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←Membuat halaman berisi ''''Percepatan tanah puncak''' ({{lang-en|peak ground acceleration}}, disingkat '''PGA''') adalah percepatan tanah maksimum yang terjadi ketika gempa bumi menggetarkan suatu lokasi. Nilai percepatan tanah puncak ini sama dengan amplitudo percepatan absolut terbesar yang terekam pada akselerogram di suatu tapak selama suatu gempa bumi berlangsung.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Earthquake ground motion estimation using strong-motion records: a review of equations f...'
 
Dwianto08 (bicara | kontrib)
10.757 suntingan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler
 
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[[File:Turkey magnitude 7.8 earthquake (3-17 AM, 6 February 2023) 1.png|thumb|280px|Seismogram [[Gempa bumi Turki–Suriah 2023]] (M7,8) dari nilai maksimum yang tercatat.]]
'''Percepatan tanah puncak''' ({{lang-en|peak ground acceleration}}, disingkat '''PGA''') adalah percepatan tanah maksimum yang terjadi ketika [[gempa bumi]] menggetarkan suatu lokasi. Nilai percepatan tanah puncak ini sama dengan amplitudo percepatan absolut terbesar yang terekam pada akselerogram di suatu tapak selama suatu gempa bumi berlangsung.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Earthquake ground motion estimation using strong-motion records: a review of equations for the estimation of peak ground acceleration and response spectral ordinates|journal = Earth-Science Reviews|date = 2003-04-01|pages = 43–104|volume = 61|issue = 1–2|doi = 10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00112-5|first = J|last = Douglas|bibcode = 2003ESRv...61...43D|url = https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/53451/1/Douglas_ESR_2003_Earthquake_ground_motion_estimation_using_strong_motion.pdf}}</ref> Getaran gempa bumi secara umum merambat ke tiga arah. Dengan demikian, percepatan tanah puncak seringkali dibagi ke dalam komponen horisontal dan vertikal. Percepatan tanah puncak arah horisontal pada umumnya lebih besar dari arah vertikal, tetapi pernyataan tersebut tidak selalu benar, terutama pada kondisi lokasi yang berdekatan dengan gempa besar. Percepatan tanah puncak merupakan parameter penting (dikenal juga sebagai besaran intensitas gempa) bagi [[rekayasa kegempaan]].
 
Tidak seperti [[skala magnitudo Richter]] dan [[Skala magnitudo momen|momen]], percepatan tanah puncak bukan besaran yang mengukur [[Skala magnitudo gempa#Magnitudo dan intensitas|energi]] total (magnitudo atau besar) gempa bumi, melainkan besaran yang mengukur seberapa kuat getaran tanah pada titik geografis tertentu. Berbeda dengan [[skala intensitas Mercalli]] yang menggunakan laporan dan observasi personal untuk mengukur intensitas gempa bumi, percepatan tanah puncak diukur oleh instrumen seperti [[akselerograf]]. Walaupun begitu, percepatan tanah puncak dapat memiliki korelasi dengan intensitas makroseismik pada skala Mercalli<ref name=scibackintensity>{{cite web|title=ShakeMap Scientific Background. Rapid Instrumental Intensity Maps|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php#intmaps|work=Earthquake Hazards Program|publisher=U. S. Geological Survey|access-date=22 Maret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623092131/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php#intmaps|archive-date=23 June 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> meskipun korelasi ini memiliki ketidaktentuan yang besar.<ref>{{Cite book|title = "Best Practices" for Using Macroseismic Intensity and Ground Motion Intensity Conversion Equations for Hazard and Loss Models in GEM1|last = Cua|first = G.|publisher = [[Global Earthquake Model]]|year = 2010|url = http://www.globalquakemodel.org/media/publication/GEM-TechnicalReport_2010-4.pdf|display-authors = etal|access-date = 11 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151227050149/http://www.globalquakemodel.org/media/publication/GEM-TechnicalReport_2010-4.pdf|archive-date = 27 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
Percepatan horisontal puncak ({{lang-en|peak horizontal acceleration}}. disingkat PHA) merupakan percepatan tanah yang paling umum digunakan di dalam aplikasi kerekayasaan. Percepatan ini sering digunakan di dalam [[rekayasa kegempaan]] (seperti pada [[kode standar bangunan]] tahan gempa) dan pada umumnya diplot pada peta [[bahaya gempa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.efehr.org:8080/jetspeed/portal/hazard.psml|title = The 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM13)|date = 2013|access-date = 11 November 2015|publisher = EFEHR|last = European Facilities for Earthquake Hazard & Risk|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151227080447/http://www.efehr.org:8080/jetspeed/portal/hazard.psml|archive-date = 27 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> Pada kejadian gempa bumi, kerusakan bangunan dan [[infrastruktur]] berkaitan lebih erat dengan gerak tanah yang diukur dalam percepatan tanah puncak dibandingkan dengan magnitudo gempa bumi itu sendiri. Pada gempa bumi berkekuatan menengah, percepatan tanah puncak menjadi penentu kerusakan. Sementara itu, pada gempa kuat, kerusakan lebih dipengaruhi oleh [[kecepatan tanah puncak]].<ref name=scibackintensity />
 
