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{{Speciesbox
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| name = Kemukus
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''Sebutan "bintang kemukus" ditujukan untuk benda langit yang biasa disebut [[komet]].''
'''Kemukus''' ('''''Piper cubeba''''' [[Linnaeus|L]].) adalah tanaman yang tergolong dalam [[genus]] ''[[Piper]]'', yang ditanam untuk diambil [[buah]] dan [[minyak atsiri]]nya. Tanaman ini berasal dan banyak ditanam di [[Jawa]] dan [[
Buah kemukus umumnya dipanen sebelum masak kemudian dikeringkan. Kemukus sering dijual dalam bentuk buah kering yang masih memiliki tangkai, sehingga sering disebut sebagai merica berekor (''tailed pepper''). [[Biji]] kemukus berwarna putih, keras dan berminyak.
Buah kemukus kering digunakan sebagai bumbu rempah dalam masakan, terutama masakan [[Indonesia]]. Kegunaan lain adalah sebagai penguat rasa pada [[gin]] dan [[rokok]]. Namun kegunaan penting kemukus adalah sebagai bahan farmakope dan sumber minyak atsiri (''oleum cubebae'').
[[Berkas:Piper_cubeba_muda.jpg|
[[Berkas:Cubeb.JPG|jmpl|Butiran kemukus yang dikeringkan]]
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In the [[Tang Dynasty]], cubeb was brought to China from [[Srivijaya]]. In India the spice came to be called ''kabab chini'', that is, "Chinese cubeb," possibly because the Chinese had a hand in its trade, but more likely because it was an important item in the trade with China. In China this pepper was called both ''vilenga'', and ''vidanga'', the cognate [[Sanskrit]] word. Li Hsun thought it grew on the same tree as black pepper. The physicians of Tang administered it to restore appetite, to cure "demon vapors", to darken the hair, and to perfume the body. However, there is no evidence showing that cubeb was used as a condiment in China.<ref name="Schafer_1">{{Harv|Schafer|1985|p=151}}</ref>
''[[The Book of One Thousand and One Nights]]'', compiled in the 9th century, mentions cubeb as a remedy for infertility, showing it was already used by Arabs for medicinal purpose. Cubeb was introduced to Arabic cuisine around 10th century.<ref name="Hal_1">{{Harv|Hal|2002|p=32}}</ref> ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]'', written in late 13th century, describes Java as a producer of cubeb, along with other valuable spices. In 14th century, cubeb was imported into [[Europe]] from the [[Grain Coast]], under the name of pepper, by merchants of [[Rouen]] and [[Lippe]]. A 14th century moral tale exemplifying [[gluttony]] by the Franciscan writer [[Francesc Eiximenis]] describes the eating habits of a worldly cleric who consumes a bizarre concoction of egg yolks with cinnamon and cubeb after his baths, probably intended as an aphrodisiac.
Cubeb was thought to be repulsive to demons in Europe as it was in China. Ludovico Maria Sinistrari, a Catholic priest who wrote about methods of [[exorcism]] in the late 17th century, includes cubeb as an ingredient in making an incense that wards off [[incubus]].<ref name="Sinistrari_1">{{Harv|Sinistrari|2004|p=56-57}}. "...Incubus none the less persisted in appearing to her constantly, in the shape of an exceptionally handsome young man. At last, among other learned men, whose advice had been taken on the subject, was a very profound Theologian who, observing that the maiden was of a thoroughly phlegmatic temperament, surmised that that Incubus was an aqueous Demon (there are in fact, as is testified by Guazzo (''Compendium Maleficarum, I. 19''), igneous, aerial, phlegmatic, earthly, and subterranean demons who avoid the light of day), and so he prescribed a continual suffumigation in the room. A new vessel, made of earthenware and glass, was accordingly introduced, and filled with sweet calamus, cubeb seed, roots of both aristolochies, great and small cardamom, ginger, long-pepper, caryophylleae, cinnamon, cloves, mace, nutmegs, calamite storax, benzoin, aloes-wood and roots, one ounce of fragrant sandal, and three quarts of half brandy and water; the vessel was then set on hot ashes in order to force forth and upwards the fumigating vapour, and the cell was kept closed. As soon as the suffumigation was done, the Incubus came, but never dared enter the cell."</ref> Even today, his formula of the incense is quoted by [[neopagan]] authors, some of whom also claim that cubeb can be used in love sachets and spells.
