Azitromisin: Perbedaan antara revisi

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| synonyms = <small>9-deoxy-9α-aza-9α-methyl-9α-homoerythromycin A</small>
}}
<span data-segmentid="227" class="cx-segment">'''Azitromisin''' adalah [[Antibiotika|antibiotik]] yang digunakan untuk pengobatan sejumlah infeksi seperti</span> <span data-segmentid="230" class="cx-segment">[[Radang telinga tengah|infeksi telinga tengah]], [[Faringitis streptokokus|radang tenggorokan]], [[radang paru-paru]], diare pelancong, dan [[Gastroenteritis|infeksi usus]] tertentu.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/azithromycin.html|title=Azithromycin|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905161757/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/azithromycin.html|archive-date=2015-09-05|dead-url=no|access-date=Aug 1, 2015}}</ref></span> Azitromisin <span data-segmentid="236" class="cx-segment">juga dapat digunakan untuk sejumlah [[Penyakit menular seksual|infeksi menular seksual]], seperti [[Infeksi Chlamydia|infeksi klamidia]] dan [[Kencing nanah|gonore]].<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span> Azitromisin juga <span data-segmentid="240" class="cx-segment">dapat digunakan untuk mengobati [[malaria]] jika dikombinasikan dengan obat lainnya.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span> Obat ini dapat diminum atau diberikan secara <span data-segmentid="242" class="cx-segment">[[Infus|intravena]] dengan pemberian sekali sehari.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span>
 
<span data-segmentid="244" class="cx-segment">Efek samping yang umum terjadi antara lain [[mual]], [[muntah]], [[diare]], dan nyeri perut.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span> <span data-segmentid="248" class="cx-segment">[[Alergi|Reaksi alergi]] seperti [[anafilaksis]] atau diare akibat ''[[Clostridium difficile]]'' mungkin akan terjadi.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span> <span data-segmentid="253" class="cx-segment">Tidak ditemukan adanya bahaya pada penggunaan selama kehamilan.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span> <span data-segmentid="254" class="cx-segment">Keamanan penggunaan azitromisin selama [[menyusui]] belum dapat dipastikan, tetapi kemungkinan aman untuk digunakan.<ref name="Breast2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/azithromycin.html|title=Azithromycin use while Breastfeeding|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170054/http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/azithromycin.html|archive-date=5 September 2015|dead-url=no|access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref></span> <span data-segmentid="256" class="cx-segment">Azitromisin merupakan azalida, salah satu jenis antibiotik golongan [[makrolida]].<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span> Azitromisin <span data-segmentid="259" class="cx-segment">bekerja dengan mengurangi sintesis protein, sehingga dapat menghentikan pertumbuhan bakteri.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span>
 
<span data-segmentid="260" class="cx-segment">Azitromisin ditemukan pada tahun 1980 dan disetujui untuk dipasarkan pada tahun 1988.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenwood|first=David|title=Antimicrobial drugs : chronicle of a twentieth century medical triumph|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199534845|page=239|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4_FZHmzjzwC&pg=PA239|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044428/https://books.google.com/books?id=i4_FZHmzjzwC&pg=PA239|archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref name="Fis2006">{{Cite book|last=Fischer|first=Jnos|last2=Ganellin|first2=C. Robin|title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783527607495|page=498|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA498|language=en}}</ref></span> Azitromisin terdapat <span data-segmentid="261" class="cx-segment">dalam [[Daftar Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]].<ref name="WHO19th">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|date=April 2015|website=World Health Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=13 December 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref></span> Azitromisin tersedia dalam bentuk <span data-segmentid="264" class="cx-segment">[[Obat generik|generik]] <ref name="Ric2015">{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=}}</ref> dan dijual dengan beberapa nama dagang di seluruh dunia.<ref name="drugs.comINT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/azithromycin.html|title=Azithromycin International Brands|publisher=Drugs.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228085651/https://www.drugs.com/international/azithromycin.html|archive-date=28 February 2017|dead-url=no|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref></span> Harga azitromisin <span data-segmentid="266" class="cx-segment">di negara [[Negara berkembang|berkembang]] adalah sekitar {{US$}} 0,18 hingga {{US$}} 2,98 per dosis.<ref name="ERC2015">{{Cite web|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=1062&searchYear=2014|title=Azithromycin|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref></span> <span data-segmentid="268" class="cx-segment">Di Amerika Serikat, biaya pengobatan dengan azitromisin sekitar {{US$}} 4 per tahun 2018.<ref name="NADAC2018">{{Cite web|url=https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-05-23/5kr5-j2di|title=NADAC as of 2018-05-23|website=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services|language=en|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-date=2018-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151229/https://data.medicaid.gov/Drug-Pricing-and-Payment/NADAC-as-of-2018-05-23/5kr5-j2di|dead-url=yes}}</ref></span>
 
