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{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Gardeniaflower.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Gardenia jasminoides]]''
| taxon = Gardenia
| authority = [[John Ellis (naturalist)|J.Ellis]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = Lihat teks.
| color={{tc2|tumbuhan}}
| display_parents=3
}}
'''''Gardenia''''' atau '''kacapiring''' adalah suatu [[genus]] [[tumbuhan berbunga]] dalam keluarga [[Coffea|tumbuhan kopi]], [[Rubiaceae]], yang berhabitat alami di daerah [[tropik]] dan [[subtropik]] [[Afrika]], [[Asia]], [[Madagaskar]] dan [[Pacific Islands]].<ref name=FOC>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=113259 |title=Flora of China online |chapter=Gardenia J. Ellis, Philos. Trans. 51: 935. 1761 |author1=Tao Chen |author2=Charlotte M. Taylor |volume=19 |accessdate=2016-10-17 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602091521/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=113259 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
Nama genus ini diberikan oleh [[Carl Linnaeus]] dan [[John Ellis (naturalist)|John Ellis]] berdasarkan nama [[Alexander Garden (naturalist)|Dr. Alexander Garden]] (1730-1791), seorang naturalis kelahiran [[Skotlandia]] yang kemudian berdiam di [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref>Ellis, John (1759). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1759.0084] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728211953/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1759.0084|date=2023-07-28}} "An Account of the Plants Halesia and Gardenia: In a Letter from John Ellis, Esq; F. R. S. to Philip Carteret Webb, Esq; F. R. S."
Phil Trans R Soc 1759 51: 929-935.</ref>
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They are [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s growing to {{convert|1|-|15|m|ft}} tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite or in whorls of three or four, {{convert|5|-|50|cm|in}} long and {{convert|3|-|25|cm|in}} broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture. The [[flower]]s are solitary or in small clusters, white, or pale yellow, with a tubular-based corolla with 5-12 lobes ([[petal]]s) from {{convert|5|-|12|cm|in}} diameter. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer, and many species are strongly scented.
-->
==
{{As of|2014|March}} ''[[The Plant List]]'' mengakui 140 spesies (termasuk nama infraspesifik):<ref name=TPL>{{Cite web | title = ''Gardenia'' | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Rubiaceae/Gardenia/ | work = [[The Plant List]] | accessdate = 2014-03-06 | archive-date = 2017-09-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905163312/http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Rubiaceae/Gardenia/ | dead-url = no }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Gardenia actinocarpa]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia anapetes]]'' {{Au|A.C.Sm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia angkorensis]]'' {{Au|Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia annamensis]]'' {{Au|Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia aqualla]]'' {{Au|Stapf & Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia archboldiana]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia artensis]]'' {{Au|Montrouz.}}
* ''[[Gardenia aubryi]]'' {{Au|Vieill.}}
* ''[[Gardenia barnesii]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia beamanii]]'' {{Au|Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia boninensis]]'' {{Au|(Nakai) Tuyama ex T.Yamaz.}}
* ''[[Gardenia brachythamnus]]'' {{Au|(K.Schum.) Launert}}
* ''[[Gardenia brighamii]]'' {{Au|H.Mann}} - ''Nānū'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
* ''[[Gardenia buffalina]]'' {{Au|(Lour.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck}} (= ''Genipa buffalina''<!-- Lour. -->)
* ''[[Gardenia cambodiana]]'' {{Au|Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia candida]]'' {{Au|A.C.Sm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia carinata]]'' {{Au|Wall. ex Roxb.}} [[India]], [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]].
* ''[[Gardenia carstensensis]]'' {{Au|Wernham}}
* ''[[Gardenia chanii]]'' {{Au|Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia chevalieri]]'' {{Au|Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia clemensiae]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia collinsae]]'' {{Au|Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia colnettiana]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia conferta]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia cornuta]]'' {{Au|Hemsl.}} (Natal Gardenia). [[South Africa]].
