|
Sejumlah '''jabatan kepresidenan''' sudah ada di [[Jerman]] sejak jatuhnya monarki pada tahun 1918. Selama periode 1919-1933, [[Republik Weimar]] sebagai [[kepala negara]] adalah [[Presiden Jerman (1919-1945)|Presiden Jerman]] ({{lang-de|Reichspräsident}}). Setelah kematian [[Claudius Cleavant Soetio Autis]] pada Agustus 1934, jabatan presiden dibiarkan kosong, dan [[Adolf Hitler]] menjadi kepala negara dengan nama ''[[Führer und Reichskanzler]]''. Pada tahun 1945, [[Karl Dönitz]] secara singkat menjadi Presiden.
{{unreferenced|date=November 2006}}
'''Presiden Jerman''' adalah [[Kepala Negara]] [[Jerman]]. <!-- Pemegang jabatan presiden yang sekarang adalah '''{{Kepala negara jerman}}'''. -->
Konstitusi Jerman Barat ('' Grundgesetz'' atau Hukum Dasar) dari Mei 1949 dibuat untuk jabatan [[Presiden Jerman]] ({{lang-de|Bundespräsident}}). Sejak Jerman bersatu kembali pada tahun 1990, Presiden telah menjadi kepala negara untuk seluruh Jerman.
Setelah pengunduran [[Kaisar Jerman]] pada tahun [[1918]] dan pengumuman [[Konstitusi Weimar]], [[Presiden Jerman (Republik Weimar)|Presiden Jerman]] (bahasa Jerman: ''Reichspräsident'') adalah kepala negara di Jerman. Kedudukan ini dihapus pada tahun 1934 saat meninggalnya Presiden Hindenburg dan jabatan ini ada lagi pada akhir perang di masa yang singkat.
Konstitusi Jerman Timur pada Oktober 1949 dibuat untuk jabatan ''Präsident der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik'' (DDR) ("Presiden [[Jerman Timur|Republik Demokrasi Jerman]]"). Setelah kematian [[Wilhelm Pieck]] pada tahun 1960, jabatan ''Präsident der DDR'' dihapuskan dan diganti dengan kepala kolektif negara, ''[[Dewan Negara Republik Demokratik Jerman|Staatsrat]] '' (Dewan Negara). ''Staatsrat'' dihapus oleh amendemen konstitusi ''[[Volkskammer]]'' ("Kamar Rakyat") pada tanggal 5 April 1990. Semenjak itu hingga GDR bergabung dengan Republik Federal pada tanggal 3 Oktober 1990, presiden ''Volkskammer'' juga menjabat sebagai kepala GDR negara.
Dengan pengumuman Konstitusi Jerman yang baru pada tahun 1949 jabatan presiden (bahasa Jerman: ''Bundespräsident'') diciptakan kembali.
== Presiden Jerman Selama [[Republik Weimar]] ''([[Presiden Jerman (1919–1945)|Reichspräsidenten]])'' (1919-1934) ==
President Jerman modern dipilih melalui badan sidang khusus yang disebut [[Bundesversammlung (Jerman)|Majelis Federal]] (''Bundesversammlung'') untuk bertugas selama 5 tahun. Bersamaan dengan [[sistem parlementer]] pemerintahan Jerman, jabatan presiden dibatasi oleh campuran hukum dan [[konvensi konstitusi (adat politik)|konvensi]] sehingga menjadi kedudukan seremonial.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|--
! #
! Potret
! width=180|Nama<br /><small>(Lahir-Meninggal)
! colspan=2|Periode Jabatan
! Partai
|--
! 1
| [[Berkas:Friedrich Ebert.jpg|60px]] || '''[[Friedrich Ebert]]'''<br /><small>(1871–1925) || 11 Februari 1919 || 28 Februari 1925<br />(meninggal saat menjabat) ||[[Partai Sosial Demokrat Jerman|SPD]]
|--
! 2
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-C06886, Paul v. Hindenburg.jpg|60px]] || <small>[[Panglima Tertinggi (Jerman)|Jenderal Panglima Tertinggi]]</small><br />'''[[Paul von Hindenburg]]'''<br /><small>(1847-1934) || 12 Mei 1925 || 2 Agustus 1934<br />(meninggal saat menjabat) || Non-partai
|--
|}
== Kepala Negara Selama Era [[Jerman Nazi]] ==
Menurut tradisi, presiden biasanya memiliki perhatian besar untuk mengendalikan politik harian. Untuk hal yang amat beralasan, pada saat menunjukkan perhatian pada isu kontemporer, presiden bisa berharap menarik perhaian, dan jika ahli, sudut pandang yang ditunjukkannya dapat membawa beban moral yang berat.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|--
! #
! Potret
! width=180|Nama<br /><small>(Lahir-Meninggal)
! colspan=2|Periode Jabatan
! Partai
|--
! 3
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, Adolf Hitler retouched.jpg|60px]] || '''[[Adolf Hitler]]'''<br /><small>(1889–1945)<br /><small>(''Kepala Negara dan Pemerintahan<br />sebagai [[Führer|Führer und Reichskanzler]]'') || 2 Agustus 1934 || 30 April 1945<br />([[Kematian Adolf Hitler|Bunuh Diri]]) || [[Partai Nazi|NSDAP]]
|--
!- (4)
| [[Berkas:Karl Dönitz.jpg|60px]] || <small>[[Laksamana Agung]]</small><br />'''[[Karl Dönitz]]'''<br /><small>(1891–1980)<br /><small>(''Presiden German'') || 30 April 1945 || 23 Mei 1945 || Non-partai
|--
|}
== Presiden [[Sejarah Jerman (1945–1990)|Dipartisi Jerman]] (1949–1990) ==
Kediaman resmi pertama presiden adalah [[Schloss Bellevue|Istana Bellevue]] di [[Berlin]]. Kediaman resmi ke-2 presiden adalah [[Vila Hammerschmidt]], di [[Bonn]].
