Gletser Siachen: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 14:
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'''Gletser Siachen''' adalah [[gletser]] yang terletak di timur [[Pegunungan Karakoram]] di [[Himalaya]] pada sekitar {{Coord|35.421226|N|77.109540|E|type:glacier}}, di sebelah timur laut dari titik [[NJ9842]] di mana [[Garis Kendali]] antara [[India]] dan [[Pakistan]] berakhir.<ref name="Lyon"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/edit.htm#4|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Opinions|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928002859/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/edit.htm#4|dead-url=no}}</ref> Memiliki panjang {{convert|76|km|abbr=on}}, gletser ini merupakan [[gletser]] terpanjang di Karakoram dan kedua terpanjang di area non-kutub dunia.<ref>Gletser Siachen memiliki panjang {{convert|76|km|abbr=on}}; [[Gletser Fedchenko]] di Tajikistan memiliki panjang {{convert|77|km|abbr=on}}. Gletser terpanjang kedua di Pegunungan Karakoram adalah Gletser Biafo sepanjang {{convert|63|km|abbr=on}}. Pengukuran berasal dari citra terbaru, dilengkapi dengan pemetaan topografi skala 1: 200.000 Rusia serta "Peta Sketsa Orografis 1990: Karakoram: Lembar 2", Yayasan Swiss untuk Penelitian Alpen, Zurich.</ref> Gletser tersebut berada di ketinggian 5,753 m (18,875 ft) di atas permukaan laut dengan bagian tertinggi di [[Indira Col]] di perbatasan [[Tiongkok]] hingga ke bawah sejauh 3,620 m (11,875 ft) pada [[gletser terminus|terminusnya]]. Seluruh Gletser Siachen, dengan semua jalan utamanya, saat ini di bawah administrasi [[India]] sejak 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1141375|title=Siachen: The place of wild roses|first1=Feryal Ali|last1=Gauhar
Gletser Siachen terletak tepat di sebelah selatan [[pembagian drainase]] yang memisahkan [[Lempeng Eurasia]] dari [[anak benua India]] di bagian [[gletser|tergletserasi]] yang luas dari Karakoram yang kadang disebut "Kutub Ketiga". Gletser terletak di antara Pegunungan Saltoro ke barat dan Pegunungan Karakoram utama ke timur. Pegunungan Saltoro berasal di utara dari puncak [[Sia Kangri]] di perbatasan Tiongkok di Pegunungan Karakoram. Puncak ketinggian Pegunungan Saltoro berkisar dari 5,450 hingga 7,720 m (17,880 hingga 25,330 kaki). Jalur utama di pegunungan ini adalah, dari utara ke selatan, [[Sia La]] pada 5,589 m (18,336 ft), [[Bilafond La]] pada 5,450 m (17,880 ft), dan [[Gyong La]] pada 5,689 m (18,665 ft). [[Hujan salju]] musim dingin rata-rata lebih dari 1000 cm (35 ft) dan suhu bisa turun hingga {{convert|-50|C}}. Termasuk semua gletser pegunungan, sistem Gletser Siachen mencakup sekitar {{convert|700|km2|abbr=on}}.
Baris 43 ⟶ 48:
|url = https://archive.org/details/indiachangescour0000dett
|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001
|isbn = 9780275973087}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110602/edit.htm#2|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2023-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602114556/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110602/edit.htm#2|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pasukan India di bawah [[Operasi Meghdoot]] mendahului [[Operasi Ababeel]] Pakistan hanya satu hari untuk menduduki sebagian besar ketinggian yang mendominasi di Pegunungan Saltoro di sebelah barat Gletser Siachen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Siachen-height-provides-military-depth-India-cant-afford-to-lose/articleshow/50953480.cms|title=Siachen height provides military depth India can’t afford to lose|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212083359/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Siachen-height-provides-military-depth-India-cant-afford-to-lose/articleshow/50953480.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/story-of-saltoro----from-ababeel-to-meghdoot/160184|title=Story of Saltoro – From Ababeel to Meghdoot|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216072034/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/story-of-saltoro----from-ababeel-to-meghdoot/160184|dead-url=no}}</ref> Namun, lebih banyak tentara tewas karena kondisi cuaca yang keras di wilayah tersebut daripada akibat pertempuran.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/08/world/la-fg-pakistan-avalanche-20120408|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=
|last = Eur
|first =
Baris 52 ⟶ 57:
|isbn = 9781857431339}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/siachen-a-huge-human-cost-for-a-piece-of-ice/445641-3-245.html|title=- News18|work=News18|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2014-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117123532/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/siachen-a-huge-human-cost-for-a-piece-of-ice/445641-3-245.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Menurut [[Majalah Time|Majalah ''TIME'']], India memperoleh teritori lebih dari {{convert|1000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=1}} karena operasi militernya tahun 1980-an di Siachen.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html | work=Time | title=The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World | date=July 31, 1989 | access-date=2018-11-05 | archive-date=2009-01-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pada bulan Februari 2016, Menteri Pertahanan India [[Manohar Parrikar]] menyatakan di Parlemen bahwa India tidak akan mengosongkan Siachen karena ada defisit kepercayaan dengan Pakistan dan juga mengatakan bahwa 915 orang telah kehilangan nyawa mereka di Siachen sejak Operasi Meghdoot pada tahun 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wont-vacate-Siachen-we-cant-trust-Pakistan-says-Manohar-Parrikar/articleshow/51158511.cms|title=Won't vacate Siachen, we can't trust Pakistan, says Manohar Parrikar|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027092529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Wont-vacate-Siachen-we-cant-trust-Pakistan-says-Manohar-Parrikar/articleshow/51158511.cms|dead-url=no}}</ref> Sesuai catatan resmi, hanya 220 tentara India yang tewas oleh peluru musuh sejak 1984 di daerah Siachen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/isro-space-technology-siachen-india-army-soldiers/|title=Here’s how ISRO’s space technology can save lives of soldiers at Siachen|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007093551/https://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/isro-space-technology-siachen-india-army-soldiers/|dead-url=no}}</ref> India secara kategoris menyatakan bahwa India tidak akan menarik pasukannya dari Siachen sampai sepanjang 110 km dari Garis Permukaan Tanah yang Sebenarnya (AGPL) adalah yang pertama diautentifikasi, dilukiskan dan kemudian diberi batas.<ref name="They shall not pass">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/siachen-while-the-battle-continues-to-rage-no-settlement-is-in-sight/1/306971.html|title=Siachen: While the battle continues to rage, no settlement is in sight|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821045320/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/siachen-while-the-battle-continues-to-rage-no-settlement-is-in-sight/1/306971.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/bullish-on-siachen-9572|title=Bullish on Siachen|author=Praveen Dass|work=The Crest Edition|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021918/http://www.timescrest.com/opinion/bullish-on-siachen-9572|archivedate=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Sia plant.jpg|jmpl|Tumbuhan Sia di [[Khaplu]]. [[Suku Balti]] menanam keluarga mawar ini di rumah mereka sebagai hiasan, dan kulitnya digunakan dalam ''payo cha'' (teh mentega) daripada daun teh hijau di beberapa area.]]
