Magnoliid: Perbedaan antara revisi

Secara tradisi, Magnoliidae merupakan suatu subkelas (dapat dilihat dari akhirannya). Dalam perkembangan belakangan, khususnya setelah pertimbangan data molekular dimasukkan, cakupan (sirkumskripsi) kelompok ini berubah-ubah, tetapi tetap harus mencakup suku [[Magnoliaceae]].<ref>[[ICBN]], Art. 16</ref>. Menurut versi ''PhyloCode'' (yang juga sejalan dengan APG III), Magnoliidae (sebagai magnoliids) dianggap sebagai klad yang mencakup bangsa-bangsa [[Canellales]], [[Laurales]], [[Magnoliales]], dan [[Piperales]].

| style="background:#fff; padding:2.5px" |klad '''magnoliids'''

|1=[[Chloranthaceae]]

|2={{clade

|label1='''Magnoliidae'''

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=[[Canellales]]

|2=[[Piperales]]

}}

|2={{clade

|1=[[Laurales]]

|2=[[Magnoliales]]

}}

}}

}}

|3=[[monocotsMonokotil]]

|4=''[[Ceratophyllum]]''

|5=[[eudicotsEudikotil]]

}}

| colspan=2 | [[Filogeni]] dan komposisi Magnoliidae yang dianggap berlaku saat ini.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Soltis | first=P. S. | coauthors=D. E. Soltis | year=2004 | title=The origin and diversification of AngiospermsAngiospermae | journal= American Journal of Botany | volume=91 | pages=1614–1626 |url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/10/1614 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1614 }}</ref>

Klad ini mencakup hampir semua kelompok tumbuhan berbunga basal (primitif). Secara formal, ''[[PhyloCode]]'' menamai klad ini Magnoliidae sejak tahun 2007.<ref name="Cantino">{{cite journal | last= Cantino | first= Philip D. | coauthors= James A. Doyle, Sean W. Graham, Walter S. Judd, Richard G. Olmstead, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, & Michael J. Donoghue | year=2007 | title= Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of ''Tracheophyta'' | journal=Taxon | volume=56 | issue=3 | pages= E1–E44 }}</ref>.

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* subclass Magnoliidae :

Both [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren]] and [[Thorne system (1992)|Thorne]] classified the magnoliids (''sensu'' APG) in superorder '''Magnolianae''', rather than as a subclass.<ref name="Thorne 1992"/> In their systems, the name Magnoliidae is used for a much larger group including all [[dicotyledons]]. This is also the case in some of the systems derived from the Cronquist system.

!style="background:lightgreen" align="center" width="160px" | [[Dahlgren system]]<ref name="Dahlgren">{{cite journal | last=Dahlgren | first=R.M.T. | year=1980 | title = A revised system of classification of angiospermsAngiospermae | journal= Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=80 | issue=2 | pages=91–124 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x }}</ref><br/>Magnolianae

| rowspan=4 | ''placed in eudicotEudikotil clade''

[[Berkas:Persea americana 2.jpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|[[Apokat]] dibudidayakan di Amerika sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu.]]

* [[Apokat]], diperkirakan telah di[[budidaya]]kan sejak 10.000 tahun yang lalu di [[Meksiko]] dan [[Amerika Tengah]]<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia | title = AngiospermsAngiospermae | encyclopedia = The New Encyclopaedia Britannica | volume = 13 | pages = pp 634–645 | date = 1994 }}</ref> untuk dimakan buahnya

* Jenis-jenis ''[[Annona]]'', seperti [[sirsak]], [[srikaya]], dan [[cerimoya]]<ref name="Heywood">{{cite book | last=Heywood | first=V. H. (ed.) | year=1993 | title= Flowering Plants of the World | edition= updated | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-521037-9 | pages=pp 27–42 }}</ref>