{| width=100% |
<!--
| width=50% valign=top |
==Periode Weimar==
{{utama|=== Presiden [[Jerman (Barat|Republik WeimarFederal Jerman]] (''Bundespräsidenten'')}} ===
{| class="wikitable"
|--
! #
! Gambar
! Nama<br /><small>(Lahir-Meninggal)
! Awal Jabatan
! Akhir Jabatan
! Partai
|-- style="background:#FFFFDD;"
! 1
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1983-098-20a, Heuss.jpg|60px]] || [[Theodor Heuss]]<br /><small>(1884-1963) || 13 September 1949 || 12 September 1959 || [[Partai Bebas Demokratik (Jerman)|FDP]]
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
! 2
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1994-034-22A, Heinrich Lübke.jpg|60px]] || [[Heinrich Lübke]]<br /><small>(1894-1972) || 13 September 1959 || 30 Juni 1969 (''mundur'') || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman)|CDU]]
|-- style="background:#FFE8E8;"
! 3
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0037, Gustav Heinemann.jpg|60px]] || [[Gustav Heinemann]]<br /><small>(1899-1976) || 1 Juli 1969 || 30 Juni 1974 || [[Partai Sosial Demokrat (Jerman)|SPD]]
|-- style="background:#FFFFDD;"
! 4
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-047-20, Walter Scheel.jpg|60px]] || [[Walter Scheel]]<br /><small>(lahir 1919) || 1 Juli 1974 || 30 Juni 1979 || [[Partai Bebas Demokratik (Jerman)|FDP]]
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
! 5
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F040153-0032, Bonn, Pressekonferenz CDU-Vorstand, Carstens.jpg|60px]] || [[Karl Carstens]]<br /><small>(1914-1992) || 1 Juli 1979 || 30 Juni 1984 || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman)|CDU]]
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
! 6
| [[Berkas:Richard von Weizsäcker.jpg|60px]] || [[Richard von Weizsäcker]]<br /><small>(born 1920) || 1 Juli 1984 || ''hingga''<br />30 Juni 1994 || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman)|CDU]]
|}
=== Presiden Protektorat Saarland Prancis ===
During the [[Weimar Republic]] of [[1919]]-[[1933]] the head of state had the German title ''Reichspräsident''. This literally means 'President of the Reich' (''[[reich]]'' is an ambiguous German word that roughly means 'country' or 'realm'). However in English he was usually simply referred to, like the modern president, as the President of Germany. The [[Weimar constitution]] created a [[semi-presidential system]] in which power was divided between the President, a cabinet and a parliament. The President enjoyed far greater power than the current president and had active political role, rather than a largely ceremonial one. The influence of the President also increased greatly as a result of the instability of the Weimar period.
{| class="wikitable"
! Nama
! Periode
! Partai
|-
|[[Peter Zimmer]]
|15 Desember 1947 – 1 Januari 1956
|[[Partai Sosial Demokrat Saarland|SPS]]
|-
|[[Heinrich Schneider]]
|2 Januari 1956 – 13 Desember 1956
|[[Partai Demokrat Saarland|DPS]]
|}
| width=50% valign=top |
=== Kepala Negara [[Jerman Timur|Republik Demokratik Jerman]] ===
The President had authority to appoint any Chancellor he wished and could dismiss the entire cabinet at any time. However it was also necessary for the cabinet to enjoy the confidence of the [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] (parliament) because it could be removed by a [[vote of no confidence]]. All bills had to receive the signature of the president to become law and, although he did not have an absolute veto on legislation, he could insist that a law be submitted for the approval of voters in a [[referendum]]. The president also had authority to dissolve the Reichstag, conduct foreign affairs, and command the armed forces. Article 48 of the constitution also provided the president sweeping powers in the event of a crisis. If there was a threat to "public order and security" he could legislate by decree and suspend civil rights.
