | volume=1 | issue=5698 | pages=754 | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/pagerender.fcgi?artid=1699804&pageindex=1 | pmid=5440555 | doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5698.754-b }}</ref> A more severe reaction comes from poisoning by [[rodiasine]] and [[demethylrodiasine]], the active ingredients in fruit extract from ''[[Ocotea venenosa]]''. These chemicals paralyze muscles and nerves, resulting in [[tetanus]]-like reactions in animals. The [[Cofán]] peoples of westernmost Amazon in [[Colombia]] and [[Ecuador]] use the compound as a poison to tip their arrows in hunting.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kostermans | first=A. J. | coauthors=Homer V. Pinkley, William L Stern | year=1969 | title=A new Amazonian arrow poison: ''Ocotea venenosa'' | journal=Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University | volume=22 | issue=7 | pages=241–252 }}</ref>
Not all the effects of chemical compounds in the Magnoliidae are detrimental. In previous centuries, sailors would use Winter's Bark from the [[South America]]n tree ''[[Drimys winteri]]'' to ward off the vitamin-deficieny of [[scurvy]].<ref name="Heywood"/> Today, [[benzoyl]] is extracted from ''[[Lindera benzoin]]'' (common spicebush) for use as a food additive and skin medicine, due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.<ref>{{cite book | last=Zomlefer | first=Wendy B. | year=1994 | title= Guide to Flowering Plant Families | url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoflowering0000zoml | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | isbn=0-8078-2160-8 | pages=pp 29–39 }}</ref> Drugs extracted from the bark of ''[[Magnolia]]'' have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Scientific investigation of [[magnolol]] and [[honokiol]] have shown promise for their use in dental health. Both compounds demonstrate effective anti-bacterial activity against the bacteria responsible for [[halitosis|bad breath]] and [[dental caries]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Greenberg | first=M | coauthors=P. Urnezis, M. Tian | year=2007 | title=Compressed mints and chewing gum containing magnolia bark extract are effective against bacteria responsible for oral malodor | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=55 | issue=23 | pages=9465–9469 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17949053 | doi=10.1021/jf072122h }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Chang | first=B | coauthors=Lee Y, Ku Y, Bae K, Chung C. | year=1998 | title=Antimicrobial activity of magnolol and honokiol against periodontopathic microorganisms | journal=Planta Medica | volume=64 | issue=4 | pages=367–369 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9619121 | doi=10.1055/s-2006-957453 }}</ref> Several members of the family [[Annonaceae]] are also under investigation for uses of a group of chemicals called [[acetogenin]]s. The first acetogenin discovered was [[uvaricin]], which has anti-[[leukemic]] properties when used in living organisms. Other acetogenins have been discovered with anti-[[malaria]]l and anti-tumor properties, and some even inhibit [[HIV]] replication in laboratory studies.<ref name="Pilar">{{cite book | last = Pilar Rauter | first = Amélia | coauthors = A. F. Dos Santos and A. E. G. Santana | title = Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | format = HTML | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] | isbn = 1402010478 | pages = 540 pages | chapter = Toxicity of Some species of ''Annona'' Toward ''Artemia Salina'' Leach and ''Biomphalaria Glabrata'' Say | chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&pg=PA264&lpg=PA264&source=web&ots=GVwQsxA_oK&sig=9U5mL2oGo14l_K6XnC8wb8k1a_M&hl=en | accessdate = 2008-07-12 }}</ref>
Many magnoliid species produce [[essential oil]]s in their leaves, bark, or wood. The tree ''[[Virola surinamensis]]'' (Brazilian "nutmeg") contains [[trimyristin]], which is extracted in the form of a fat and used in [[soap]]s and [[candle]]s, as well as in [[shortening]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Pereira Pinto | first=Gerson | year=1951 | title= Contribuição ao estudo químico do Sêbo de Ucuúba | journal=Boletim Técnico do Instituto Agronômico do Norte | volume=23 | pages=1–63 }}</ref> Other fragrant volatile oils are extracted from ''[[Aniba rosaeodora]]'' ([[bois-de-rose oil]]), ''[[Cinnamomum porrectum]]'', ''[[Cinnamomum cassia]]'', and ''[[Litsea odorifera]]'' for scenting soaps.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Kostermans | first= A. J. G. H. | year=1957 | title=Lauraceae | journal=Communication of the Forest Research Institute, Indonesia | volume=57 | pages=1–64 }}</ref> [[Perfume]]s also are made from some of these oils; [[ylang-ylang]] comes from the flowers of ''[[Cananga odorata]]'', and is used by [[Arab]] and [[Swahili]] women.<ref name="Heywood"/> A compound called [[nutmeg butter]] is produced from the same tree as the spice of that name, but the sweet-smelling "butter" is used in perfumery or as a [[lubricant]] rather than as a food.
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==
* [[Eudikotil]]
* [[Monokotil]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikispecies|Magnoliids}}
{{Commons category multi|Magnoliidae|magnoliids}}
* [
{{Taxonbar|from=Q846071}}
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