Percepatan tanah puncak: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[BerkasFile:Sylmar085Turkey magnitude 7.8 earthquake (3-Input17 inAM, fractions6 ofFebruary 'g'2023) 1.jpgpng|300pxthumb|jmpl|ka280px|Seismogram [[Gempa bumi SanTurki–Suriah Fernando 1971|gempa bumi Sylmar 19712023]] dalam fraksi percepatan gravitasi. Percepatan tanah puncak dapat dilihat(M7,8) dari nilai maksimum yang tercatat.]]

Tidak seperti [[skala magnitudo Richter]] dan [[Skala magnitudo momen|momen]], percepatan tanah puncak bukan besaran yang mengukur [[Skala magnitudo gempa#Magnitudo dan intensitas|energi]] total (magnitudo atau besar) gempa bumi, melainkan besaran yang mengukur seberapa kuat getaran tanah pada titik geografis tertentu. Berbeda dengan [[skala intensitas Mercalli]] yang menggunakan laporan dan observasi personal untuk mengukur intensitas gempa bumi, percepatan tanah puncak diukur oleh instrumen seperti [[akselerograf]]. Walaupun begitu, percepatan tanah puncak dapat memiliki korelasi dengan intensitas makroseismik pada skala Mercalli<ref name=scibackintensity>{{cite web|title=ShakeMap Scientific Background. Rapid Instrumental Intensity Maps|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php#intmaps|work=Earthquake Hazards Program|publisher=U. S. Geological Survey|access-date=22 Maret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623092131/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/shakemap/background.php#intmaps|archive-date=23 June 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> meskipun korelasi ini memiliki ketidaktentuan yang besar.<ref>{{Cite book|title = "Best Practices" for Using Macroseismic Intensity and Ground Motion Intensity Conversion Equations for Hazard and Loss Models in GEM1|last = Cua|first = G.|publisher = [[Global Earthquake Model]]|year = 2010|url = http://www.globalquakemodel.org/media/publication/GEM-TechnicalReport_2010-4.pdf|display-authors = etal|access-date = 11 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151227050149/http://www.globalquakemodel.org/media/publication/GEM-TechnicalReport_2010-4.pdf|archive-date = 27 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Percepatan horisontal puncak ({{lang-en|peak horizontal acceleration}}. disingkat PHA) merupakan percepatan tanah yang paling umum digunakan di dalam aplikasi kerekayasaan. Percepatan ini sering digunakan di dalam [[rekayasa kegempaan]] (seperti pada [[kode standar bangunan]] tahan gempa) dan pada umumnya diplot pada peta [[bahaya gempa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.efehr.org:8080/jetspeed/portal/hazard.psml|title = The 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM13)|date = 2013|access-date = 11 November 2015|publisher = EFEHR|last = European Facilities for Earthquake Hazard & Risk|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151227080447/http://www.efehr.org:8080/jetspeed/portal/hazard.psml|archive-date = 27 December 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> Pada kejadian gempa bumi, kerusakan bangunan dan [[infrastruktur]] berkaitan lebih erat dengan gerak tanah yang diukur dalam percepatan tanah puncak dibandingkan dengan magnitudo gempa bumi itu sendiri. Pada gempa bumi berkekuatan menengah, percepatan tanah puncak menjadi penentu kerusakan. Sementara itu, pada gempa kuat, kerusakan lebih dipengaruhi oleh [[kecepatan tanah puncak]].<ref name=scibackintensity />

| 3.,23 ''g'' <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goto |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Kaneko |first2=Yoshihiro |last3=Young |first3=John |last4=Avery |first4=Hamish |last5=Damiano |first5=Len |title=Extreme Accelerations During Earthquakes Caused by Elastic Flapping Effect |journal=Scientific Reports |date=4 February 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=1117 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-37716-y |pmid=30718810 |pmc=6361895 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.1117G }}</ref>|| || 7.,8 || 15&nbsp;km || 2 || [[Gempa bumi Kaikoura 2016]]

|| 2.,93 ''g'' <ref name=M9.5-Chile>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official19600522191120_30/shakemap/analysis?source=atlas&code=atlas19600522191117|title=M 9.5 - 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake (Valdivia Earthquake)|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref> ||3.,54 ''g'' || 9.,5 || 33&nbsp;km || 1.000–6.000 || [[Gempa bumi Valdivia 1960]]

|2.,88 ''g'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schäfer, |first1=Andreas, et|last2=Daniell |first2=James |last3=Skapski |first3=Jens-Udo |last4=Mohr |first4=Susanna al|last5=Kunz |first5=Michael |title=Noto Earthquake Japan (Jan. ''2024) |journal=Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology CEDIM Forensic Disaster Analysis Group (FDA)''. |date=2024, [|url=https://www.cedim.kit.edu/download/FDA_EQ_Japan2024.pdf www.cedim.kit.edu/download/FDA_EQ_Japan2024.pdf], https://|doi.org/=10.5445/IR/1000166937. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.}}</ref>