== Gempa bumi terkenalGeofisika ==
Energi gempa bumi terdispersi dalam bentuk gelombang dari [[hiposenter]], menyebabkan pergerakan tanah ke segala arah, tetapi secara tipikal dimodelkan secara horisontal (pada dua arah) dan vertikal. Percepatan tanah puncak merekam [[percepatan]] (laju perubahan kecepatan) dari pergerakan ini, sementara kecepatan tanah puncak merupakan kecepatan terbesar (laju gerak) dan perpindahan puncak merupakan jarak perpindahan makismum yang dicapai oleh tanah.<ref name=parameter>{{cite web|title=Explanation of Parameters|url=https://geohazards.usgs.gov/deaggint/2002/documentation/parm.php|work=Geologic Hazards Science Center|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|access-date=22 Maret 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070322/https://geohazards.usgs.gov/deaggint/2002/documentation/parm.php|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Lorant">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbdg.org/resources/seismic_design.php|title=Seismic Design Principles|author=Lorant, Gabor|work=Whole Building Design Guide|publisher=National Institute of Building Sciences|date=17 Juni 2010|access-date=15 Maret 2011}}</ref> Nilai percepatan ini bervariasi pada gempa bumi berbeda, bahkan pada lokasi yang berbeda untuk satu kejadian gempa bumi yang sama, bergantung pada sejumlah faktor. Faktor yang dimaksud meliputi panjang patahan atau sesar, magnitudo, kedalaman gempa, jarak titik lokasi pengukuran dari [[episenter]] gempa, durasi (lama siklus guncangan), dan kondisi geologi tanah (bawah permukaan). Gempa bumi dangkal terpusat membangkitkan guncangan (percepatan) yang lebih kuat dibandingkan gempa menengah dan dalam akibat pelepasan energi yang berdekatan dengan permukaan tanah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2007ewac.php#summary|title=Magnitude 6.6 – Near the west coast of Honshu, Japan|work=Earthquake summary|publisher=USGS|date=16 Juli 2001|access-date=15 Maret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314201821/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2007ewac.php#summary|archive-date=14 March 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
 
! PGA <br> arah tunggal <br> (maks terekam)
Percepatan tanah puncak dapat dinyatakan dalam fraksi ''g'' (percepatan standar terhadap [[gravitasi Bumi]], ekuivalen dengan [[gaya g]]), baik dalam bentuk desimal maupun persentase dengan satuan m/s<sup>2</sup> (1&nbsp;''g''&nbsp;=&nbsp;9,81&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup>).<ref name=parameter /> Percepatan tanah puncak juga dapat dinyatakan sebagai perkalian dari [[Gal (satuan)|Gal]], dengan 1&nbsp;Gal sama dengan 0,01&nbsp;m/s{{sup|2}} (1&nbsp;''g''&nbsp;=&nbsp;981&nbsp;Gal).
! PGA <br> total vektor <br> (maks terekam)
 
! Magnitudo
Jenis tanah juga secara signifikan mempengaruhi percepatan tanah sehingga nilai percepatan puncak tanah dapat menunjukkan variabilitas yang sangat besar pada jarak beberapa kilometer, terutama pada gempa [[kekuatan menengah]] dan besar.<ref name=scibackaccmaps>{{cite web|title=ShakeMap scientific background. Peak acceleration maps|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php#accmaps|work=Earthquake Hazards Program|publisher=U. S. Geological Survey|access-date=22 Maret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623092131/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php#accmaps|archive-date=23 June 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Variasi percepatan puncak tanah yang dihasilkan oleh gempa bumi dapat ditampilkan pada [[Gerakan tanah kuat|peta guncangan]].<ref name=sciback>{{cite web|title=ShakeMap Scientific Background|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php|work=Earthquake Hazards Program|publisher=U. S. Geological Survey|access-date=22 Maret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623092131/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php|archive-date=23 June 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Akibat kompleksitas kondisi dan faktor yang mempengaruhi percepatan tanah puncak, gempa bumi dengan magnitudo serupa dapat menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda, bahkan banyak gempa bumi bermagnitudo menengah membangkitkan nilai percepatan tanah puncak yang secara signifikan lebih besar dibandingkan gempa bumi dengan magnitudo yang lebih besar.