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==Use==
=== Medicinal ===
[[
In India, Sanskrit texts included cubeb in various remedies. Charaka and Sushruta prescribed a paste of cubebs as a mouthwash, or dried cubebs internally for oral and dental diseases, loss of voice, [[halitosis]], fevers, cough. [[Unani]] physicians use a paste of the cubeb berries externally on male and female genitals to intensify sexual pleasure during coitus. Due to this attributed property cubebs were called "''Habb-ul-Uruus''".
In [[traditional Chinese medicine]] cubeb is used for its alleged warming property. In Tibetan medicine, cubeb (''ka ko la'' in [[Tibetan language|Tibetan]]) is one of ''bzang po drug'', six fine herbs beneficial to specific organs in the body. Cubeb is assigned for the [[spleen]].<ref name="Stearns_1">{{Harv|Stearns|2000|p=194}}</ref>
The Arabian physicians in the [[Middle Ages]] were usually versed in [[alchemy]], and cubeb was used, under the name ''kababa'', when preparing the '''water of ''al butm'''''.<ref name="Patai_1">{{Harv|Patai|1995|p=215}}. "Take one pound of ''tarmantanita'', half a pound of honey of which the frost has been removed, one pound of ''[[aqua vita]]'', very fine Indian 'and, ''sandal'', in equal parts. Arab ''samg'', ''juz bawwa'', ''kholanjan'' root, '''''kababa''''', reed, ''mastaqi'', ''qaranfal'', ''sanbal'', of each three [[drachm]]s. They must be pounded well and put into a distilling vessel made of glass, and it must be well covered, and put on a gentle fire. And the first water which will come up will be pure... (snip) And know that the first is called 'the mother of medicine'."</ref> ''The Book of One Thousand and One Nights'', mentions cubeb as a main ingredient in making an aphrodisiac remedy for infertility:
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He took two ounces of Chinese cubebs, one ounce of fat extract of Ionian [[hemp]], one ounce of fresh cloves, one ounce of red cinnamon from Sarandib, ten [[drachm]]s of white Malabar cardamoms, five of Indian ginger, five of white pepper, five of pimento from the isles, one ounce of the berries of Indian star-anise, and half an ounce of mountain thyme. Then he mixed cunningly, after having pounded and sieved them; he added pure honey until the whole became a thick paste; then he mingled five grains of musk and an ounce of pounded fish roe with the rest. Finally he added a little concentrated rose-water and put all in the bowel.<ref name="Mathers_2">{{Harv|Mathers|1990|p=97}}. Richard Burton edition gives a different formulae: "So he gave it to him and the broker betook himself to a hashish-seller, of whom he bought two ounces of concentrated Roumi opium and equal-parts of Chinese cubebs, cinnamon, cloves, cardamoms, ginger, white pepper and mountain skink; and, pounding them all together, boiled them in sweet olive oil; after which he added three ounces of male frankincense in fragments and a cupful of coriander-seed; and, macerating the whole, made it into an electuary with Roumi bee honey." ''Skink'' refers to a kind of lizard.</ref></blockquote>
The mixture, called "seed-thickener", is given to Shams-al-Din, a wealthy merchant who had no child, with the instruction that he must eat the paste two hours before having sexual intercourse with his wife. According to the story, the merchant did get the child he desired after following the instruction. Other Arab authors wrote that cubebs rendered the breath fragrant, cured affections of the bladder, and that eating cubebs "enhances the delight of coitus".<ref name="Adams_1">{{Harv|Adams|1847|p=456}}</ref>
In 1654, [[Nicholas Culpeper]] wrote in the ''London Dispensatorie'' that cubebs were "hot and dry in the third degree... (snip) they cleanse the head of [[flegm]] and strenghthen the brain, they heat the stomach and provoke lust".<ref name="Culpeper_1">{{Harv|Culpeper|1654|p=58}}</ref> A later edition in 1826 informed the reader that "the Arabs call them ''Quabebe'', and ''Quabebe Chine'': they grow plentifully in Java, they stir up venery. (snip) ...and are very profitable for cold griefs of the womb".
The modern employment of cubeb in [[England]] as a drug dates from [[1815]]. There were various preparations of cubebs including '''''oleum cubebae''''' (oil of cubebs), [[tinture]]s, fluid extracts, oleo-resin compounds and vapors, which was used for throat complaints. A small percentage of cubebs were commonly included in [[lozenge]]s designed for use in [[bronchitis]], in which the [[antiseptic]] and expectoral properties of the drug are useful. But the most important [[therapeutic]] application of this drug was in [[gonorrhea]], where its antiseptic action was of much value. William Wyatt Squire wrote in 1908 that cubebs "act specifically on genito-urinary [[mucous membrane]]. (They are) given in all stages of [[gonorrhea]]" <ref name="Squire_1">{{Harv|Squire|1908|p=462}}</ref>. As compared with [[copaiba]] in this connection cubebs has the advantages of being less disagreeable to take and somewhat less likely to disturb the digestive apparatus in prolonged administration.