== Indikasi ==
<span data-segmentid="271" class="cx-segment">Azitromisin diindikasikan untuk:</span>
 
* <span data-segmentid="272" class="cx-segment">Pencegahan dan pengobatan [[eksaserbasi]] penyakit paru obstruktif kronis <span data-segmentid="286" class="cx-segment">yang disebabkan</span> ''H. influenzae'', ''M. catarrhalis'', atau ''S. pneumoniae'' .</span> <span data-segmentid="273" class="cx-segment">Penggunaan profilaksis dalam jangka panjang harus mempertimbangkan risiko kardiovaskular dan efek samping lainnya.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2015|title=Azithromycin for the Prevention of COPD Exacerbations: The Good, Bad, and Ugly|url=|journal=Am. J. Med.|volume=128|issue=|pages=1362.e1-6|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.07.032|pmid=26291905}}</ref></span>
* <span data-segmentid="274" class="cx-segment">Pneumonia dapatan masyarakat <span data-segmentid="286" class="cx-segment">yang disebabkan</span> ''C. pneumoniae'', ''H. influenzae'', ''M. pneumoniae'', atau ''S. pneumoniae'' <ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults|url=|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis.|volume=44 Suppl 2|issue=|pages=S27–72|doi=10.1086/511159|pmid=17278083}}</ref></span>
* <span data-segmentid="282" class="cx-segment">Trakoma <span data-segmentid="286" class="cx-segment">yang disebabkan</span> ''C. trachomatis'' <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Interventions for trachoma trichiasis|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|volume=11|pages=CD004008|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004008.pub3|pmc=4661324|pmid=26568232}}</ref></span>
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=== Kehamilan dan menyusui ===
<span data-segmentid="253" class="cx-segment">Tidak ditemukan adanya bahaya pada penggunaan selama kehamilan</span><span data-segmentid="337" class="cx-segment">.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span> <span data-segmentid="338" class="cx-segment">Namun, tidak terdapat uji klinis terkontrol yang memadai pada wanita hamil.<ref name="USlabel2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/050710s043,050711s040,050784s027lbl.pdf|title=US azithromycin label|date=February 2016|publisher=FDA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123140151/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/050710s043,050711s040,050784s027lbl.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-23|dead-url=no}}</ref></span>
 
<span data-segmentid="254" class="cx-segment">Keamanan penggunaan azitromisin selama [[menyusui]] belum dapat dipastikan.</span> Terdapat beberapa laporan bahwa azitromisin ditemukan dalam <span data-segmentid="341" class="cx-segment">kadar yang rendah pada air susu ibu (ASI). Azitromisin juga telah digunakan pada anak-anak, sehingga kecil kemungkinan bagi bayi mengalami efek samping.<ref name="Breast2015" /></span> <span data-segmentid="342" class="cx-segment">Namun, pasien harus berhati-hati menggunakan obat ini selama menyusui.<ref name="AHFS2015AHFS20155" /></span>
 