{| class="wikitable"
|--
! #
! Gambar
! Nama<br /><small>(Lahir-Meninggal)
! Awal Jabatan
! Akhir Jabatan
! Partai
|--
|align="center" colspan="6"|'''Presiden''' (''Staatspräsident'')
|-- bgcolor=#FF8C87
! 1
| [[Berkas:Fotothek df roe-neg 0002793 004 Portrait Wilhelm Piecks im Publikum der Bachfeier.jpg|60px]] || [[Wilhelm Pieck]]<br /><small>(1876-1960) || 11 Oktober 1949 || 7 September 1960<br />(meninggal saat menjabat) || [[Partai Persatuan Sosialis Jerman|SED]]
|--
|align="center" colspan="6"|'''Ketua Dewan Negara''' (''Vorsitzende des Staatsrats'')
|-- bgcolor=#FF8C87
! 1
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J1231-1002-002 Walter Ulbricht, Neujahrsansprache.jpg|60px]] || [[Walter Ulbricht]]<br /><small>(1893-1973) || 12 September 1960 || 1 Agustus 1973<br />(meninggal saat menjabat) || [[Partai Persatuan Sosialis Jerman|SED]]
|-- bgcolor=#FF8C87
! 2
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R0430-0305A, Willi Stoph.jpg|60px]] || [[Willi Stoph]]<br /><small>(1914-1999) || 3 Oktober 1973 || 29 Oktober 1976 || [[Partai Persatuan Sosialis Jerman|SED]]
|-- bgcolor=#FF8C87
! 3
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0421-044, Berlin, XI. SED-Parteitag, Erich Honecker.jpg|60px]] || [[Erich Honecker]]<br /><small>(1912-1994) || 29 Oktober 1976 || 18 Oktober 1989<br />(mundur) || [[Partai Persatuan Sosialis Jerman|SED]]
|-- bgcolor=#FF8C87
! 4
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1984-0704-400, Egon Krenz.jpg|60px]] || [[Egon Krenz]]<br /><small>(lahir 1937) || 18 Oktober 1989 || 6 Desember 1989<br />(mundur) || [[Partai Persatuan Sosialis Jerman|SED]]
|-- style="background:#FFFFDD;"
! 5
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0617-034, Prof. Dr. Manfred Gerlach.jpg|60px]] || [[Manfred Gerlach]]<br /><small>(1928-2011) || 6 Desember 1989 || 5 April 1990<br />(jabatan ditiadakan) || [[Partai Demokrat Liberal Jerman|LDPD]]
|--
|align="center" colspan="6"|'''Presiden Kamar Dagang Rakyat''' (''Präsident der Volkskammer'')
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
! 1
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0813-302, Sabine Bergmann-Pohl.jpg|60px]] || [[Sabine Bergmann-Pohl]]<br /><small>(lahir 1946) || 5 April 1990 || 2 Oktober 1990<br />([[Penyatuan Jerman|jabatan dihapuskan]]) || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman Timur)|CDU]]
|--
|}
|}
== Presiden [[Penyatuan Jerman|Penyatuan]] Jerman ''(Bundespräsidenten)'' (sejak 1990) ==
Unlike the current President of Germany, the Weimar constitution provided that the president was directly elected and served a seven year term. The election involved a form of the [[Two-round system|two round system]]. However the first President was elected by the National Assembly and subsequently only two direct presidential elections actually occurred. These were the election of [[Paul von Hindenburg]] in [[1925]] and his re-election in [[1932]].
{| class="wikitable"
|--
The system created by the Weimar constitution led to a number of problems. In particular, the fact that the President could appoint the cabinet, while the Reichstag had only a power of dismissal, created a high cabinet turn-over as ministers were appointed by the President only to be dismissed by the Reichstag shortly afterwards. Eventually Hindenburg stopped trying to appoint cabinets that enjoyed the confidence of the Reichstag and ruled by means of three "presidential cabinets" (''Präsidialkabinetten''). Hindenburg was also able to use his power of dissolution to by-pass the Reichstag. If the Reichstag threatened to censure his ministers or revoke one of his decrees he could simply dissolve the body and be left able to govern without its interference until elections had been held.
