Grace Hopper: Perbedaan antara revisi

|rank= [[FileBerkas:US-O7 insignia.svg|24px]] [[Laksamana Pertama]]

|awards=[[FileBerkas:Defense Distinguished Service ribbon.svg|bordertepi|22px]] [[Defense Distinguished Service Medal]]<br/>[[FileBerkas:Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|bordertepi|22px]] [[Legion of Merit]]<br />[[FileBerkas:Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|bordertepi|22px]] [[Meritorious Service Medal (USA)|Meritorious Service Medal]]<br />[[FileBerkas:American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|bordertepi|22px]] [[American Campaign Medal]]<br />[[FileBerkas:World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|bordertepi|22px]] [[WorldMedali WarKemenangan IIPerang VictoryDunia MedalII]]<br />[[FileBerkas:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|bordertepi|22px]] [[National Defense Service Medal]]<br />[[FileBerkas:U.S. Naval Reserve Medal ribbon.svg|bordertepi|22px]] [[Naval Reserve Medal]]

'''Grace Murray Hopper''' ({{lahirmati||9|12|1906||1|1|1992}}) adalah seorang [[ilmuwan]] [[komputer]] dan Laksamanaperwira tinggi [[Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat]] berpangkat [[laksamana pertama]]. Menjadi pelopor di bidangnya, ia adalah salah satu pemrogram komputer [[Harvard Mark I]], dan mengembangkan [[kompilator]] pertama untuk bahasa pemrograman komputer.<ref name="Wexelblat81">{{cite book |author= Richard L. Wexelblat, ed. |title= History of Programming Languages|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofprogram0000hist|year= 1981 |location= New York |publisher= [[Academic Press]] |isbn= 0-12-745040-8}}</ref><ref name="Spencer85">{{cite book |author= Donald D. Spencer |title= Computers and Information Processing|url= https://archive.org/details/computerinformat0000unse_n4p5|year= 1985 |publisher= C.E. Merrill Publishing Co |isbn= 978-0-675-20290-9}}</ref><ref name="Laplante01">{{cite book |author= Phillip A. Laplante |title= Dictionary of computer science, engineering, and technology |year= 2001 |publisher= [[CRC Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8493-2691-2}}</ref><ref name="Bunch93">{{cite book |author= Bryan H. Bunch, Alexander Hellemans |title= The Timetables of Technology: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Technology|url= https://archive.org/details/timetablesoftech00brya|year= 1993 |publisher= [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn= 978-0-671-76918-5}}</ref><ref name="Booss03">{{cite book |author= Bernhelm Booss-Bavnbek, Jens Høyrup |title= Mathematics and War |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Birkhäuser Verlag]] |isbn= 978-3-7643-1634-1}}</ref> Ia menyusun konsep [[bahasa pemrograman]] independen dari mesin yang berujung pada pengembangan [[COBOL]], salah satu [[bahasa pemrograman tingkat tinggi|bahasa pemrograman modern]] pertama. Hopper juga dianggap sebagai tokoh yang memopulerkan istilah "[[debugging]]" untuk memperbaiki gangguan pada komputer (terinspirasi dari [[ngengat]] yang ditemuinya pada komputernya). Karena banyaknya prestasi dan pangkatnya di angkatan laut, ia dijuluki dengan "Amazing Grace".<ref name="urlCyber Heroes of the past: Amazing Grace Hopper">{{cite web

== Kehidupan dan karier ==

Hopper terlahir dengan nama '''Grace Brewster Murray''' di [[New York City]]. Ia adalah anak tertua dari tiga bersaudara. Hopper kecil adalah seorang anak yang selalu ingin tahu; saat berusia tujuh tahun, ia memutuskan untuk mengetahui bagaimana sebuah jam alarm bekerja, dan membongkar tujuh buah jam alarm sebelum ibunya memarahinya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dickason |first=Elizabeth |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Grace_Murray_Hopper.htm |title=Looking Back: Grace Murray Hopper's Younger Years |journal=Chips |date=April 1992 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Januari 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pada usia 16 tahun, ia ditolak masuk [[Vassar College]] karena nilai pelajaran bahasa Latinnya terlalu rendah. Ia akhirnya lulus dari Vassar pada tahun 1928 dengan gelar sarjana dalam bidang matematika dan fisika, dan meraih gelar master dari [[Universitas Yale]] pada tahun 1930.