! Kedalaman
 
! Korban jiwa
Selama gempa bumi berlangsung, percepatan tanah diukur dalam tiga arah: secara vertikal (V atau UD, dari kata ''up-down'' atau naik-turun) dan dua arah horisontal yang tegak lurus (H1 dan H2), seringkali dalam arah utara–selatan (NS) dan timur–barat (EW). Puncak percepatan dari masing-masing arah ini direkam dan seringkali dilaporkan berdasarkan nilai tertinggi dari ketiga arah. Alternatifnya, nilai gabungan pada suatu stasiun pengamatan dicatat. Percepatan tanah puncak arah horisontal (PHA atau PHGA) dapat diperoleh dengan memilih nilai catatan tertinggi pada masing-masing arah dan [[Rata-rata|dirata-ratakan]], atau dengan menghitung [[penjumlahan vektor]] dari kedua komponen. Nilai dari ketiga komponen juga dapat diperoleh dengan mempertimbangkan komponen vertikal.
! Gempa bumi
 
== Perbandingan dengan Skala Mercalii ==
[[Survei Geologi Amerika Serikat]] mengembangkan skala Intensitas Instrumental, yang memetakan percepatan tanah puncak dan kecepatan tanah puncak pada skala intensitas yang mirip dengan [[Skala intensitas Mercalli yang dimodifikasi|skala intensitas Mercalli]] yang dirasakan. Nilai-nilai ini digunakan untuk membuat peta guncangan oleh ahli seismologi di seluruh dunia.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; "
|-
! align="center" | [[Skala intensitas Mercalli yang dimodifikasi|Intensitas]]
| 3,23 ''g'' <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goto |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Kaneko |first2=Yoshihiro |last3=Young |first3=John |last4=Avery |first4=Hamish |last5=Damiano |first5=Len |title=Extreme Accelerations During Earthquakes Caused by Elastic Flapping Effect |journal=Scientific Reports |date=4 Februari 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=1117 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-37716-y |pmid=30718810 |pmc=6361895 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.1117G }}</ref>|| || 7,8 || 15&nbsp;km || 2 || [[Gempa bumi Kaikoura 2016]]
! align="center" | Percepatan puncak<br />(g)
! align="center" | Velocity<br />(cm/s)
! align="center" | Guncangan
! align="center" | Kerusakan
|-
| 2,7 ''g'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html|title=March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake: Preliminary results|author=Erol Kalkan|author2=Volkan Sevilgen|author2-link=Volkan Sevilgen|work=United States Geological Survey|date=17 Maret 2011|access-date=22 Maret 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003222/http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html|archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref>|| 2,99 ''g''<ref name="kyoshin-bosai">{{cite web | url= https://www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp/kyoshin/topics/html20110311144626/main_20110311144626.html | title=平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震による強震動| trans-title= About strong ground motion caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake |publisher=Kyoshin Bosai | access-date=10 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake, Strong Ground Motion|url=http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/topics/TohokuTaiheiyo_20110311/nied_kyoshin1e.pdf|publisher=National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention|access-date=18 Maret 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003616/http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/topics/TohokuTaiheiyo_20110311/nied_kyoshin1e.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref> || 9,1<ref name=M9.1Japan>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30/origin/detail|title=M 9.1 - 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan - Origin|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>|| 30&nbsp;km<ref name="earthquake.usgs">{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2011/2011_stats.php |title=Archived copy of USGS Magnitude 7 and Greater Earthquakes in 2011 |access-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413163214/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2011/2011_stats.php |archive-date=13 April 2016 }}</ref> || >15.000<ref name="police">{{cite web|url=http://www.npa.go.jp/news/other/earthquake2011/pdf/higaijokyo_e.pdf|title=Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures associated with 2011Tohoku District – off the Pacific Earthquake|work=Emergency Disaster Countermeasures Headquarters|publisher=National Police Agency of Japan}}</ref> || [[Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011]]
|-
| align="center" | I