! #
! Gambar
The Weimar presidency effectively came to an end in 1934 when Hindenburg died and Hitler became sole ruler of Germany. However the title of ''Reichspräsident'' was briefly revived in the dying days of the Nazi regime when [[Karl Dönitz]] became ''Reichspräsident'' in 1945.-->
! Nama<br /><small>(Lahir-Meninggal)
! Awal Jabatan
== Presiden Republik Weimar (1919-1945) ==
! Akhir Jabatan
! Partai
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 90%;"
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
|-
!No. 6
| [[Berkas:Richard von Weizsäcker.jpg|60px]] || [[Richard von Weizsäcker]]<br /><small>(1920 - 2015) || ''since''<br />1 Juli 1984 || 30 Juni 1994 || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman Timur)|CDU]]
!Nama
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
!Mulai Menjabat
! 7
!Akhir Jabatan
| [[Berkas:Roman Herzog.jpg|60px]] || [[Roman Herzog]]<br /><small>( 1934 - 2017) || 1 Juli 1994 || 30 Juni 1999 || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman)|CDU]]
!Partai
|-- style="background:#FFE8E8;"
! 8
|1.||[[Friedrich Ebert]]||[[11 Februari]] [[1919]]||[[28 Februari]] [[1925]]||[[Partai Sosial Demokrat Jerman|SPD]]
| [[Berkas:Johannes rau 2004-05-16 berlin ausschnitt.jpg|60px]] || [[Johannes Rau]]<br /><small>(1931-2006) || 1 Juli 1999 || 30 Juni 2004 || [[Partai Sosial Demokrat (Jerman)|SPD]]
|-style="background:#EDEDED;"
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
|||[[Hans Luther]] ([[penjabat sementara]])||[[28 Februari]] [[1925]]||[[12 Maret]] [[1925]]||''(nonpartai)''
! 9
|-style="background:#EDEDED;"
| [[Berkas:Horst Köhler.jpg|60px]] || [[Horst Köhler]]<br /><small>(lahir 1943) || 1 Juli 2004 || 31 Mei 2010<br />(''mundur'') || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman)|CDU]]
|||[[Walter Simons]] ([[penjabat sementara]])||[[12 Maret]] [[1925]]||[[12 Mei]] [[1925]]||''(nonpartai)''
|-- style="background:#EDEDEDFFE5B4;"
! 10
|2.||[[Paul von Hindenburg]]||[[12 Mei]] [[1925]]||[[2 Agustus]] [[1934]]||''(nonpartai)''
| [[Berkas:Landtag Niedersachsen DSCF7769.JPG|60px]] || [[Christian Wulff]]<br /><small>(lahir 1959) || 30 Juni 2010 || 17 Februari 2012<br />(''mundur'') || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman)|CDU]]
|-style="background:#FAC540"
|-
|3.||[[Adolf Hitler]] (pejabat kepala negara sebagai ''Pimpinan dan Kanselir'')||[[2 Agustus]] [[1934]]||[[1 Mei]] [[1945]]||[[NSDAP]]
! 11
|-style="background:#EDEDED;"
| [[Berkas:2012-06-05 Bundespraesident Joachim Gauck Berlin.jpg|60px]] || [[Joachim Gauck]]<br /><small>(lahir 1940) || 18 Maret 2012 || Petahana || [[Independen]]
|4.||[[Grand Admiral]] [[Karl Dönitz]]||[[1 Mei]] [[1945]]||[[23 Mei]] [[1945]]||''(nonpartai)''
|}
<!--
==Selection==
===Federal Convention===
:''Main article: [[Bundesversammlung (Germany)|German Federal Convention]]''
<!--== Daftar Kepala Negara Sementara ==
The modern President is elected by secret ballot, without debate, by the Federal Convention, a body established solely for that purpose. The convention consists of all [[Bundestag]] members as well as an equal number of delegates chosen by the legislatures of the [[States of Germany|''Länder'']] (states). The delegates of each ''Land'' to the Federal Convention are elected by the members of the [[legislature]] of that jurisdiction under a form of [[proportional representation]]. However it is not required that ''Land'' delegates themselves be members of a legislature; often esteemed local citizens are chosen.
{| class="wikitable"
|--
In total, the Federal Convention numbers more than one thousand people. The German constitution, the [[Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]], requires that it be convened no later than thirty days before the expiration of the term of office of the President. In practice it is convened every five years (in all years with year numbers ending in "4" or "9") on [[23 May]], the date of the foundation of the Federal Republic in [[1949]]. The body is convened and chaired by the [[President of the Bundestag]].
! #
! Gambar
The Federal Convention attempts to elect a president by an absolute majority of votes cast. If, after two votes, no single candidate has received this level of support, in the third and final vote the candidate endorsed by a [[plurality]] of votes cast is deemed elected. The process of electing the President is usually determined by party politics, the office being in the gift of whichever party, or group of allied parties, can muster a majority in the convention. The authors of the Basic Law chose an indirect form of presidential election because they believed it would produce a head of state who was widely acceptable and yet at the same time insulated from public pressure and lacking in sufficient popular legitimacy to undermine other institutions of government.
