The Sinking of the Lusitania: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[File:HearstAbout1910.jpg|thumb|[[William Randolph Hearst]] membatasi karya animasi McCay agar McCay dapat fokus membuat kartun editorial.]]
 
''The Sinking of the Lusitania'' dikenal sebagai karya propaganda [[film perang|perang]],{{sfn|Theisen|1933|p=85}} dan kerap disebut sebagai karya animasi terpanjang pada masanya.{{sfn|Mikulak|1997|p=71}}{{efn|Durasi dari salinan yang masih tersisa dari ''[[Gertie the Dinosaur]]'' (1914) dan ''Lusitania'' karya McCay sebenarnya hampir sama, tetapi durasi animasi di ''Gertie'' lebih pendek daripada di ''Lusitania''. Seorang animator asal Argentina, [[Quirino Cristiani]], diberitakan memproduksi film animasi berdurasi 70 menit yang [[film hilang|kini telah hilang]] berjudul ''[[El Apóstol]]'', yang tayang perdana pada tanggal 9 November 1917.{{sfn|Mikulak|1997|p=71}} }} Film ini kemungkinan merupakan [[dokumenter animasi]] pertama dalam sejarah.{{sfn|Wells|2002|p=116}}{{efn|Sebuah film animasi yang hilang dari Inggris menganimasikan tenggelamnya ''Lusitania'' dan [[SS Aztec|SS ''Aztec'']]. Film tersebut dirilis pada tahun 1918 dan kemungkinan mendahului karya McCay.{{sfnm|1a1=Bottomore|1y=2000|1p=161|2a1=Wells|2y=2002|2p=116}} }} Biografer McCay, animator [[John Canemaker]], menyebut ''The Sinking of the Lusitania'' sebagai "sebuah karya monumental dalam sejarah film animasi".{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=197}} Meskipun film ini dipuji oleh para animator yang sezaman, Canemaker menulis bahwa film ini "tidak merevolusi kartun film pada saat itu"{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=197}} karena keterampilan McCay tidak dapat ditiru oleh para animator pada masa itu.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=197}} Pada masatahun-tahun berikutnya, studio animasi terkadang membuat film non-fiksi, tetapi sebagian besar adalah film komedi pendek yang berdurasi tidak lebih dari tujuh menit. Animasi masih hanya menjadi pendukung [[film fitur]], bukan menjadi atraksi utama,{{sfn|Callahan|1988|pp=227–228}} dan jarang mendapat ulasan.{{sfn|Hoffer|1976|pp=27–28}} ''Lusitania'' tidak terlalu sukses secara komersial. Setelah beberapa tahun di bioskop, ''Lusitania'' hanya membuat McCay meraup sekitar $80.000.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=193}} Setelah film ini, McCay setidaknya membuat tujuh film lagi, tetapi hanya tiga film di antaranya yang diketahui dirilis secara komersial.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|pp=197–198, 254}}
 
SetelahPada tahun 1921, ketikasetelah Hearst menyatakanmenyadari bahwa McCay lebih mencurahkan waktunya untuk membuat animasi ketimbangdaripada membuat ilustrasi suratdi koran kabarnyamiliknya, Hearst menyuruhmemerintahkan McCay untuk meninggalkan dunia animasi.{{sfn|Sito|2006|p=36}} Ia memiliki rencana untuk beberapaSejumlah proyek animasi yangMcCay takakhirnya pernahtidak membuahkandapat hasildiselesaikan, termasuk sebuah film musikal berjudul ''The Barnyard Band'' yang ia buat melalui kolaborasi dengan pengarangpenulis ''Jungle Imps'' [[George Randolph Chester]], sebuah film musikal berjudul ''The Barnyard Band'',{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=198}} danserta sebuah film tentangmengenai peran Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Dunia I.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|pp=198, 217}} Pada masatahun-tahun berikutnya, McCay berkali-kali menyatakan secara terbuka menyatakan bahwa ia tidak puas dengan perkembangan industri animasi, karena ia memandangmembayangkan animasi sebagai sebuah kesenian, dantetapi menyayangkananimasi bagaimanamalah animasiberkembang menjadi bahanbarang dagangdagangan.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|pp=199, 239}} Menurut Canemaker, sebelumtingkat filmteknik animasi McCay baru dapat disamai pada dekade 1930-filman, fituryakni oleh [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney]] padamelalui 1930film-an,film industrifitur animasibuatan bergantung pada tingkat teknik McCaymereka.{{sfn|Canemaker|2005|p=197}}
 