| || 4,36 ''g'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://srl.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/extract/81/4/597|title=Spatially Dense Velocity Structure Exploration in the Source Region of the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake|author=Masumi Yamada|work=Seismological Research Letters v. 81; no. 4|publisher=Seismological Society of America|date= July–August 2010|pages=597–604|access-date=21 Maret 2011|display-authors=etal}}</ref> || 6,9/7,2 || 8&nbsp;km || 12 ||[[Gempa bumi Iwate 2008]]
| align="center" | < 0.000464
| align="center" | < 0.0215
| align="center" | Tidak dirasakan
| align="center" | Tidak ada
|-
| align="center" | II–III
| 1,92 ''g'' <ref name=M7.7-Taiwan>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009eq0/|title=M 7.7 - 21 km S of Puli, Taiwan|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> || || 7,7 || 8&nbsp;km || 2.415 || [[Gempa bumi Chichi 1999]]
| align="center" | 0.000464 – 0.00297
| align="center" | 0.135 – 1.41
| align="center" | Lemah
| align="center" | Tidak ada
|-
| align="center" | IV
| 1,82 ''g'' <ref name=Yegian>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.neu.edu/Depts/CIV/faculty/myegian/library/Thenorthridge%20Earthquake%20of%201994%20Ground%20Motions%20and%20Geotechnical%20Aspects.pdf|title=The Northridge Earthquake of 1994: Ground Motions and Geotechnical Aspects|access-date=7 April 2021|last1=Yegian|first1=M.K.|last2=Ghahraman|last3=Gazetas|first3=G.|last4=Dakoulas|first4=P.|last5=Makris|first5=N.|date=April 1995|page=1384|work=Third International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics|publisher=Northeastern University College of Engineering|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506100941/http://www.coe.neu.edu/Depts/CIV/faculty/myegian/library/Thenorthridge%20Earthquake%20of%201994%20Ground%20Motions%20and%20Geotechnical%20Aspects.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>|| || 6,7 ||18&nbsp;km <ref name=M6.7-Northridge>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ci3144585/executive/|title=M 6.7 - 1km NNW of Reseda, CA|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> || 57 || [[Gempa bumi Northridge 1994]]
| align="center" | 0.00297 – 0.0276
| align="center" | 1.41 – 4.65
| align="center" | Ringan
| align="center" | Tidak ada
|-
| align="center" | V
|| 1,81 ''g''<ref name=M9.5-Chile>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official19600522191120_30/shakemap/analysis/|title=M 9.5 - 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake)|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> || || 9,5 || 33&nbsp;km || 1.000–6.000 || [[Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960]]
| align="center" | 0.0276 – 0.115
| align="center" | 4.65 – 9.64
| align="center" | Sedang
| align="center" | Kerusakan ringan
|-
| align="center" | VI
|| 1,51 ''g'' <ref name="Geonet23">{{cite web|url=http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/feb-2011-christchurch-badly-damaged-by-magnitude-6-3-earthquake.html|title=Feb 22 2011 – Christchurch badly damaged by magnitude 6.3 earthquake|work=Geonet|publisher=GNS Science|date=23 February 2011|access-date=24 Februari 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304221355/http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/feb-2011-christchurch-badly-damaged-by-magnitude-6-3-earthquake.html|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.geonet.org.nz/var/storage/images/media/images/news/2011/lyttelton_pga/57159-2-eng-GB/lyttelton_pga.png |title= PGA intensity map|work= Geonet| publisher = GNS Science |access-date = 24 Februari 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531202123/http://geonet.org.nz/var/storage/images/media/images/news/2011/lyttelton_pga/57159-2-eng-GB/lyttelton_pga.png|archive-date=31 May 2012}}</ref> || || 6,2<ref name="Geonet24">{{cite web|url=http://geonet.org.nz/earthquake/quakes/3468575g.html|title=New Zealand Earthquake Report – Feb 22 2011 at 12:51 pm (NZDT)|work=Geonet|publisher=GNS Science|date=22 Februari 2011|access-date=24 Februari 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225224013/http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/quakes/3468575g.html|archive-date=25 February 2011}}</ref> || 5&nbsp;km || 185 || [[Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011|Gempa bumi Christchurch Februari 2011]]
| align="center" | '''0.115 – 0.215'''
| align="center" | '''9.64 – 20'''
| align="center" | Kuat
| align="center" | Kerusakan sedang
|-
| align="center" | VII