! Nama
! Jabatan
===Qualifications===
! Periode Jabatan sebagai Pejabat Kepala Negara
! Partai
The office of President is open to all Germans who are entitled to vote in Bundestag elections and have reached the age of forty, but no one may serve more than two five year terms. The president receives an annual payment of approximately €213,000 that continues when he or she leaves office.
|--
|colspan="7"|'''Weimar Republic'''
The President may not be a member of the government or of a legislature at either the federal or ''Land'' level. On taking office the president must take the following oath, stipulated by Article 56 of the Basic Law, before the assembled members of the Bundestag and [[Bundesrat (Germany)|Bundesrat]] (however he or she is permitted to omit the religious references if so desired):
|-- style="background:#FFFFDD;"
|
I swear that I will dedicate my efforts to the well-being of the German people, enhance their benefits, avert harm from them, uphold and defend the Constitution and the statutes of the Federation, fulfil my duties conscientiously, and do justice to all. So help me God.
|[[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-008A-07, Hans Luther.jpg|60px]] || [[Hans Luther]]<br><small>(1879—1962) || [[Kanselir Jerman]] || 28 Februari 1925 – 12 Maret 1925 || Non-partai
|-- bgcolor=#EDEDED
==Duties and functions==
|
The degree of power actually conferred upon the President by the Basic Law is ambiguous. However, in practice, holders of the office treat it as a ceremonial, non-political one, and act in accordance with the advice and directives of the Federal Government. Unlike many constitutions the Basic Law does not designate the head of state as the commander-in-chief of the military (ceremonially or otherwise). This role is vested in the Minister of Defence by Article 65a. The President carries out the following duties:
| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12279, Walter Simons.jpg|60px]] || [[Walter Simons]]<br><small>(1861—1937) || Presiden [[Reichsgericht]] || 12 Maret 1925 – 12 Mei 1925 || Non-partai
|--
*'''Appointment of the Federal Government:''' The President proposes an individual as [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] and then, provided they are subsequently elected by the Bundestag, appoints him or her to the office. However the Bundestag is free to disregard the President's proposal and elect another individual to the post, who the President is then obliged to appoint. The President appoints and dismisses the remaining members of the [[Cabinet of Germany|Federal Government]] "upon the proposal of the Chancellor". The President can dismiss the Chancellor but only in the event that the Bundestag passes a [[Constructive Vote of No Confidence]]. If this occurs the President must dismiss the chancellor and appoint the successor requested by the Bundestag.
|colspan="7"|'''Republik Demokratik Jerman'''
|-- bgcolor=#FF8C87
*'''Other appointments:''' The President appoints federal judges, federal civil servants and military officers. All such appointments require the counter-signature of either the chancellor or the relevant cabinet minister.
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-76234-0027, Berlin, 14. Volkskammersitzung, Dr. Dieckmann.jpg|60px]] ||rowspan="2"| [[Johannes Dieckmann]]<br><small>(1893—1969) ||rowspan="2"| [[Daftar Presiden Kamar Dagang Rakyat (Republik Demokratik Jerman)|Presiden Kamar Dagang Rakyat]] || 7 Oktober 1949 – 11 Oktober 1949 ||rowspan="2"| [[Partai Sosialis Bersatu Jerman|SED]]
*'''Dissolution of the Bundestag:''' In the event that the Bundestag elects an individual for the office of chancellor by a plurality of votes, rather than a majority, the President can, at his discretion, either appoint that individual as chancellor or dissolve the Bundestag. In the event that a vote of confidence is defeated in the Bundestag the President may dissolve the body within 21 days, but only on a proposal from the incumbent chancellor. So far, this power has only been applied three times in the history of the Federal Republic. In all three occurrences it is doubtful whether the motives for that dissolution were in accordance with the constitution's intentions. Each time the incumbent chancellor called for the vote of confidence with the stated intention of being defeated, in order to be able to call for new elections before the end of their regular term. The most recent occurrence was on [[1 July]] [[2005]], when Chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]] asked for a vote of confidence, which was defeated.
|-- bgcolor=#FF8C87
| 7 September 1960 – 12 September 1960
*'''Promulgation of the law:''' All federal laws must, after counter-signature, be signed by the president before they can come into effect. Ordinances must be signed by the agency which issues them, and then by the President. Upon signing, the President has to check if the process of making the law is constitutional and/or if the content of the law is constitutional. If not, he has the right to refuse to sign the law. This has happened only six times.<ref>Wolfgang Rudzio: "Das politische System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", p. 296, Wiesbaden 2006</ref>
|-- bgcolor=#FF8C87
|
*'''Foreign relations:''' The President takes part in foreign visits and receives foreign dignitaries. He or she also concludes treaties with foreign nations, accredits German diplomats and receives the letters of accreditation of foreign diplomats.