Pada tahun 1934, ia meraih gelar Ph.D. dalam bidang matematika dari Yale di bawah bimbingan [[Øystein Ore]].<ref name="greenladuke09"/><ref>Though some books, including Kurt Beyer's ''Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age'', reported that Hopper was the first woman to earn a Yale PhD in mathematics, the first of ten women prior to 1934 was Charlotte Cynthia Barnum (1860-1934). {{Cite news |last = Murray |first = Margaret A. M. |publication-date = May/June 2010 |title = The first lady of math? |periodical = Yale Alumni Magazine |volume = 73 |issue = 5 |pages = 5–6 |issn = 0044-0051 |postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> Disertasinya yang berjudul "Jenis Baru Kriteria Iredusibilitas" diterbitkan pada tahun yang sama.<ref>G. M. Hopper and O. Ore, "New types of irreducibility criteria," ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' 40 (1934) 216</ref> Hopper mulai mengajar matematika di Vassar pada 1931, dan diangkat sebagai profesor pada 1941.<ref name=Ogilvie>{{cite book|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn|title=The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century.|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-92040-X|coauthors= Joy Harvey|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=QmfyK0QtsRAC&q=hopper#v=snippet&q=hopper&f=false|access-date=2013-12-08|archive-date=2023-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808035305/https://books.google.ca/books?id=QmfyK0QtsRAC&q=hopper&hl=en#v=snippet&q=hopper&f=false|dead-url=no}}{{check cite|reason=doesn't seem to support those dates|date=November 2013}}</ref>

Pada tahun 1943, saat [[Perang Dunia II]] meletus, Hopper memperoleh cuti dari Vassar dan bergabung dengan Reservasi [[Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat]], menjadi satu dari banyak perempuan yang menjadi sukarelawan di [[WAVES]]. Pada tahun 1949, Hopper bekerja sebagai karyawan di [[Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation]], menjabat sebagai ahli matematika senior dan bergabung dengan tim pengembang [[UNIVAC I]].<ref name=Ogilvie /> Pada tahun 1952, ia menciptakan sebuah [[kompilator]] operasional,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-wit.html|title=The Wit and Wisdom of Grace Hopper|access-date=2013-12-08|archive-date=2014-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212074733/http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-wit.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> dan pada 1954 Hopper ditunjuk sebagai direktur pemrograman otomatis perusahaan. Hopper dan departemennya merilis beberapa bahasa pemrograman berbasis kompilator pertama, termasuk [[MATH-MATIC]] dan [[FLOW-MATIC]].<ref name=Ogilvie />

Pada musim semi 1959, konferensi dua hari yang dikenal dengan Konferensi Bahasa Sistem Data [[CODASYL]] digelar oleh para ahli komputer, bersama dengan kalangan industri dan pemerintah. Dalam konferensi itu, Hopper menjabat sebagai konsultan teknis, dan ia bersama mantan karyawannya mengembangkan bahasa pemrograman baru yang dikenal dengan [[COBOL]].<ref name="KWB">{{cite book |last=Beyer |first=Kurt W. |title=Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age |url=https://archive.org/details/gracehopperinven0000beye|accessdate= |edition= |year=2009 |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, MA]] |isbn=978-0-262-01310-9}}</ref>

== Pensiun dan kematian ==

[[FileBerkas:Grace Hopper and UNIVAC.jpg|thumbjmpl|Grace Murray Hopper dengan papan ketik UNIVAC, 1960]]

Setelah pensiun, Hopper bekerja sebagai konsultan senior di [[Digital Equipment Corporation]], posisi yang dijabatnya hingga kematiannya pada tahun 1992 di usia 85 tahun. Ia dimakamkan secara militer di [[Pemakaman Nasional Arlington|Taman NationalMakam CemeteryPahlawan Nasional Arlington]].

== Kehidupan pribadi ==

Hopper menikah dengan seorang profesor [[Universitas New York]] bernama Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976<ref>{{cite news|title=Prof. Vincent Hopper of N.Y.U., Literature Teacher, Dead at 69|newspaper=New York Times|date=January 21, 1976}}</ref>) dari tahun 1930 hingga perceraian mereka pada 1945.<ref name="greenladuke09">{{cite book |last=Green |first=Judy and Jeanne LaDuke |title=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's |url=https://archive.org/details/pioneeringwomeni0000gree|accessdate= |edition= |year=2009 |publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]] |location=[[Providence, R.I.]] |isbn=978-0821843765}}</ref> Setelah itu ia tak pernah menikah lagi dan tetap menggunakan nama belakang Hopper.

== Penghargaan dan pengakuan ==

* 1982: Ia menerima [[American Association of University Women]] Achievement Award.

* 1987: Menjadi penerima [[Computer History Museum]] Fellow Award.<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/events/hall_of_fellows/hopper/ |title=Computer History Museum Fellow Award Recipient] |access-date=2013-12-08 |archive-date=2005-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301093117/http://www.computerhistory.org/events/hall_of_fellows/hopper/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* 1996: [[USS Hopper (DDG-70)|USS ''Hopper'' (DDG-70)]] diluncurkan. Dijuluki dengan ''Amazing Grace'', ini adalah satu-satunya kapal militer AS yang dinamai berdasarkan nama wanita.