* ''[[Gardenia coronaria]]'' {{Au|Buch.-Ham.}}
* ''[[Gardenia costulata]]'' {{Au|Ridl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia crameri]]'' {{Au|Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia cuneata]]'' {{Au|Kurz}}
* ''[[Gardenia dacryoides]]'' {{Au|A.Cunn. ex Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia deplanchei]]'' {{Au|Vieill. ex Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia dolichantha]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia elata]]'' {{Au|Ridl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia epiphytica]]'' {{Au|Jongkind}}
* ''[[Gardenia erubescens]]'' {{Au|Stapf & Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia esculenta]]'' {{Au|Stokes}}
* ''[[Gardenia ewartii]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia faucicola]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia fiorii]]'' {{Au|Chiov.}}
* ''[[Gardenia flava]]'' {{Au|(Lour.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck}} (= ''Genipa flava''<!-- Lour. -->)
* ''[[Gardenia forsteniana]]'' {{Au|Miq.}}
* ''[[Gardenia fosbergii]]'' {{Au|Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia fucata]]'' {{Au|R.Br. ex Benth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia fusca]]'' {{Au|Geddes}}
* ''[[Gardenia gardneri]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia gjellerupii]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia gordonii]]'' {{Au|Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia grandis]]'' {{Au|Korth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia grievei]]'' {{Au|Horne ex Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia griffithii]]'' {{Au|Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia gummifera]]'' {{Au|L.f.}} India. Small tree, to 3 m high.
* ''[[Gardenia hageniana]]'' {{Au|Gilli}}
* ''[[Gardenia hainanensis]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia hansemannii]]'' {{Au|K.Schum.}}
* ''[[Gardenia hillii]]'' {{Au|Horne ex Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia hutchinsoniana]]'' {{Au|Turrill}} – Fiji
* ''[[Gardenia imperialis]]'' {{Au|K.Schum.}} Tropical Africa. Small tree to 12 m.
** [[Gardenia imperialis subsp. physophylla|subsp. ''physophylla'']] {{Au|(K.Schum.) L.Pauwels}}
* ''[[Gardenia invaginata]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia ixorifolia]]'' {{Au|R.Br. ex Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia jabiluka]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Kacapiring|Gardenia jasminoides]]'' {{Au|J.Ellis}} – '''Kacapiring'''
* ''[[Gardenia kakaduensis]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia kamialiensis]]'' {{Au|Takeuchi}}
* ''[[Gardenia lacciflua]]'' {{Au|K.Krause}}
* ''[[Gardenia lamingtonii]]'' {{Au|F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia lanutoo]]'' {{Au|Reinecke}}
* ''[[Gardenia latifolia]]'' {{Au|Aiton}} India. Shrub or tree, 5–10 m high.
* ''[[Gardenia leopoldiana]]'' {{Au|De Wild. & T.Durand}}
* ''[[Gardenia leschenaultii]]'' {{Au|D.Dietr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia magnifica]]'' {{Au|Geddes}}
* ''[[Gardenia mannii]]'' {{Au|H.St.John & Kuykendall}} (Hawai{{okina}}i)
* ''[[Gardenia maugaloae]]'' {{Au|Lauterb.}}
* ''[[Gardenia megasperma]]'' {{Au|F.Muell.}}
* ''[[Gardenia mollis]]'' {{Au|Schltr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia moszkowskii]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia mutabilis]]'' {{Au|Reinw. ex Blume}}
* ''[[Gardenia ngoyensis]]'' {{Au|Schltr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia nitida]]'' {{Au|Hook.}}
* ''[[Gardenia obtusifolia]]'' {{Au|Roxb. ex Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia ornata]]'' {{Au|K.M.Wong}}
* ''[[Gardenia oudiepe]]'' {{Au|Vieill.}}
* ''[[Gardenia ovularis]]'' {{Au|F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia pallens]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia panduriformis]]'' {{Au|Pierre ex Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia papuana]]'' {{Au|F.M.Bailey}}
* ''[[Gardenia philastrei]]'' {{Au|Pierre ex Pit.}}
* ''[[Gardenia posoquerioides]]'' {{Au|S.Moore}}
* ''[[Gardenia propinqua]]'' {{Au|Lindl.}}
* ''[[Gardenia pseudoternifolia]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia psidioides]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia pterocalyx]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia pyriformis]]'' {{Au|A.Cunn. ex Benth.}}
** [[Gardenia pyriformis subsp. keartlandii|subsp. ''keartlandii'']] {{Au|(Tate) Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia racemulosa]]'' {{Au|Korth.}}
* ''[[Gardenia reinwardtiana]]'' {{Au|Blume}}
* ''[[Gardenia remyi]]'' {{Au|H.Mann}} (Hawai{{okina}}i)
* ''[[Gardenia resinifera]]'' {{Au|Roth}} (Brilliant Gardenia, Cambi Resin Tree, or ''dikamali'') [[India]]. Shrub or small tree, to 3 m high. (= ''G. lucida, Genipa resinifera''<!-- (Roth) Baill. -->)
* ''[[Gardenia resiniflua]]'' {{Au|Hiern}} (Gummy Gardenia). South Africa.