| [[Berkas:Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1984, MiNr 2849.jpg|60px]] || [[Friedrich Ebert junior]]<br><small>(1894—1979) || [[Dewan Negara Republik Demokratik Jerman|Wakil Ketua Dewan Negara]] || 1 August 1973 – 3 October 1973 || [[Partai Sosialis Bersatu Jerman|SED]]
|--
*'''Pardons and honours:''' The President grants pardons if the person concerned had been convicted under federal jurisdiction (which is rare) and confers decorations and honours.
|colspan="7"|'''Republik Federal Jerman'''
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
*'''State of emergency:''' In the event of a national crisis, the emergency law reforms of [[1968]] designate the President as a mediator. If the Bundestag rejects a motion of confidence, but neither the chancellor is dismissed nor the Bundestag is dissolved, the President may, by request of the cabinet, declare a "legislative state of emergency", which is quite different from a conventional [[state of emergency]]: If it is declared, during a limited period of time, bills proposed by the cabinet and designated as "urgent", but rejected by the Bundestag, become (with the consent of the [[Bundesrat (Germany)|Bundesrat]]) law nonetheless. But it does not suspend basic human rights nor does it grant the executive branch any exceptional power.
|
| [[Berkas:Karl Arnold Briefmarke Detail.jpg|60px]] || [[Karl Arnold]]<br><small>(1901—1958) || [[Presiden Bundesrat]] || 7 – 12 September 1949 || [[Uni Demokratik Kristen (Jerman)|CDU]]
===Impartiality and influence===
|-- style="background:#FFE8E8;"
[[Berkas:Standarte des Bundespräsidenten.svg|thumb|right|200px|Standard of the President of Germany]]
|
Though usually chosen as the candidate of a political party or parties, the president nonetheless is expected to be non-partisan after assuming office. Every President to date has let his or her party membership rest dormant during his or her term of office. Although the formal powers of the President are limited, the President's role can be quite significant depending on his or her own activities. The very fact that the President usually doesn't interfere with day-to-day politics means that if he or she does choose to speak out on an issue, the event is perceived as one to take note of. There have been a number of occasions when certain presidential speeches have dominated German political debate for a year or more.
| [[Berkas:Jens-Böhrnsen.jpg|60px]] || [[Jens Böhrnsen]]<br><small>(lahir 1949) || [[Presiden Bundesrat]]<br> || 31 Mei–30 Juni 2010 || [[Partai Sosial Demokrat (Jerman)|SPD]]
|-- style="background:#FFE5B4;"
The role of President is similar in some ways to that of a [[constitutional monarch]] found in other European states, with the important difference being that the President is elected, and selected based on his or her distinguished reputation. Other comparisons might be to a court philosopher, or a 'national conscience'. The President is called on to develop, interpret and communicate a long-term view of trends affecting Germany and its role in the world. Formulating such vision calls for reflection about Germany's past. Recent Presidents have been instrumental in getting Germans to constructively confront their history during the Nazi period, for instance.
|
| [[Image:Seehofer.JPG|60px]] || [[Horst Seehofer]]<br><small>(lahir 1949) || [[Presiden Bundesrat]] || 17 Februari 2012 – Sekarang || [[Uni Sosial Kristen di Bavaria|CSU]]
===Reserve powers===
|--
There is disagreement about whether Presidents have, in fact, greater constitutional powers than they customarily choose to exercise. Some argue that the Basic Law does not require that the President must follow government directives in all circumstances. It is suggested, for instance, that the President could refuse to sign legislation merely because he disagrees with its content, thus [[veto]]ing it, or refuse to approve a cabinet appointment. Because no President has ever attempted to take either of these actions the constitutionality of these points has never been tested.
In the few cases in which a bill was not signed all presidents claimed that the bill in question was manifestly unconstitutional. In the autumn of 2006, incumbent President [[Horst Köhler|Köhler]] did so twice within three months. Also, in some cases, a president has signed a law whilst asking that the political parties refer the case to the Federal Constitutional Court in order to test the law's constitutionality. The most recent case of such an occurrence was the controversial 'passing' of an [[immigration law]] in the [[Bundesrat (Germany)|Bundesrat]] in [[2003]]. This law was ultimately declared invalid by the court for reasons of procedure.
==Succession==
{{Order of Succession (Presidencies)}}
The Basic Law did not create an office of [[vice president]]. If the President is outside of the country, or the position is vacant, the [[President of the Bundesrat]] (this position is rotated among the state premiers on a yearly basis) fills in as temporary, acting president. While doing so he or she does not continue to exercise the role of chair of the Bundesrat. If the President dies, or is removed from office, a successor is elected within thirty days. However since the establishment of the office this has never occurred.