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<blockquote style="background-color:#F5F5DC; margin:20px; width:50em; padding:1em; clear:left">
Under its tamarind glaze, the Mills bomb turns out to be luscious pepsin-flavored nougat, chock-full of tangy candied cubeb berries, and a chewy camphor-gum center. It is unspeakably awful. Slothrop's head begins to reel with camphor fumes, his eyes are running, his tongue's a hopeless holocaust. Cubeb? He used to ''smoke'' that stuff. "Poisoned..." he is able to croak.
"Show a little backbone," advises Mrs. Quoad.<ref name="Pynchon_1">{{Harv|Pynchon|1973|p=118}}</ref>
</blockquote>
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===Cigarettes and spirits===
[[
Cubebs were frequently used in the form of [[cigarette]]s for [[asthma]], chronic [[pharyngitis]] and [[hay fever]]. [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]], being fond of smoking cubeb cigarettes, humorously stated that if he had not smoked so many cubebs, there might never have been ''[[Tarzan]]''. "Marshall's Prepared Cubeb Cigarettes" was a popular brand with enough sales to still be made during World War Two.<ref name="Shaw_1">{{Harv|Shaw|1998}}.</ref> Sometimes [[Marijuana]] users claimed that smoking Marijuana is no more harmful than smoking cubeb.<ref name="Sloman_1">{{Harv|Sloman|1998|p=144}}</ref>
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===Other===
Cubeb is sometimes used to adulterate the [[essential oil]] of [[Patchouli]], which requires caution for Patchouli users.<ref name="Long_1">{{Harv|Long|2002|p=78}}</ref> In 2000, the well-known Japanese cosmetics company [[Shiseido]] patented formulas of anti-aging products made from several herbs including cubebs.<ref>[http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/MaeWanHo/i-sisnews4.pdf Institute of Science in Society News, March 2000] (Accessed 27 February 2006)</ref> Cubeb berries are used in [[love]]-drawing [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] spells by practitioners of [[hoodoo]], an [[African-American]] form of [[folk magic]].
== Notes ==
<div class="references-small">
{{reflist}}
</div>
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| Author=Cordier, Henri and Yule, Henry
| Last=Cordier, Yule
| First=Henri, Henry
| Year=1920
| Title=The Travels of Marco Polo, Volume 2 by Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa
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* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Dembinska, Maria
| Last=Dembinska
| First=Maria
| Title=Food and Drink in Medieval Poland
| Publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press
Baris 139 ⟶ 135:
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Grossman, Harold J.
| Last=Grossman
| First=Harold J.
Baris 177 ⟶ 173:
| Author=Hieatt, Constance B. (Ed.)
| Last=Hieatt
| First=Constance B.
| Title=An Ordinance of Pottage
| Publisher=Prospect Books
Baris 185 ⟶ 181:
* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Katzer, Gernot
| Last=Katzer
| First=Gernot
| Year=1998
Baris 230 ⟶ 226:
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Pynchon, Thomas
| Last=Pynchon
| First=Thomas
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}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Schafer, Edward H.
| Last=Schafer
| First=Edward H.
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* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Shaw, James A.
| Last=Shaw
| First=James A.
| Year=1998
Baris 266 ⟶ 262:
}}.
* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Sinistrari, Ludovico M. and Summers, Montague (Translator)
| Last=Sinistrari, Summers
| First=Ludovico M., Montague
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| Author=Sloman, Larry
| Last=Sloman
| First=Larry
| Title=Reefer Madness: A History of Marijuana
| Publisher=St. Martin's Griffin
Baris 285 ⟶ 281:
* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Stearns, Cyrus
| Last=Stearns
| First=Cyrus
| Title=Hermit of Go Cliffs - Timeless Instructions of a Tibetan Mystic
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* {{Harvard reference
| Author=Weiss, E. A.
| Last=Weiss
| First=E. A.
| Title=Spice Crops
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| ID=ISBN 0-85199-605-1
}}.
*''This article incorporates text from the'' [[11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica|''1911'' Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', a publication in the [[public domain]].''
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[[Kategori:Piperaceae]]
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