Gletser Siachen: Perbedaan antara revisi

|accessdate=18 April 2014
|language=en}}</ref>

'''Gletser Siachen''' adalah [[gletser]] yang terletak di timur [[Pegunungan Karakoram]] di [[Himalaya]] pada sekitar {{Coord|35.421226|N|77.109540|E|type:glacier}}, di sebelah timur laut dari titik [[NJ9842]] di mana [[Garis Kendali]] antara [[India]] dan [[Pakistan]] berakhir.<ref name="Lyon"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/edit.htm#4|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Opinions|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928002859/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/edit.htm#4|dead-url=no}}</ref> Memiliki panjang {{convert|76|km|abbr=on}}, gletser ini merupakan [[gletser]] terpanjang di Karakoram dan kedua terpanjang di area non-kutub dunia.<ref>Gletser Siachen memiliki panjang {{convert|76|km|abbr=on}}; [[Gletser Fedchenko]] di Tajikistan memiliki panjang {{convert|77|km|abbr=on}}. Gletser terpanjang kedua di Pegunungan Karakoram adalah Gletser Biafo sepanjang {{convert|63|km|abbr=on}}. Pengukuran berasal dari citra terbaru, dilengkapi dengan pemetaan topografi skala 1: 200.000 Rusia serta "Peta Sketsa Orografis 1990: Karakoram: Lembar 2", Yayasan Swiss untuk Penelitian Alpen, Zurich.</ref> Gletser tersebut berada di ketinggian 5,753 &nbsp;m (18,875&nbsp;ft) di atas permukaan laut dengan bagian tertinggi di [[Indira Col]] di perbatasan [[Tiongkok]] hingga ke bawah sejauh 3,620 &nbsp;m (11,875&nbsp;ft) pada [[gletser terminus|terminusnya]]. Seluruh Gletser Siachen, dengan semua jalan utamanya, saat ini di bawah administrasi [[India]] sejak 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1141375|title=Siachen: The place of wild roses|first1=Feryal Ali|last1=Gauhar |first2=Ahmed|last2=Yusuf|date=2 November 2014|publisher=|accessdate=4 Agustus 2017|language=en|archive-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612145926/https://www.dawn.com/news/1141375|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26967340|title=Siachen dispute: India and Pakistan’s glacial fight|first=Andrew|last=North|date=12 April 2014|publisher=|accessdate=4 Agustus 2017|via=www.bbc.com|language=en|archive-date=2019-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504192125/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26967340|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-gained-control-over-Siachen-in-1984/articleshow/12589168.cms|title=India gained control over Siachen in 1984 - Times of India|publisher=|accessdate=4 Agustus 2017|archive-date=2017-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808215643/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-gained-control-over-Siachen-in-1984/articleshow/12589168.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/blog/the-siachen-story-then-and-now-755796|title=The Siachen Story, then and Now|language=en|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2019-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081746/https://www.ndtv.com/blog/the-siachen-story-then-and-now-755796|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pakistan mengendalikan wilayah di sebelah barat [[Pegunungan Saltoro]], jauh dari gletser,<ref name="Beyond NJ 9842">{{Cite book |title=Beyond NJ 9842: The SIACHEN Saga |last=Gokhale |first=Nitin A |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=9789384052263 |page=364|language=en}}</ref> dengan pos Pakistan berada 3,000&nbsp;ft di bawah lebih dari 100 pos India di Pegunungan Saltoro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/life-death-in-world-s-highest-combat-zone/197642.html|title=Life & death in world’s highest combat zone|language=en|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2018-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104050121/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/life-death-in-world-s-highest-combat-zone/197642.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/siachen-deaths-harden-resolve-to-hold-glacier-army-chief/story-gor3vVpSN9B8u3SsySsByI.html|title=Siachen deaths harden resolve to hold glacier: Army chief|language=en|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2017-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702144503/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/siachen-deaths-harden-resolve-to-hold-glacier-army-chief/story-gor3vVpSN9B8u3SsySsByI.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Gletser Siachen terletak tepat di sebelah selatan [[pembagian drainase]] yang memisahkan [[Lempeng Eurasia]] dari [[anak benua India]] di bagian [[gletser|tergletserasi]] yang luas dari Karakoram yang kadang disebut "Kutub Ketiga". Gletser terletak di antara Pegunungan Saltoro ke barat dan Pegunungan Karakoram utama ke timur. Pegunungan Saltoro berasal di utara dari puncak [[Sia Kangri]] di perbatasan Tiongkok di Pegunungan Karakoram. Puncak ketinggian Pegunungan Saltoro berkisar dari 5,450 hingga 7,720 m (17,880 hingga 25,330 kaki). Jalur utama di pegunungan ini adalah, dari utara ke selatan, [[Sia La]] pada 5,589 &nbsp;m (18,336&nbsp;ft), [[Bilafond La]] pada 5,450 &nbsp;m (17,880&nbsp;ft), dan [[Gyong La]] pada 5,689 &nbsp;m (18,665&nbsp;ft). [[Hujan salju]] musim dingin rata-rata lebih dari 1000&nbsp;cm (35&nbsp;ft) dan suhu bisa turun hingga {{convert|-50|C}}. Termasuk semua gletser pegunungan, sistem Gletser Siachen mencakup sekitar {{convert|700|km2|abbr=on}}.