* 2009: [[National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center]] menamai kapalnya "Hopper".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nersc.gov/nusers/systems/hopper/ |title=Hopper Home Page |work=nersc.gov |access-date=2013-12-08 |archive-date=2011-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325155710/http://www.nersc.gov/nusers/systems/hopper/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* 2013: Tampil di fitur [[Google Doodle]] pada halaman utama mesin pencari [[Google]].

== Obituari ==

* Betts, Mitch (''[[Computerworld]]'' 26: 14, 1992)

* Bromberg, Howard (''[[IEEE Software]]'' 9: 103–104, 1992)

* Danca, Richard A. (''Federal Computer Week'' 6: 26–27, 1992)

* Hancock, Bill (''Digital Review'' 9: 40, 1992)

* Power, Kevin (''Government Computer News'' 11: 70, 1992)

* [[Jean E. Sammet|Sammet, J.E.]] (''[[Communications of the ACM]]'' 35 (4): 128–131, 1992)

* Weiss, Eric A. (''[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]]'' 14: 56–58, 1992)

== Lihat juga ==

== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==

* {{Cite book |last=Beyer |first=Kurt W. |title=Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age |url=https://archive.org/details/gracehopperinven0000beye|accessdate=June 1, 2007 |edition=1st |date=September 30, 2009 |publisher=[[The MIT Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |isbn=978-0-262-01310-9}}

* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Kathleen Broome |title=Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea |accessdate=June 1, 2007 |edition=1st |date=November 15, 2004 |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |location=[[Annapolis, Maryland]] |isbn=978-1-55750-952-9}}

* {{Cite book |last=Marx |first=Christy |authorlink=Christy Marx |title=Grace Hopper: the first woman to program the first computer in the United States |accessdate=June 1, 2007 |edition=1st |series=Women hall of famers in mathematics and science |year=2003 |month=August |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-8239-3877-3}}

* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Kathleen Broome |title=Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the U.S. Navy in World War II |url=https://archive.org/details/improbablewarrio0000will|accessdate= |edition= |year=2001 |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]] |location=[[Annapolis, Maryland]] |isbn=978-1-55750-961-1}} Williams' book focuses on the lives and contributions of four notable women scientists: [[Mary Sears (oceanographer)|Mary Sears]] (1905–1997); [[Florence van Straten]] (1913–1992); Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992); [[Mina Spiegel Rees]] (1902–1997).

* Extensive [http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/hopper_grace.htm Grace Hopper Biography]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515000852/http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/hopper_grace.htm |date=2013-05-15 }} and [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-h/g-hoppr.htm Images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050709234230/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-h/g-hoppr.htm |date=2005-07-09 }} from the [[United States Navy]] [[Naval Historical Center]]

* [http://www.chips.navy.mil/links/grace_hopper/womn.htm Grace Hopper links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224101438/http://www.chips.navy.mil/links/grace_hopper/womn.htm |date=2010-02-24 }} from ''Chips'', the United States Navy [[information technology]] magazine

* [http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/hopper.htm "Grace Murray Hopper", Biographies of Women Mathematicians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701175706/http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/hopper.htm |date=2013-07-01 }}, [[Agnes Scott College]]

* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Hopper}}

* [http://www.gracehopper.org/ www.GraceHopper.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109154843/http://gracehopper.org/ |date=2014-01-09 }} site for the annual ''Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing''

* [http://www.hopper.navy.mil/ www.hopper.navy.mil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813021621/http://www.hopper.navy.mil/ |date=2013-08-13 }} Official United States Navy website for the [[USS Hopper (DDG-70)|USS ''Hopper'']], which includes a [http://www.hopper.navy.mil/USS%20HOPPER%20HOMEPAGE/Our%20Namesake.html biography of Hopper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824050541/http://www.hopper.navy.mil/USS%20HOPPER%20HOMEPAGE/Our%20Namesake.html |date=2007-08-24 }}

* [http://awards.acm.org/hopper/ Grace Murray Hopper Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001014518/http://awards.acm.org/hopper/ |date=2014-10-01 }}

* [http://www2.govexec.com/gtla/ The Government Technology Leadership Awards: The Gracies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819145813/http://www2.govexec.com/gtla/ |date=2008-08-19 }}

* {{MathGenealogy |id=15664}}

* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch01242 Schlesinger Library Luncheon Series. Audio collection, 1979-1987 (inclusive): A Finding Aid.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808035213/https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/8/resources/6008 |date=2023-08-08 }} [http://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725032158/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library |date=2023-07-25 }}, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

[[Kategori:Matematikawan wanitaperempuan]]