| || 1,47 ''g'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/global/shake/c0002ksa/ |title=Archived copy of USGS Shakemap usc0002ksa |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000225/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/global/shake/c0002ksa/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 7,1 || 42&nbsp;km<ref name="earthquake.usgs" /> || 4 || [[Gempa bumi Miyagi 2011]]
| align="center" | '''0.215 – 0.401'''
| align="center" | '''20 – 41.4'''
| align="center" | Sangat kuat
| align="center" | Kerusakan sedang
|-
| align="center" | VIII
| 1,26 ''g'' <ref name=HCarter>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/opinion/news/article.cfm?c_id=466&objectid=10708275 | last = Carter | first = Hamish|title=Technically it's just an aftershock|work=New Zealand Herald|publisher=APN Holdings|date=24 Februari 2011|access-date=24 Februari 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/historic-earthquakes/top-nz/quake-13.html|title=M 7.1, Darfield (Canterbury), September 4, 2010|work=GeoNet|publisher=GNS Science|access-date=7 Maret 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302094331/http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/historic-earthquakes/top-nz/quake-13.html|archive-date=2 March 2011}}</ref> || || 7,1 || 10&nbsp;km || 0 || [[Gempa bumi Canterbury 2010]]
| align="center" | '''0.401 – 0.747'''
| align="center" | '''41.4 – 85.8'''
| align="center" | Parah
| align="center" | Kerusak berat
|-
| align="center" | IX
| 1,25 ''g''<ref>{{harvnb|Cloud|Hudson|1975|pp = 278, 287|access-date = 10 November 2021}}</ref> || || 6,6 || 8,4&nbsp;km || 58–65 || [[Gempa bumi San Fernando 1971|Gempa bumi Sylmar 1971]]
| align="center" | '''0.747 – 1.39'''
| align="center" | '''85.8 – 178'''
| align="center" | Hebat
| align="center" | Kerusakan sangat berat
|-
| align="center" | X+
| 1,04 ''g'' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-Ishibashi-Katsuhiko/2495|title=Why Worry? Japan's Nuclear Plants at Grave Risk From Quake Damage|author=Katsuhiko, Ishibashi|work=Japan Focus|publisher=Asia Pacific Journal|date=11 Agustus 2001|access-date=15 Maret 2011}}</ref> || || 6,6 || 10&nbsp;km || 11 || [[Gempa bumi lepas pantai Chūetsu 2007]]
| align="center" | > '''1.39'''
| align="center" | '''> 178'''
| align="center" | Ekstrem
| align="center" | Kerusakan total
|}
 
== Gempa bumi terkenal ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! PGA <br> arah tunggal <br> (maks terekam)
! PGA <br> total vektor <br> (maks terekam)
! Magnitudo
! Kedalaman
! Korban jiwa
! Nama
|-
| 3,23 ''g'' <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goto |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Kaneko |first2=Yoshihiro |last3=Young |first3=John |last4=Avery |first4=Hamish |last5=Damiano |first5=Len |title=Extreme Accelerations During Earthquakes Caused by Elastic Flapping Effect |journal=Scientific Reports |date=4 February 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=1117 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-37716-y |pmid=30718810 |pmc=6361895 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.1117G }}</ref>|| || 7,8 || 15&nbsp;km || 2 || [[Gempa bumi Kaikoura 2016]]
| 1,0 ''g''<ref>NZ Herald Article – Violence of tremors stuns experts. (24 Desember 2011). [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10775150]. Diakses pada 24 Desember 2011.</ref> || || 6,0 || 8&nbsp;km || 0 || [[Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011|Gempa bumi Christchurch Desember 2011]]
|-
|| 02,9893 ''g'' <ref name="Morales"M9.5-Chile>{{cite web |author1=Mauricio Morales |author2=Oguz C. Celik |title=EERI PERW 2021 – Part 1: Aegean Sea Earthquake |url=https://slcearthquake.eeriusgs.orggov/2021-sdcearthquakes/perweventpage/ official19600522191120_30/shakemap/analysis?source=atlas&code=atlas19600522191117|websitetitle=slcM 9.eeri.org5 |publisher=Earthquake- Engineering1960 ResearchGreat InstituteChilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake)|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=1221 OktoberSeptember 20212023}}</ref> ||3,54 ''g'' || 79,05 || 2133&nbsp;km || 1191.000–6.000 || [[Gempa bumi Laut AegeaValdivia 20201960]]
|-
|2,88 ''g'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schäfer |first1=Andreas |last2=Daniell |first2=James |last3=Skapski |first3=Jens-Udo |last4=Mohr |first4=Susanna |last5=Kunz |first5=Michael |title=Noto Earthquake Japan (Jan. 2024) |journal=Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology CEDIM Forensic Disaster Analysis Group (FDA) |date=2024 |url=https://www.cedim.kit.edu/download/FDA_EQ_Japan2024.pdf |doi=10.5445/IR/1000166937}}</ref>