|isbn = 9780275973087}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110602/edit.htm#2|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2023-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602114556/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110602/edit.htm#2|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pasukan India di bawah [[Operasi Meghdoot]] mendahului [[Operasi Ababeel]] Pakistan hanya satu hari untuk menduduki sebagian besar ketinggian yang mendominasi di Pegunungan Saltoro di sebelah barat Gletser Siachen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Siachen-height-provides-military-depth-India-cant-afford-to-lose/articleshow/50953480.cms|title=Siachen height provides military depth India can’t afford to lose|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212083359/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Siachen-height-provides-military-depth-India-cant-afford-to-lose/articleshow/50953480.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/story-of-saltoro----from-ababeel-to-meghdoot/160184|title=Story of Saltoro – From Ababeel to Meghdoot|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216072034/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/story-of-saltoro----from-ababeel-to-meghdoot/160184|dead-url=no}}</ref> Namun, lebih banyak tentara tewas karena kondisi cuaca yang keras di wilayah tersebut daripada akibat pertempuran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/08/world/la-fg-pakistan-avalanche-20120408|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date= 8 April 2012|accessdate=14 April 2012|first=Alex|last=Rodriguez|title=Avalanche buries Pakistan base; 117 soldiers feared dead|archive-date=2012-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416035347/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/08/world/la-fg-pakistan-avalanche-20120408|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pakistan kehilangan 353 tentara dalam berbagai operasi yang tercatat antara 2003 dan 2010 dekat Siachen, termasuk 140 personel Pakistan yang tewas dalam longsoran Sektor Gayari 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bleeding-in-siachen-pakistan-losing-30-soldiers-a-year-on-highest-battlefield/articleshow/49012146.cms|title=Bleeding in Siachen: Pakistan losing 30 soldiers a year on highest battlefield|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2022-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002112513/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bleeding-in-siachen-pakistan-losing-30-soldiers-a-year-on-highest-battlefield/articleshow/49012146.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/rescue-operations-at-gayari-sector-after-pakistan-avalanche-12822|title=Rescue operations at Gayari Sector after Pakistan avalanche, Photo Gallery|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2022-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004193038/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/rescue-operations-at-gayari-sector-after-pakistan-avalanche-12822|dead-url=no}}</ref> Antara Januari 2012 dan Juli 2015, 33 tentara India tewas karena cuaca buruk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/33-indian-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-since-2012-govt-115073101052_1.html|title=33 Indian soldiers killed in Siachen since 2012: govt|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2020-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125114848/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/33-indian-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-since-2012-govt-115073101052_1.html|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pada bulan Desember 2015, Menteri Pertahanan Negara Bagian India [[Rao Inderjit Singh]] mengatakan dalam jawaban tertulis di [[Lok Sabha]] bahwa total 869 personil Angkatan Darat telah kehilangan nyawa mereka di gletser Siachen karena kondisi iklim dan lingkungan dan lainnya faktor sampai tanggal sejak Angkatan Darat meluncurkan Operasi Meghdoot pada tahun 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-siachen-869-army-men-died-battling-the-elements/article7978149.ece|title=In Siachen, 869 Army men died battling the elements|author=Dinakar Peri|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2022-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215180612/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-siachen-869-army-men-died-battling-the-elements/article7978149.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref> Baik India dan Pakistan terus mengerahkan ribuan pasukan di sekitar Siachen dan upaya untuk mendemilitarisasi wilayah tersebut sejauh ini tidak berhasil. Sebelum tahun 1984, tidak ada negara yang memiliki kekuatan militer di daerah ini.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/04/07/f-siachen-glacier-kashmir.html|title=Kashmir's Siachen glacier a frigid outpost in India-Pakistan conflict|last=|first=|date=7 April 2012|work=|newspaper=CBC Canada|via=|accessdate=14 April 2012|archive-date=2023-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806131725/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/kashmir-s-siachen-glacier-a-frigid-outpost-in-india-pakistan-conflict-1.1221710|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Eur">{{Cite book