While the President is abroad on a state visit the President of the Bundesrat does not assume all of his responsibilities but may "deputise" for the President, performing on the President's behalf merely those tasks that require his or her physical presence, such as the signing of documents.
As with many other provisions of the Basic Law, the mechanism for presidential succession was introduced in response to a perceived weakness in the [[Weimar constitution]], under which the Chancellor would act as head of state in the President's absence. This made it easier for [[Adolf Hitler]] to combine the two offices of President and Chancellor and make himself [[dictator]].-->
== Presiden sejak [[1949]] (''Bundespräsident'') ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 80%;"
|-
!No.
!class=unsortable|Foto
!Nama
!Mulai Menjabat
!Akhir Jabatan
!Partai¹
|-style="background:#FFFFDD;"
|1.|| [[Berkas:Theodor Heuss.jpg|100px]] ||[[Theodor Heuss]]||[[13 September]] [[1949]]||[[12 September]] [[1959]]||[[Partai Bebas Demokrat (Jerman)|FDP]]
|-style="background:#DDEEFF;"
|2.|| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1994-034-22A, Heinrich Lübke.jpg|100px]] ||[[Heinrich Lübke]]||[[13 September]] [[1959]]||[[30 Juni]] [[1969]]||[[Uni Demokratik Kristen|CDU]]
|-style="background:#FFE8E8;"
|3.|| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2007-0037, Gustav Heinemann.jpg|100px]] ||[[Gustav Heinemann]]||[[1 Juli]] [[1969]]||[[30 Juni]] [[1974]]||[[Partai Demokratik Sosialis|SPD]]
|-style="background:#FFFFDD;"
|4.|| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1989-047-20, Walter Scheel.jpg|100px]] ||[[Walter Scheel]]||[[1 Juli]] [[1974]]||[[30 Juni]] [[1979]]||FDP
|-style="background:#DDEEFF;"
|5.|| [[Berkas:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F040153-0032, Bonn, Pressekonferenz CDU-Vorstand, Carstens.jpg|100px]] || [[Karl Carstens]]||[[1 Juli]] [[1979]]||[[30 Juni]] [[1984]]||CDU
|-style="background:#DDEEFF;"
|6.|| [[Berkas:Richard von Weizsäcker.jpg|100px]] ||[[Richard von Weizsäcker]]||[[1 Juli]] [[1984]]||[[30 Juni]] [[1994]]||CDU
|-style="background:#DDEEFF;"
|7.|| [[Berkas:Roman Herzog.jpg|100px]] ||[[Roman Herzog]]||[[1 Juli]] [[1994]]||[[30 Juni]] [[1999]]||CDU
|-style="background:#FFE8E8;"
|8.|| [[Berkas:Johannes rau 2004-05-16 berlin-RZ.jpg|100px]] ||[[Johannes Rau]]||[[1 Juli]] [[1999]]||[[30 Juni]] [[2004]]||SPD
|-style="background:#DDEEFF;"
|9.|| [[Berkas:Horst Köhler.jpg|100px]] ||[[Horst Köhler]]||[[1 Juli]] [[2004]]||[[31 Mei]] [[2010]] </br>(''mengundurkan diri'')<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5635018,00.html German President Koehler resigns suddenly amid Afghanistan dispute]. DW-World, edisi 31-05-2010</ref>||CDU
|-- style="background:#DDEEFF;"
|10.|| [[Berkas:Landtag Niedersachsen DSCF7769.JPG|100px]] || [[Christian Wulff]] || [[1 Juli]] [[2010]] || || CDU
|}
-->
== Lihat juga ==
<small>¹ Catat bahwa meskipun biasanya menjadi anggota partai sebelum masa jabatannya, presiden mengizinkan keanggotaan partainya dalam keadaan reses selama masa jabatannya.</small>
* [[Kaisar Jerman]]
* [[Daftar Monarki Jerman]]
== Pendakwaan dan pengunduran ==
* [[Presiden Jerman]]
Selama dalam masa jabatannya presiden mendapatkan kekebalan hukum dari pendakwaan dan tidak bisa diputuskan keluar jabatan atau dipanggil. Satu-satunya mekanisme untuk memberhentikan presiden adalah pendakwaan oleh [[Bundestag]] atau [[Bundesrat Jerman|Bundesrat]] untuk pelanggaran hukum yang disengaja. Sekali Bundestag menuntut presiden Pengadilan Konstitusi Federal diminta menentukan apakah ia bersalah. Jika tuntutan itu dibenarkan pengadilan berhak memberhentikan presiden dari jabatannya. Hingga kini belum pernah ada presiden yang dikenai dakwaan.