* ''[[Gardenia resinosa]]'' {{Au|F.Muell.}}
* ''[[Gardenia rupicola]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia rutenbergiana]]'' {{Au|(Baill. ex Vatke) J.-F.Leroy}} (= ''Genipa rutenbergiana''<!-- Baill. ex Vatke -->)
* ''[[Gardenia saxatilis]]'' {{Au|Geddes}}
* ''[[Gardenia scabrella]]'' {{Au|Puttock}} far north Queensland- used in amenities plantings in Cairns
* ''[[Gardenia schlechteri]]'' {{Au|Bonati & Petitm.}}
* ''[[Gardenia schwarzii]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia sericea]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia similis]]'' {{Au|(Craib) Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia siphonocalyx]]'' {{Au|Valeton}}
* ''[[Gardenia sokotensis]]'' {{Au|Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia sootepensis]]'' {{Au|Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia stenophylla]]'' {{Au|Merr.}}
* ''[[Gardenia stipulosa]]'' {{Au|Zoll. & Moritzi}}
* ''[[Gardenia storckii]]'' {{Au|Oliv.}}
* ''[[Gardenia subacaulis]]'' {{Au|Stapf & Hutch.}}
* ''[[Gardenia subcarinata]]'' {{Au|(Corner) Y.W.Low}}
* ''[[Gardenia succosa]]'' {{Au|Baker}}
* ''[[Gardenia taitensis]]'' {{Au|DC.}} (Tahitian Gardenia, ''Tiare māori''). [[Polynesia]].
* ''[[Gardenia tannaensis]]'' {{Au|Guillaumin}}
* ''[[Gardenia ternifolia]]'' {{Au|Schumach. & Thonn.}} (Large-leaved Transvaal Gardenia). [[Sudanian Savanna|Sudano]]-[[Miombo woodland|Zambezian]] savannas and woodlands.
** [[Gardenia ternifolia var. goetzei|var. ''goetzei'']] {{Au|(Stapf & Hutch.) Verdc.}}
** [[Gardenia ternifolia subsp. jovis-tonantis|subsp. ''jovis-tonantis'']] {{Au|(Welw.) Verdc.}} (= ''G. jovis-tonantis'', ''Genipa jovis-tonantis''<!-- (Welw.) Baill. -->)
* ''[[Gardenia tessellaris]]'' {{Au|Puttock}}
* ''[[Gardenia thailandica]]'' {{Au|Tirveng.}}
* ''[[Gardenia thunbergia]]'' {{Au|Thunb.}} (White Gardenia, Forest Gardenia, or ''witkatjiepiering'') South Africa. Shrub or small tree, 2–5 m high.
* ''[[Gardenia tinneae]]'' {{Au|Kotschy & Heuglin}}
* ''[[Gardenia transvenulosa]]'' {{Au|Verdc.}}
* ''[[Gardenia trochainii]]'' {{Au|Sillans}}
* ''[[Gardenia tropidocarpa]]'' {{Au|Wernham}}
* ''[[Gardenia truncata]]'' {{Au|Craib}}
* ''[[Gardenia tubifera]]'' {{Au|Wall. ex Roxb.}} (Golden Gardenia). Southeastern Asia. Small tree to 15 m high.
* ''[[Gardenia urvillei]]'' {{Au|Montrouz.}}
* ''[[Gardenia vernicosa]]'' {{Au|Merr. & L.M.Perry}}
* ''[[Gardenia vilhelmii]]'' {{Au|Domin}}
* ''[[Gardenia vitiensis]]'' {{Au|Seem.}} (Fijian Gardenia) [[Fiji]].
* ''[[Gardenia vogelii]]'' {{Au|Hook.f.}}
* ''[[Gardenia volkensii]]'' {{Au|K.Schum.}} (Transvaal Gardenia or Savanna Gardenia). Tropical Africa.
** [[Gardenia volkensii var. saundersiae|var. ''saundersiae'']] {{Au|(N.E.Br.) Verdc.}}
** [[Gardenia volkensii subsp. spathulifolia|subsp. ''spathulifolia'']] {{Au|(Stapf & Hutch.) Verdc.}}
* ''[[Gardenia vulcanica]]'' {{Au|K.M.Wong}}
{{div col end}}
== Pembiakan dan kegunaan ==
Tumbuhan Gardenia disenangi karena bau bunga yang harum, dan bunganya berukuran besar pada sejumlah [[spesies]].