Menurut [[Majalah Time|Majalah ''TIME'']], India memperoleh teritori lebih dari {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}} karena operasi militernya tahun 1980-an di Siachen.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html | work=Time | title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World | date=July 31, 1989 | access-date=2018-11-05 | archive-date=2009-01-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada bulan Februari 2016, Menteri Pertahanan India [[Manohar Parrikar]] menyatakan di Parlemen bahwa India tidak akan mengosongkan Siachen karena ada defisit kepercayaan dengan Pakistan dan juga mengatakan bahwa 915 orang telah kehilangan nyawa mereka di Siachen sejak Operasi Meghdoot pada tahun 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wont-vacate-Siachen-we-cant-trust-Pakistan-says-Manohar-Parrikar/articleshow/51158511.cms|title=Won't vacate Siachen, we can't trust Pakistan, says Manohar Parrikar|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027092529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wont-vacate-Siachen-we-cant-trust-Pakistan-says-Manohar-Parrikar/articleshow/51158511.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sesuai catatan resmi, hanya 220 tentara India yang tewas oleh peluru musuh sejak 1984 di daerah Siachen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/isro-space-technology-siachen-india-army-soldiers/|title=Here’s how ISRO’s space technology can save lives of soldiers at Siachen|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007093551/https://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/isro-space-technology-siachen-india-army-soldiers/|dead-url=no}}</ref> India secara kategoris menyatakan bahwa India tidak akan menarik pasukannya dari Siachen sampai sepanjang 110 &nbsp;km dari Garis Permukaan Tanah yang Sebenarnya (AGPL) adalah yang pertama diautentifikasi, dilukiskan dan kemudian diberi batas.<ref name="They shall not pass">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/siachen-while-the-battle-continues-to-rage-no-settlement-is-in-sight/1/306971.html|title=Siachen: While the battle continues to rage, no settlement is in sight|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821045320/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/siachen-while-the-battle-continues-to-rage-no-settlement-is-in-sight/1/306971.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/bullish-on-siachen-9572|title=Bullish on Siachen|author=Praveen Dass|work=The Crest Edition|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021918/http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/bullish-on-siachen-9572|archivedate=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Perjanjian Karachi]] tahun 1949 hanya dengan hati-hati melukiskan garis pemisah ke titik [[NJ9842]], setelah itu, perjanjian menyatakan bahwa garis pemisahan akan berlanjut “kemudian ke utara ke gletser.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/edit.htm#4|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928002859/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/edit.htm#4|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/siachen-glacier-indian-troops-repulse-major-pakistani-offensive/1/337648.html|title=Siachen glacier: Indian troops repulse major Pakistani offensive|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821045335/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/siachen-glacier-indian-troops-repulse-major-pakistani-offensive/1/337648.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/riding-on/article5664702.ece|title=Riding on|author=P. ANIMA|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203180755/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/riding-on/article5664702.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/army-opposes-pakistans-demand-for-troop-withdrawal-from-siachen-glacier/1203767/|title=Army opposes Pakistan's demand for troop withdrawal from Siachen Glacier|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126100047/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/army-opposes-pakistans-demand-for-troop-withdrawal-from-siachen-glacier/1203767/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UN Map showing CFL as per Karachi Agreement – UN document number S/1430/Add.2|url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87063/S_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|website=Dag Digital Library|accessdate=30 May 2015|archive-date=2016-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87063/S_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Menurut sikap India, garis pemisah harus berlanjut kira-kira ke utara sepanjang Pegunungan Saltoro, ke sebelah barat gletser Siachen di luar NJ9842.;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-india-cannot-afford-to-give-up-siachen/20120413.htm|title=Why India cannot afford to give up Siachen|date=13 April 2012|work=Rediff|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913171322/http://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-india-cannot-afford-to-give-up-siachen/20120413.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> garis batas internasional yang mengikuti pegunungan sering melakukannya dengan mengikuti pembagian drainase [[daerah aliran sungai]]<ref name="They shall not pass" /> such as that of the Saltoro Range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/siachen-glacier-dispute/|title=Siachen Glacier Dispute|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202538/http://www.gktoday.in/siachen-glacier-dispute/|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Perjanjian Simla]] tahun 1972 tidak mengubah [[Garis Kendali]] 1949 di sektor paling utara ini.

* [http://washtimes.com/upi-breaking/20050418-071954-5399r.htm Analysis: Peace may return to Siachen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514131926/http://www.washtimes.com/upi-breaking/20050418-071954-5399r.htm |date=2006-05-14 }}&nbsp;– ''[[The Washington Times]]''

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NPANLHtQGE Video mengenai Konflik di wilayah Siachen dan konsekuensinya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612064248/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NPANLHtQGE |date=2022-06-12 }}

* [[BBC News]] report: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4581615.stm ''Nuclear rivals in Siachen talks''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111192644/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4581615.stm |date=2009-01-11 }}; 26 Mei 2005

* [http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/04/07/siachen-glacier/ Artikel ''National Geographic'': ''Siachen Glacier Tragedy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908051230/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/04/07/siachen-glacier/ |date=2014-09-08 }}