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Sejumlah arca orang asing berukuran mini muncul dalam khazanah [[seni rupa Mathura|seni rupa Mandura]] dari abad ke-4 sampai abad ke-2 SM. Arca-arca ini disebut arca "orang asing", arca orang Persia, atau arca orang Iran lantaran menampakkan ciri-ciri asing.<ref name="AV141"/><ref name="SKS">"patung-patung kepala dari Mandura, beberapa arca terakota berbentuk kepala manusia laki-laki telah ditemukan, yang menggambarkan sosok bangsa Iran, bangsa yang menjalin hubungan dekat dengan bangsa India pada abad keempat dan ketiga SM. Agrawala menyebut arca-arca ini sebagai arca-arca orang Iran karena raut wajah mereka menampakkan ciri-ciri etnis asing." {{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Surendra Kumar |title=Terracotta art in northern India |date=1996 |publisher=Parimal Publications |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MsAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Mandura juga menghasilan satu kelompok istimewa arca-arca terakota kepala manusia dengan ciri-ciri wajah etnis asing." {{cite book |last1=Dhavalikar |first1=Madhukar Keshav |title=Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas |date=1977 |publisher=Taraporevala |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WzqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Arca-arca mini tersebut mungkin saja mencerminkan kontak bangsa India dengan orang-orang asing yang kian meningkat kala itu.<ref name="SKS"/> Beberapa di antaranya tampak menyerupai prajurit-prajurit asing yang berkunjung ke India pada zaman kulawangsa Maurya dan mempengaruhi para perupa Mandura dengan ciri-ciri khas etnis maupun pakaian seragam mereka.<ref>"Arca-arca kepala prajurit. Aktivitas militer pada zaman kulawangsa Maurya lebih banyak dibuktikan oleh kehidupan masyarakat sehari-hari. Kemungkinan besar prajurit-prajurit asing kerap berkunjung ke India dan menarik perhatian para perupa India dengan ciri-ciri khas etnis maupun pakaian seragam mereka yang tidak biasa. Dari Mandura di Negara bagian Utar Prades dan Basar di Negara Bagian Bihar, telah diparotkan penemuan beberapa arca kepala terakota yang menyerupai kepala prajurit. Secara artistik, arca kepala prajurit terakota Basar tampak lebih bagus buatannya daripada arca kepala dari Mandura." dalam {{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Surendra Kumar |title=Terracotta art in northern India |date=1996 |publisher=Parimal Publications |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4MsAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Diketahui pula bahwa sebuah arca kepala prajurit berketopong, kemungkinan besar prajurit Yunani-India, dipertanggal abad pertama SM, dan kini tersimpan di Museum Mandura.<ref name="Ancient India: an introductory outl" /> Salah satu arca terakota mini yang biasa dijuluki "bangsawan Persia" dan dipertanggal abad ke-2 SM, tampak mengenakan kain selubung, syal, celana panjang, dan serban.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vishnu |first1=Asha |title=Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170994107 |page=XV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PR15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Arca seorang teruna Persia (35.2556) mengenakan kain selubung, syal, celana panjang, dan serban merupakan barang yang langka ditemui." {{cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Mathura Archaeological |title=Mathura Museum Introduction: A Pictorial Guide Book |date=1971 |publisher=Archaeological Museum |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3XqAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ramesh Chandra |title=The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum |date=1994 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-vVAAAAMAA }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="AV141">{{cite book |last1=Vishnu |first1=Asha |title=Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. |date=1993 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170994107 |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaJ5oyrqBakC&pg=PA141 |language=en}}</ref>
Mungkin saja kala itu Mandura sudah ditaklukkan [[wangsa Mitra]], atau diperintah sendiri oleh [[wangsa Data]] pada abad pertama SM.<ref name="autogenerated170">History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, hlm. 170</ref> Bagaimanapun juga, Mandura tunduk di bawah pemerintahan para [[mahaksatrapa]] [[Kerajaan India-Skithia|Skit-India]] sejak abad pertama tarikh Masehi.
Baris 297:
But while this inscription may be interpreted as an indication that Demetrius I was the king who made conquests in Punjab, it is still true that he never issued any Indian-standard coins, only numerous coins with elephant symbolism, and the restoration of his name in Kharosthi on the Hathigumpha inscription: ''Di-Mi-Ta'', has been doubted.<ref>P.L.Gupta: Kushâna Coins and History, D.K.Printworld, 1994, p. 184, note 5</ref> The ''"Di"'' is a reconstruction, and it may be noted that the name of another Indo-Greek king, Amyntas, is spelt ''A-Mi-Ta'' in Kharosthi and may fit in.
Therefore, Menander remains the likeliest candidate for any advance east of
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Baris 900:
| first = John
| title = The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity
| url = https://archive.org/details/diffusionofclass00unse
| year = 1994
| publisher = Princeton University Press
Baris 961 ⟶ 962:
| first = Pierre
| title = Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés
| url = https://archive.org/details/afghanistanlestr0000unse
| year = 2007
| language = fr
Baris 998 ⟶ 1.000:
| first = Damien
| title = A Dictionary of Buddhism
| url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbudd0000keow
| year = 2003
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
Baris 1.007 ⟶ 1.010:
| first = Tom
| title = The vision of the Buddha: Buddhism, the path to spiritual enlightenment
| url = https://archive.org/details/visionofbuddhali0000toml
| year = 2002
| publisher = Duncan Baird
Baris 1.036 ⟶ 1.040:
| author-link = Thomas McEvilley
| title = The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies
| url = https://archive.org/details/liang.shapeofancientth0001mcev
| year = 2002
| publisher = Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts
Baris 1.076 ⟶ 1.081:
| first = Baij Nath
| title = Buddhism in Central Asia
| url = https://archive.org/details/buddhismincentra0000puri
| year = 2000
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
Baris 1.085 ⟶ 1.091:
| first = John M.
| title = The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans
| url = https://archive.org/details/dynasticartsofku0000rose
| year = 1967
| publisher = University of California Press
Baris 1.182 ⟶ 1.189:
[[Kategori:India Kuno]]
[[Kategori:Negara Helenistis]]
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:Kelompok masyarakat kuno di Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Berdiri dasawarsa 180-an SM]]
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