|7.,5

|245401

| 2.7,73 ''g'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html|title=March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake: Preliminary results|author=Erol Kalkan|author2=Volkan Sevilgen|author2-link=Volkan Sevilgen|work=United States Geological Survey|date=17 MarchMaret 2011|access-date=22 MarchMaret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003222/http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html|archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref>|| 2.,99 ''g''<ref name="kyoshin-bosai">{{cite web | url= https://www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp/kyoshin/topics/html20110311144626/main_20110311144626.html | title=平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震による強震動| trans-title= About strong ground motion caused by the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake |publisher=Kyoshin Bosai | access-date=10 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake, Strong Ground Motion|url=http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/topics/TohokuTaiheiyo_20110311/nied_kyoshin1e.pdf|publisher=National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention|access-date=18 MarchMaret 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003616/http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/topics/TohokuTaiheiyo_20110311/nied_kyoshin1e.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref> || 9.,1<ref name=M9.1Japan>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30/origin/detail|title=M 9.1 - 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan - Origin|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref>|| 30&nbsp;km<ref name="earthquake.usgs">{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2011/2011_stats.php |title=Archived copy of USGS Magnitude 7 and Greater Earthquakes in 2011 |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413163214/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2011/2011_stats.php |archive-date=13 April 2016 }}</ref> || 19,.759<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/higashinihon/items/162.pdf |title=平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）|trans-title=Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake|work=総務省消防庁災害対策本部|trans-work=[[FireBadan andManajemen DisasterBencana Managementdan AgencyKebakaran]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827123449/https://www.fdma.go.jp/disaster/higashinihon/items/162.pdf|archive-date=2022-08-27 |access-date=2022-09-23 September 2022}} Page 31 of the PDF file.</ref> || [[Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011]]

| 1.,92 ''g'' <ref name=M7.7-Taiwan>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0009eq0/|title=M 7.7 - 21 km S of Puli, Taiwan|publisher=[[USGS]]|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> || || 7.,7 || 8&nbsp;km || 2,.415 || [[Gempa bumi Chichi 1999]]

|7.8,5

|624.024 340

|[[Gempa bumi Turki–Suriahdan 2023tsunami Sulawesi 2018]]

| 1.,51 ''g'' <ref name="Geonet23">{{cite web|url=http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/feb-2011-christchurch-badly-damaged-by-magnitude-6-3-earthquake.html|title=Feb 22 2011 – Christchurch badly damaged by magnitude 6.3 earthquake|work=Geonet|publisher=GNS Science|date=23 FebruaryFebruari 2011|access-date=24 FebruaryFebruari 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304221355/http://www.geonet.org.nz/news/feb-2011-christchurch-badly-damaged-by-magnitude-6-3-earthquake.html|archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.geonet.org.nz/var/storage/images/media/images/news/2011/lyttelton_pga/57159-2-eng-GB/lyttelton_pga.png |title= PGA intensity map|work= Geonet| publisher = GNS Science |access-date = 24 FebruaryFebruari 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531202123/http://geonet.org.nz/var/storage/images/media/images/news/2011/lyttelton_pga/57159-2-eng-GB/lyttelton_pga.png|archive-date=31 May 2012}}</ref> || || 6.,2<ref name="Geonet24">{{cite web|url=http://geonet.org.nz/earthquake/quakes/3468575g.html|title=New Zealand Earthquake Report – Feb 22 2011 at 12:51 pm (NZDT)|work=Geonet|publisher=GNS Science|date=22 FebruaryFebruari 2011|access-date=24 FebruaryFebruari 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225224013/http://www.geonet.org.nz/earthquake/quakes/3468575g.html|archive-date=25 February 2011}}</ref> || 5&nbsp;km || 185 || [[Gempa bumi Christchurch 2011]]

|0.,98 ''g <ref name="Morales">{{cite web |author1=Mauricio Morales |author2=Oguz C. Celik |title=EERI PERW 2021 – Part 1: Aegean Sea Earthquake |url=https://slc.eeri.org/2021-sdc/perw/ |access-date=12 OctoberOktober 2021 |website=slc.eeri.org |publisher=EarthquakeInstitut EngineeringPenelitian ResearchRekayasa InstituteGempa |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627065554/https://slc.eeri.org/2021-sdc/perw/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>''

|7.,0

|16.,1&nbsp;km

|0.,91 ''g''

|6.,9

|17.,6&nbsp;km

|0.,65 ''g'' <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clough |first1=G. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTkrAAAAYAAJ |title=Practical lessons from the Loma Prieta earthquake |last2=Martin |first2=J. R. |last3=Chameau |first3=J. L. II |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0309050302 |pages=29–46 |chapter=The geotechnical aspects |author-link=Ray W. Clough}}</ref>

|6.,9

|0.,5 ''g'' <ref name="Lin-Allen">{{cite news |last1=Lin |first1=Rong-Gong |last2=Allen |first2=Sam |date=26 FebruaryFebruari 2011 |title=New Zealand quake raises questions about L.A. buildings |work=Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-quake-california-20110226,0,1231448.story |access-date=27 FebruaryFebruari 2011}}</ref>

|7.,0

|220.000–316,.000

|0.,34 ''g'' <ref>{{harvnb|Elnashai|Jig Kim|Jin Yun|Sidarta|2006|p=18}}</ref>

|6.,4

|0.,18 ''g'' <ref>National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Alaska Earthquake, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5EArAAAAYAAJ&dq ''The great Alaska earthquake of 1964, Volume 1, Part 1''], National Academies, 1968 p. 285</ref>

|9.,2