* [[Sassafras]], minyaknya mengandung [[safrola]], yang pernah menjadi komponen aroma pada [[root beer]] dan [[sarsaparila]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Hester | coauthors=Roy M. Harrison | year=2001 | title=Food safety and food quality | url=https://archive.org/details/foodsafetyfoodqu0000unse|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | isbn=0854042709 |pages=p118 | unused_data=|first-R. E. }}</ref> sebelum dilarang karena berpotensi merusak [[hati]]<ref name="Hayes">{{cite book | last=Hayes | first=Andrew Wallace | year=2001 | title= Principles and Methods of Toxicology | edition=4th | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=1560328142 | pages=p518 }}</ref> dan [[ginjal]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Sassafras oil overdose | work=New York Times |url=http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/poison/sassafras-oil-overdose/overview.html | accessdate=2008-07-12 }}</ref>, serta menjadi prekursor dalam pembuatan ''ecstasy'' (MDMA, [[metilena-dioksi-metamfetamina]])<ref>{{cite journal | year=2005 | title= MDMA and MDA producers using Ocotea cymbarum as a precursor | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg1105/mg1105.html | journal=Microgram Bulletin | volume=XXXVIII | issue=11 }}</ref>

Not all the effects of chemical compounds in the Magnoliidae are detrimental. In previous centuries, sailors would use Winter's Bark from the [[South America]]n tree ''[[Drimys winteri]]'' to ward off the vitamin-deficieny of [[scurvy]].<ref name="Heywood"/> Today, [[benzoyl]] is extracted from ''[[Lindera benzoin]]'' (common spicebush) for use as a food additive and skin medicine, due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.<ref>{{cite book | last=Zomlefer | first=Wendy B. | year=1994 | title= Guide to Flowering Plant Families | url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoflowering0000zoml | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | isbn=0-8078-2160-8 | pages=pp 29–39 }}</ref> Drugs extracted from the bark of ''[[Magnolia]]'' have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Scientific investigation of [[magnolol]] and [[honokiol]] have shown promise for their use in dental health. Both compounds demonstrate effective anti-bacterial activity against the bacteria responsible for [[halitosis|bad breath]] and [[dental caries]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Greenberg | first=M | coauthors=P. Urnezis, M. Tian | year=2007 | title=Compressed mints and chewing gum containing magnolia bark extract are effective against bacteria responsible for oral malodor | journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume=55 | issue=23 | pages=9465–9469 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17949053 | doi=10.1021/jf072122h }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Chang | first=B | coauthors=Lee Y, Ku Y, Bae K, Chung C. | year=1998 | title=Antimicrobial activity of magnolol and honokiol against periodontopathic microorganisms | journal=Planta Medica | volume=64 | issue=4 | pages=367–369 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9619121 | doi=10.1055/s-2006-957453 }}</ref> Several members of the family [[Annonaceae]] are also under investigation for uses of a group of chemicals called [[acetogenin]]s. The first acetogenin discovered was [[uvaricin]], which has anti-[[leukemic]] properties when used in living organisms. Other acetogenins have been discovered with anti-[[malaria]]l and anti-tumor properties, and some even inhibit [[HIV]] replication in laboratory studies.<ref name="Pilar">{{cite book | last = Pilar Rauter | first = Amélia | coauthors = A. F. Dos Santos and A. E. G. Santana | title = Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 | format = HTML | year = 2002 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]] | isbn = 1402010478 | pages = 540 pages | chapter = Toxicity of Some species of ''Annona'' Toward ''Artemia Salina'' Leach and ''Biomphalaria Glabrata'' Say | chapterurl = http://books.google.com/books?id=4rrC7c_6OUoC&pg=PA264&lpg=PA264&source=web&ots=GVwQsxA_oK&sig=9U5mL2oGo14l_K6XnC8wb8k1a_M&hl=en | accessdate = 2008-07-12 }}</ref>

* [[EudicotsEudikotil]]

== ReferencesReferensi ==

* [[enhttp://tolweb.org/magnoliids/20670 Tree of Life Magnoliids]]

[[frKategori:Magnoliidae| *]]