| 0,91 ''g'' || || 6.9 || 16&nbsp;km || 5.502–6.434 || [[Gempa bumi besar Hanshin]]
|
|7,5
|16 km
|401
|[[Gempa bumi Laut Jepang 2024]]
|-
| 2,73 ''g'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html|title=March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake: Preliminary results|author=Erol Kalkan|author2=Volkan Sevilgen|author2-link=Volkan Sevilgen|work=United States Geological Survey|date=17 Maret 2011|access-date=22 Maret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003222/http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html|archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref>|| 2,99 ''g''<ref name="kyoshin-bosai">{{cite web | url= https://www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp/kyoshin/topics/html20110311144626/main_20110311144626.html | title=平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震による強震動| trans-title= About strong ground motion caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake |publisher=Kyoshin Bosai | access-date=10 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake, Strong Ground Motion|url=http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/topics/TohokuTaiheiyo_20110311/nied_kyoshin1e.pdf|publisher=National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention|access-date=18 Maret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003616/http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/topics/TohokuTaiheiyo_20110311/nied_kyoshin1e.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref> || 9,1<ref name=M9.1Japan>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30/origin/detail|title=M 9.1 - 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan - Origin|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>|| 30&nbsp;km<ref name="earthquake.usgs">{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2011/2011_stats.php |title=Archived copy of USGS Magnitude 7 and Greater Earthquakes in 2011 |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413163214/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2011/2011_stats.php |archive-date=13 April 2016 }}</ref> || 19.759<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/higashinihon/items/162.pdf |title=平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）|trans-title=Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake|work=総務省消防庁災害対策本部|trans-work=[[Badan Manajemen Bencana dan Kebakaran]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827123449/https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/higashinihon/items/162.pdf|archive-date=2022-08-27 |access-date=23 September 2022}} Page 31 of the PDF file.</ref> || [[Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011]]
| 0,78 ''g'' <ref name="Geonet25">{{cite web|url=http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/archives/2011/jun-2011-large-earthquakes-strike-south-east-of-christchurch.html|title=Jun 13 2011 – Large earthquakes strike south-east of Christchurch|work=Geonet|publisher=GNS Science|date=13 Juni 2011|access-date=14 Juni 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614165238/http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/archives/2011/jun-2011-large-earthquakes-strike-south-east-of-christchurch.html|archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.geonet.org.nz/var/storage/images/media/images/news/2011/june_2_pga/58225-2-eng-GB/june_2_pga.png |title= PGA intensity map|work= Geonet| publisher = GNS Science |access-date = 14 Juni 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320003134/http://www.geonet.org.nz/var/storage/images/media/images/news/2011/june_2_pga/58225-2-eng-GB/june_2_pga.png|archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> || || 6,0 || 6&nbsp;km || 1 || [[Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011|Gempa bumi Christchurch Juni 2011]]
|-
|2,212 ''g'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=M 7.8 - Pazarcik earthquake, Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/map?shakemap-code=us6000jllz&shakemap-source=us&shakemap-intensity=true&shakemap-mmi-contours=false&shakemap-stations=true |access-date=7 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302171403/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/map?shakemap-code=us6000jllz&shakemap-source=us&shakemap-intensity=true&shakemap-mmi-contours=false&shakemap-stations=true | archive-date=2023-03-02 }}</ref>