== Efek samping ==
[[Berkas:Zithromax (Azithromycin) tablets.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Tablet Zithromax (azitromisin) 250 mg ([[Kanada]])]]
<span data-segmentid="344" class="cx-segment">Efek samping yang umum terjadi antara lain diare (5%), mual (3%), nyeri pada perut (3%), dan muntah.</span> <span data-segmentid="345" class="cx-segment">Kurang dari 1% pasien menghentikan pengobatannya karena efek samping.</span> Beberapa efek samping lain seperti gelisah<span data-segmentid="346" class="cx-segment">, reaksi kulit, dan [[anafilaksis]] dilaporkan pernah terjadi.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014|title=Azithromycin anaphylaxis in children.|url=http://iji.sagepub.com/content/27/1/121.abstract?patientinform-links=yes&legid=spiji;27/1/121|journal=Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol|volume=27|issue=1|pages=121–6|doi=10.1177/039463201402700116|pmid=24674687|access-date=19 February 2016}}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></span> Penggunaan azitromisin juga dilaporkan dapat menyebabkan <span data-segmentid="348" class="cx-segment">Infeksi ''[[Clostridium difficile]]''.<ref name="AHFS20155">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/azithromycin.html|title=Azithromycin|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905161757/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/azithromycin.html|archive-date=2015-09-05|dead-url=no|access-date=Aug 1, 2015}}</ref></span> <span data-segmentid="350" class="cx-segment">Azitromisin tidak mempengaruhi efektivitas [[Pengaturan kelahiran|kontrasepsi]].</span> Gangguan <span data-segmentid="352" class="cx-segment">pendengaran juga dilaporkan pernah terjadi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical Toxology|last=Dart|first=Richard C.|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=23}}</ref></span>
 
<span data-segmentid="353" class="cx-segment">Terkadang, pasien dapat mengalami [[hepatitis]] kolestatik atau [[delirium]].</span> <span data-segmentid="356" class="cx-segment">Overdosis pada penggunaan intravena secara tidak disengaja pada bayi menyebabkan blok jantung berat, mengakibatkan ensefalopati residual.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tilelli|first=John A.|last2=Smith|first2=Kathleen M.|last3=Pettignano|first3=Robert|year=2006|title=Life-Threatening Bradyarrhythmia After Massive Azithromycin Overdose|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pharmacotherapy_2006-01_26_1/page/147|journal=Pharmacotherapy|volume=26|issue=1|pages=147–50|doi=10.1592/phco.2006.26.1.147|pmid=16506357}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Baselt, R.|title=Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man|edition=8th|publisher=Biomedical Publications|location=Foster City, CA|year=2008|pages=132–133}}</ref></span>
 
<span data-segmentid="358" class="cx-segment">Pada tahun 2013, FDA mengeluarkan peringatan bahwa azitromisin "dapat menyebabkan perubahan abnormal pada aktivitas jantung sehingga mengakibatkan gangguan irama jantung yang berpotensi mengancam jiwa."</span><span data-segmentid="360" class="cx-segment"><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Popular Antibiotic May Raise Risk of Sudden Death|last=Denise Grady|date=May 16, 2012|access-date=May 18, 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/17/health/research/popular-antibiotic-may-raise-risk-of-sudden-death.html|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517233434/http://www.nytimes.com//2012/05/17/health/research/popular-antibiotic-may-raise-risk-of-sudden-death.html|archive-date=May 17, 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid22591294">{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Wayne A.|last2=Murray|first2=Katherine T.|last3=Hall|first3=Kathi|last4=Arbogast|first4=Patrick G.|last5=Stein|first5=C. Michael|year=2012|title=Azithromycin and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=366|issue=20|pages=1881–90|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1003833|pmc=3374857|pmid=22591294}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm341822.htm|title=FDA Drug Safety Communication: Azithromycin (Zithromax or Zmax) and the risk of potentially fatal heart rhythms|date=March 12, 2013|publisher=FDA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027222239/http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm341822.htm|archive-date=October 27, 2016|dead-url=no}}</ref></span>
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[[Kategori:Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]]
[[Kategori:Antimalaria]]
[[Kategori:Antibiotik makrolida]]
[[Kategori:Senyawa dimetilamino]]
[[Kategori:Obat yang dikembangkan oleh Pfizer]]