[[Perjanjian Karachi]] tahun 1949 hanya dengan hati-hati melukiskan garis pemisah ke titik [[NJ9842]], setelah itu, perjanjian menyatakan bahwa garis pemisahan akan berlanjut “kemudian ke utara ke gletser.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/edit.htm#4|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2017-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928002859/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060504/edit.htm#4|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/siachen-glacier-indian-troops-repulse-major-pakistani-offensive/1/337648.html|title=Siachen glacier: Indian troops repulse major Pakistani offensive|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821045335/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/siachen-glacier-indian-troops-repulse-major-pakistani-offensive/1/337648.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/riding-on/article5664702.ece|title=Riding on|author=P. ANIMA|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2020-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203180755/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/riding-on/article5664702.ece|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/army-opposes-pakistans-demand-for-troop-withdrawal-from-siachen-glacier/1203767/|title=Army opposes Pakistan's demand for troop withdrawal from Siachen Glacier|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126100047/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/army-opposes-pakistans-demand-for-troop-withdrawal-from-siachen-glacier/1203767/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UN Map showing CFL as per Karachi Agreement – UN document number S/1430/Add.2|url=http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87063/S_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|website=Dag Digital Library|accessdate=30 May 2015|archive-date=2016-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87063/S_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Menurut sikap India, garis pemisah harus berlanjut kira-kira ke utara sepanjang Pegunungan Saltoro, ke sebelah barat gletser Siachen di luar NJ9842.;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-india-cannot-afford-to-give-up-siachen/20120413.htm|title=Why India cannot afford to give up Siachen|date=13 April 2012|work=Rediff|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2016-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913171322/http://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-india-cannot-afford-to-give-up-siachen/20120413.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> garis batas internasional yang mengikuti pegunungan sering melakukannya dengan mengikuti pembagian drainase [[daerah aliran sungai]]<ref name="They shall not pass" /> such as that of the Saltoro Range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/siachen-glacier-dispute/|title=Siachen Glacier Dispute|publisher=|access-date=2018-11-05|archive-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202538/http://www.gktoday.in/siachen-glacier-dispute/|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Perjanjian Simla]] tahun 1972 tidak mengubah [[Garis Kendali]] 1949 di sektor paling utara ini.
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 77 ⟶ 82:
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528,00.html TIME Asia's cover story on Siachen Glacier (11 Juli 2005)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825231825/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528,00.html |date=2013-08-25 }}
* Kunal Verma / Rajiv Williams, ''The Long Road to Siachen: the Question Why'', Rupa & Co., New Delhi, 2010
* [http://washtimes.com/upi-breaking/20050418-071954-5399r.htm Analysis: Peace may return to Siachen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514131926/http://www.washtimes.com/upi-breaking/20050418-071954-5399r.htm |date=2006-05-14 }} – ''[[The Washington Times]]''
* [http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=155765&Cat=9&dt=1/6/2009'' Siachen oleh Arshad H Abbasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129061156/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=155765&Cat=9&dt=1%2F6%2F2009 |date=2015-11-29 }}
== Pranala luar ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NPANLHtQGE Video mengenai Konflik di wilayah Siachen dan konsekuensinya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612064248/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NPANLHtQGE |date=2022-06-12 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070821140939/http://www.uvm.edu/~envprog/k2peacepark.htm Siachen Peace Park Initiative]
* [http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200302/200302_siachen_1.html Artikel majalah Outside mengenai medan perang Siachen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411111640/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200302/200302_siachen_1.html |date=2011-04-11 }}
* [[BBC News]] report: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4581615.stm ''Nuclear rivals in Siachen talks''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111192644/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4581615.stm |date=2009-01-11 }}; 26 Mei 2005
* [https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/siachen/290-confrontation.html ''Confrontation at Siachen''], Bharat Rakshak. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807102107/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/History/1984/290-Confrontation.html |date=7 August 2009}}
* [http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/04/07/siachen-glacier/ Artikel ''National Geographic'': ''Siachen Glacier Tragedy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908051230/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/04/07/siachen-glacier/ |date=2014-09-08 }}
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