== <!-- ''Gardenia jasminoides'' (syn. ''G. grandiflora'', ''G. Florida'') is cultivated as a house plant. This species can be difficult to grow because it originated in warm humid tropical areas. It demands high [[humidity]] to thrive, and bright (not direct) light. It flourishes in [[acidic soil]]s with good drainage and thrives on [68-74 F temperatures (20-23 C)]<ref>[http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/gardenia.html]</ref> during the day and 60 F (15-16 C) in the evening. [[Houseplant#Soil|Potting soil]]s developed especially for gardenias are available. ''G. jasminoides'' grows no larger than 18 inches in height and width when grown indoors. In climates where it can be grown outdoors, it can attain a height of 6 feet. If water touches the flowers, they will turn brown.<ref>Reader's Digest. Success with House Plants. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. New York/Montreal. 217</ref> In China and Japan, ''Gardenia jasminoides'' is called ''zhīzi'' ([[wikt:栀|栀]]子) and ''kuchinashi'' ([[wikt:梔|梔]]), respectively. Its fruit is used as a yellow [[dye]],<ref>{{citation |author1=Ozaki, A. |author2=Kitano, M. |author3=Furusawa, N. |author4=Yamaguchi, H. |author5=Kuroda, K. |author6=Endo, G. |year=2002 |title=Genotoxicity of gardenia yellow and its components |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1603–1610 |doi=10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00118-7}}</ref> used on fabric and food (including the Korean [[mung bean]] jelly called ''[[hwangpomuk]]''). Its fruits are also used in traditional [[Chinese medicine]] for their clearing, calming, and cooling properties.<ref>http://www.sacredlotus.com/herbs/get.cfm/chinese_herb/zhi_zi_gardenia_cape_jasmine_fruit</ref> In [[France]], gardenias are the flower traditionally worn by men as [[boutonnière]] when in [[white tie|evening dress]]. In ''[[The Age of Innocence]]'', [[Edith Wharton]] suggests it was customary for upper-class men from New York City to wear a gardenia in their buttonhole during the [[Gilded Age]].<ref>Edith Wharton, ''The Age of Innocence'', Wordsworth Classic, 1999, p. 4</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]] remarked to the poet [[H.D.]] that gardenias were his favorite flower.<ref>H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). "Tribute to Freud." New Directions, Boston 1974 p11</ref> Several species occur in [[Hawaii]], where gardenias are known as '''''na{{okina}}u''''' or '''''nānū'''''. [[Crocetin]] is a chemical compound usually obtained from ''[[Crocus sativus]]'', which can also be obtained from the fruit of ''Gardenia jasminoides''.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Yamauchi | first1 = M | last2 = Tsuruma | first2 = K | last3 = Imai | first3 = S | last4 = Nakanishi | first4 = T | last5 = Umigai | first5 = N | last6 = Shimazawa | first6 = M | last7 = Hara | first7 = H | title = Crocetin prevents retinal degeneration induced by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses via inhibition of caspase activity | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 650 | issue = 1 | pages = 110–9 | year = 2011 | pmid = 20951131 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.081}}</ref> --> Galeri ==
<gallery>
Image:Starr_030523-0050_Gardenia_brighamii.jpg|''Gardenia brighamii''
Image:White Gardenia flower.jpg|''Gardenia jasminoides'' 'Plena'
Image:Gardenia_Flower.jpg|''Gardenia jasminoides''l 'Radicans'
Image:Gardenia psidioides flower.jpg|''Gardenia psidioides
Image:Tiare_maori.JPG|''Gardenia taitensis''
Image:Gardenia thunbergia00.jpg|<center>''Gardenia thunbergia'' karya Edith Struben (1868-1936)</center>
Image:Gardeniavolkensii-flowerface.JPG|Bunga ''Gardenia volkensii''
Image:Gardeniavolkensii-flowers&foliage&fruit.JPG|''Gardenia volkensii'' bunga, daun, buah
</gallery>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Genipin]]
* [[Crocin]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Gardenia}}
* [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/rubiaceae/ World Checklist of Rubiaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331005751/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=42EBF4C200E4424BAF90FFE1C4F60FE7.kppapp06-wcsp?checklist=selected_families%40%40090310320210157253 |date=2021-03-31 }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q740887}}
[[Kategori:Rubiaceae]]
[[Kategori:Gardenia| ]]
[[Kategori:Bunga]]
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