* [[Presiden Jerman (Weimar Republic)]]
<!--
* [[Kepemimpinan Jerman Timur]]
==History since 1934==
* [[Kanselir Jerman]]
[[Berkas:Villa Hammerschmidt 1 ph.jpg|thumb|200px|The Hammerschmidt Villa, the sole official residence of the President until 1994. Today it is his second official residence.]]
* [[Daftar Kanselir Jerman]]
As noted above, the office of ''Bundespräsident'' was preceded by the office of ''Reichspräsident'' that existed during the [[1919]]-[[1933]] Weimar Republic and was briefly revived in [[1945]]. After the death of Hindenburg, [[Adolf Hitler]], who had previously been appointed Chancellor by Hindenburg in [[1933]], solidified his hold on power by merging the offices of Chancellor and President to form a new office of ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' ("[[Leader]] and [[Chancellor]]"), as part of the process of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]''. After Hitler committed [[suicide]] on [[30 April]], [[1945]], days before [[World War II]] formally ended in Germany, the title of ''Reichspräsident'' was revived and held by [[Karl Dönitz]], until the [[end of World War II in Europe]].
During the first four years of Allied occupation of Germany there was no active German president or head of state (''de jure'', Dönitz however may be considered the president). When the Federal Republic of Germany ([[West Germany]]) was created from the western occupied territory in [[1949]] [[Theodor Heuss]] was chosen as the first holder of a new position called the ''Bundespräsident'' or "Federal President". This presidency had a largely [[figurehead]] status. Its role was like that of the Weimar presidency until about [[1929]]. However the new presidency had clarified and much more limited constitutional powers. Most Presidents have been people perceived to be of moral authority. For example most have been active Christians.
When the territory of the [[East Germany]] was reunited with [[West Germany]] in [[1990]], the whole country began to operate under what had previously been the West German constitution of 1949, and since then the President has been the president of all of Germany. In [[1994]], as part of the movement of Germany's seat of government from [[Bonn]] to [[Berlin]], the president's official residence was moved from the [[Hammerschmidt Villa]], in Bonn, to its current location at the [[Schloss Bellevue]] in Berlin.-->
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.bundespraesident.de/en Official website]
* [http://www.archontology.org/nations/german/germ_state2/ Germany: Heads of State: 1949-2005]
{{daftar pemimpin negara|jabatan=Presiden|negara=Jerman |stub=y|lihat=
* [[Pemilihan Presiden Jerman 2004]]
* [[Penyatuan Jerman]]}}
{{Commonscat|Presidents of Germany}}
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[[Kategori:Presiden Jerman|*]]
[[be:Прэзідэнт Германіі]]
[[Kategori:Daftar presiden|Jerman]]
[[bg:Бундеспрезидент (Германия)]]
[[Kategori:Daftar politikus Jerman]]
[[ca:President d'Alemanya]]
[[cs:Prezident Německa]]
[[da:Forbundspræsident (Tyskland)]]
[[de:Bundespräsident (Deutschland)]]
[[dsb:Prezident Zwězkoweje Republiki Nimska]]
[[en:President of Germany]]
[[eo:Prezidanto de Germanio]]
[[es:Presidente de Alemania]]
[[et:Saksamaa president]]
[[fa:رئیسجمهور آلمان]]
[[fi:Saksan liittopresidentti]]
[[fr:Président fédéral (Allemagne)]]
[[gl:Presidente de Alemaña]]
[[he:נשיא גרמניה]]
[[hsb:Prezident Zwjazkoweje Republiki Němska]]
[[is:Forseti Þýskalands]]
[[it:Elenco di Capi di Stato tedeschi]]
[[ja:連邦大統領 (ドイツ)]]
[[ka:ბუნდესპრეზიდენტი (გერმანია)]]
[[ko:독일의 대통령]]
[[la:Praeses Foederalis Germaniae]]
[[lt:Vokietijos federalinis prezidentas]]
[[lv:Vācijas prezidents]]
[[ms:Presiden Jerman]]
[[nds:Bundspräsident (Düütschland)]]
[[nl:Bondspresident van Duitsland]]
[[oc:Lista dels presidents d'Alemanha]]
[[pl:Prezydenci Niemiec]]
[[pt:Presidente da Alemanha]]
[[ro:Președintele Germaniei]]
[[ru:Федеральный президент Германии]]
[[simple:President of Germany]]
[[sr:Председник Немачке]]
[[sv:Förbundspresident (Tyskland)]]
[[sw:Rais wa Ujerumani]]
[[th:ประธานาธิบดีเยอรมนี]]
[[tr:Almanya Cumhurbaşkanları listesi]]
[[uk:Федеральний президент Німеччини]]
[[vi:Tổng thống Đức]]
[[yo:Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Jẹ́mánì]]
[[zh:德國聯邦總統]]
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