| 0,65 ''g'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csn.uchile.cl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Informe_Terremoto_Cauquenes_2010.pdf|title=Informe Tecnico Terremoto Cauquenes 27 de Febrero de 2010 Actualizado 27 de Mayo 2010}}</ref> || || 8,8 || 23&nbsp;km<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2010/2010_stats.php |title=Archived copy of USGS Magnitude 7 and Greater Earthquakes in 2010 |access-date=12 Juli 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513191129/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2010/2010_stats.php |archive-date=13 May 2010 }}</ref>|| 525 <ref name="muertos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.interior.gob.cl/filesapp/listado_fallecidos_desaparecidos_27Feb.pdf|title=Subsecretaría del Interior de Chile (31 January 2011). "Informe final de fallecidos y desaparecidos por comuna"|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> || [[Gempa bumi Chili 2010]]
|
|7,8
|10&nbsp;km
|62.024
|[[Gempa bumi Turki–Suriah 2023]]
|-
| 01,692 ''g'' <ref name=M7.7-Taiwan>{{cite web|url=httphttps://mceerearthquake.buffalousgs.edugov/researchearthquakes/Reconnaissanceeventpage/greece9-7-99usp0009eq0/|title=The Athens (Greece) Earthquake of SeptemberM 7,.7 1999:- Preliminary21 Reportkm on Strong Motion Data and Structural Response|author=Anastasiadis A. N.|work=InstituteS of Engineering Seismology and EarthquakePuli, EngineeringTaiwan|publisher=MCEER[[USGS]]|access-date=2210 MaretNovember 2011|display-authors=etal2021}}</ref> || || 67,07 || 108&nbsp;km || 1432.415 || [[Gempa bumi AthenaChichi 1999]]
|-
| 1,82 ''g'' <ref name=Yegian>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.neu.edu/Depts/CIV/faculty/myegian/library/Thenorthridge%20Earthquake%20of%201994%20Ground%20Motions%20and%20Geotechnical%20Aspects.pdf|title=The Northridge Earthquake of 1994: Ground Motions and Geotechnical Aspects|access-date=7 April 2021|last1=Yegian|first1=M.K.|last2=Ghahraman|last3=Gazetas|first3=G.|last4=Dakoulas|first4=P.|last5=Makris|first5=N.|date=April 1995|page=1384|work=Third International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics|publisher=Northeastern University College of Engineering|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506100941/http://www.coe.neu.edu/Depts/CIV/faculty/myegian/library/Thenorthridge%20Earthquake%20of%201994%20Ground%20Motions%20and%20Geotechnical%20Aspects.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>|| || 6,7 ||18&nbsp;km <ref name=M6.7-Northridge>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ci3144585/executive/|title=M 6.7 - 1km NNW of Reseda, CA|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> || 57 || [[Gempa bumi Northridge 1994]]
| 0,51 ''g'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emsc-csem.org/Page/index.php?id=72|title=Earthquake Mw 6.3 in Iran on February 22nd, 2005 at 02:25 UTC|work=European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre|access-date=7 Maret 2011}}</ref> || || 6,4 ||16&nbsp;km || 612 || [[Gempa bumi Zarand 2005]]
|-
| 1,54 ''g''
| 0,5 ''g'' <ref name="Lin-Allen">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-quake-california-20110226,0,1231448.story|title=New Zealand quake raises questions about L.A. buildings|last1=Lin|first1=Rong-Gong|date=26 Februari 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=27 Februari 2011|last2=Allen|first2=Sam}}</ref>|| || 7,0 || 13&nbsp;km || 100.000–316.000<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 November 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122458/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php |archive-date=5 June 2013 }} [[U.S. Geological Survey]], ''Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths''</ref> || [[Gempa bumi Haiti 2010]]
|
|7,5
|10&nbsp;km
|4.340
|[[Gempa bumi dan tsunami Sulawesi 2018]]
|-
| 1,51 ''g'' <ref name="Geonet23">{{cite web|url=http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/feb-2011-christchurch-badly-damaged-by-magnitude-6-3-earthquake.html|title=Feb 22 2011 – Christchurch badly damaged by magnitude 6.3 earthquake|work=Geonet|publisher=GNS Science|date=23 Februari 2011|access-date=24 Februari 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304221355/http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/feb-2011-christchurch-badly-damaged-by-magnitude-6-3-earthquake.html|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.geonet.org.nz/var/storage/images/media/images/news/2011/lyttelton_pga/57159-2-eng-GB/lyttelton_pga.png |title= PGA intensity map|work= Geonet| publisher = GNS Science |access-date = 24 Februari 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531202123/http://geonet.org.nz/var/storage/images/media/images/news/2011/lyttelton_pga/57159-2-eng-GB/lyttelton_pga.png|archive-date=31 May 2012}}</ref> || || 6,2<ref name="Geonet24">{{cite web|url=http://geonet.org.nz/earthquake/quakes/3468575g.html|title=New Zealand Earthquake Report – Feb 22 2011 at 12:51 pm (NZDT)|work=Geonet|publisher=GNS Science|date=22 Februari 2011|access-date=24 Februari 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225224013/http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/quakes/3468575g.html|archive-date=25 February 2011}}</ref> || 5&nbsp;km || 185 || [[Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011]]
| 0,438 ''g'' <ref name=sendai1978p123>{{cite book|last=Brady|first=A. Gerald|title=An investigation of the Miyagi-ken-oki, Japan, earthquake of June 12, 1978|year=1980|publisher=National Bureau of Standards|pages=123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEuWntnoZzYC&pg=PA123}}</ref> || || 7,7 || 44&nbsp;km || 28 ||[[Gempa bumi Miyagi 1978]] ([[Sendai]])
|-
|0,98 ''g <ref name="Morales">{{cite web |author1=Mauricio Morales |author2=Oguz C. Celik |title=EERI PERW 2021 – Part 1: Aegean Sea Earthquake |url=https://slc.eeri.org/2021-sdc/perw/ |access-date=12 Oktober 2021 |website=slc.eeri.org |publisher=Institut Penelitian Rekayasa Gempa |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627065554/https://slc.eeri.org/2021-sdc/perw/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>''
|0,41 ''g''<ref>{{Citation|last1=Papaioannou|first1=Christos|last2=Karakostas|first2=Christos|last3=Makra|first3=Konstantia|last4=Lekidis|first4=Vassilios|last5=Theodoulidis|first5=Nikos|last6=Zacharopoulos|first6=Stratos|last7=Margaris|first7=Basil|last8=Rovithis|first8=Emmanouil|last9=Salonikios|first9=Thomas|last10=Morfidis|first10=Konstantinos|date=21 Juni 2018|title=The November 17, 2015 Mw 6.4 Lefkas, Greece Earthquake: Source Characteristics, Ground Motions, Ground Failures and Structural Response|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326009944}}</ref>
|
|67,50
|1116,1&nbsp;km
|2118
|[[Gempa bumi LefkadaLaut 2015Aegea 2020]]
|-
|0,91 ''g''
|0,4 ''g'' <ref>{{Cite web|title = Large quake off the coast of Christchurch|url = http://info.geonet.org.nz/display/quake/2016/02/14/Large+quake+off+the+coast+of+Christchurch|website = info.geonet.org.nz|access-date = 18 Februari 2016}}</ref>
|
|56,79
|817,6&nbsp;km
|5.502–6.434
|0
|[[Gempa bumi Christchurchbesar 2016Hanshin]]
|-
|0,71 ''g''
| 0,367 ''g'' <ref name="elpais">{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/terremotos/paradojicos/elpepuesp/20110513elpepinac_4/Tes|title=Los terremotos paradójicos &#124; España &#124; EL PAÍS|website=elpais.com|access-date=14 Januari 2022}}</ref> || || 5,1 || 1&nbsp;km || 9 || [[Gempa bumi Lorca 2011]]
|
|9,1–9,3
|35&nbsp;km
|227.898
|[[Gempa bumi dan tsunami Samudra Hindia 2004]]
|-
|0,65 ''g'' <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clough |first1=G. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTkrAAAAYAAJ |title=Practical lessons from the Loma Prieta earthquake |last2=Martin |first2=J. R. |last3=Chameau |first3=J. L. II |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0309050302 |pages=29–46 |chapter=The geotechnical aspects |author-link=Ray W. Clough}}</ref>
| 0,18 ''g'' <ref>National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5EArAAAAYAAJ&dq ''The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 1, Part 1''], National Academies, 1968 p. 285</ref> || || 9,2 || 25&nbsp;km || 131 ||[[Gempa bumi Alaska 1964]]
|
|6,9
|19&nbsp;km
|63
|[[Gempa bumi Loma Prieta 1989]]
|-
|0,5 ''g'' <ref name="Lin-Allen">{{cite news |last1=Lin |first1=Rong-Gong |last2=Allen |first2=Sam |date=26 Februari 2011 |title=New Zealand quake raises questions about L.A. buildings |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-quake-california-20110226,0,1231448.story |access-date=27 Februari 2011}}</ref>
|
|7,0
|13&nbsp;km
|220.000–316.000
|[[Gempa bumi Haiti 2010]]
|-
|0,34 ''g'' <ref>{{harvnb|Elnashai|Jig Kim|Jin Yun|Sidarta|2006|p=18}}</ref>
|
|6,4
|15&nbsp;km
|5.778
|[[Gempa bumi Yogyakarta 2006]]
|-
|0,18 ''g'' <ref>National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5EArAAAAYAAJ&dq ''The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 1, Part 1''], National Academies, 1968 p. 285</ref>
|
|9,2
|25&nbsp;km
|131
|[[Gempa bumi Alaska 1964]]
|-
|0,14 ''g''
|
|5,6
|10&nbsp;km
|335–635
|[[Gempa bumi Cianjur 2022]]
|}
 
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Simulasi gempa bumi]]
* [[Skala intensitas seismik Badan Meteorologi Jepang]]
* [[PercepatanSpektra spektrapercepatan]]
 
== Referensi ==
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Percepatan_tanah_puncak"