Sejarawan animasi Paul Wells menjelaskanmendeskripsikan ''Lusitania'' sebagai "sebuah momen berpengaruh dalam perkembangan film animasi"{{sfn|Telotte|2010|p=49}} atasberkat kombinasi gaya dokumenternyadokumenter dengandan unsur-unsur propagandapropagandanya. Ia juga menganggapnyamenganggap sebagaifilm sebuahini sebagai contoh dari animasi sebagai sebuah senibentuk [[modernisme]].{{sfn|Telotte|2010|p=49}} Steve Bottomore menilaipun menyebut film ini sebagai "versi sinema yangsinematik paling signifikan dari bencanaperistiwa ''Lusitania''". Sebuah ulasan di ''The Cinema'' memuji film ini, terutama pada adegan saat torpedo pertama meledak, yang mereka sebut "lebih dari kenyataan".{{sfn|Bottomore|2000|p=161}} [[Pendaftaran Film Nasional]] memilih film ini untuk dipreservasi pada tahun 2017.{{sfn|Canemaker|2018|p=298}}
 
== Catatan kaki ==
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* {{cite book|last = Barrier|first = Michael|authorlink = Michael Barrier (historian)|title = Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zDJXnzMh7bkC|year = 2003|publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn = 978-0-19-516729-0|ref = harv }}<!-- Barrier 2003 -->
* {{cite book|last = Beckerman|first = Howard|title = Animation: The Whole Story <!--|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = https://archive.org/details/animationwholest00beck|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=EjW6cCE4v1QC -->
|year = 2003|publisher = Skyhorse Publishing|isbn = 978-1-58115-301-9|ref = harv }}<!-- Beckerman 2003 -->
* {{cite book|last = Berenbaum|first = May R.|authorlink = May Berenbaum|title = The Earwig's Tail: A Modern Bestiary of Multi-Legged Legends|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SPxvx0X22XEC|year = 2009|publisher = Harvard University Press|isbn = 978-0-674-03540-9|ref = harv}}<!-- Berenbaum 2009 -->
* {{cite book|last = Bottomore|first = Stephen|title = The Titanic and Silent Cinema|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=2KGJJsUggtAC|year = 2000|publisher = The Projection Box|isbn = 978-1-903000-00-7|ref = harv }}<!-- Bottomore 2000 -->
* {{cite book|last = Canemaker|first = John|author-link = John Canemaker|title = Winsor McCay: His Life and Art|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vs82AQAAIAAJ|edition = Revised|year = 2005|publisher = Abrams Books|isbn = 978-0-8109-5941-5|ref = harv }}<!-- Canemaker 2005 -->
* {{cite book
|last = Canemaker
|first = John
|title = Winsor McCay: His Life and Art
|edition = 3
|year = 2018
|publisher = CRC Press (Taylor & Francis)
|isbn = 978-1138578876
|ref = harv }}
* {{cite book|ref = harv|editor-first = Dean|editor-last = Mullaney|editor1-link = Dean Mullaney|last = Canwell|first = Bruce|title = Bringing Up Father: From Sea to Shining Sea the Cross-Country Tour of 1939–1940|year = 2009|publisher = [[IDW Publishing]]|isbn = 978-1-60010-508-1}}<!-- Canwell 2009 -->
* {{cite book|title = Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928|first = Donald|last = Crafton|year = 1993|publisher = University of Chicago Press|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yaeJFVTedysC|isbn = 9780226116679|ref = harv }}<!-- Crafton 1993 -->
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* {{cite book|last1 = Kundert-Gibbs|first1 = John|last2 = Kundert-Gibbs|first2 = Kristin|title = Action!: Acting Lessons for CG Animators|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=UZPr6xvPnokC|year = 2009|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|isbn = 978-0-470-59605-0|ref = harv }}<!-- Kundert-Gibbs & Kundert-Gibbs 2009 -->
* {{cite book|last = Marshall|first = Samuel Lyman Atwood|authorlink = S.L.A. Marshall|title = World War I|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=xN7t7DgsclcC|year = 1964|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn = 978-0-618-05686-6|ref = harv }}<!-- Marshall 1964 -->
* {{cite book
|last = Ramsay
|first = David
|title = Lusitania: Saga and Myth
|date = 2001
|publisher = [[Chatham Publishing]]
|location = London
|isbn = 978-1-86176-170-5
|url = {{google books|BRusY6BF68EC|plainurl=yes}}
|ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last1 = Roland|first1 = Alex|authorlink1 = Alex Roland|last2 = Bolster|first2 = W. Jeffrey|authorlink2 = W. Jeffrey Bolster|last3 = Keyssar|first3 = Alexander|authorlink3 = Alexander Keyssar|title = The Way of the Ship: America's Maritime History Reenvisoned, 1600–2000|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Qf2QiRYXcdUC|year = 2008|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|isbn = 978-0-470-13600-3|ref = harv }}<!-- Roland, Bolster & Keyssar 2008 -->
* {{cite book|last = Sabin|first = Roger|authorlink = Roger Sabin|title = Adult Comics: An Introduction|url = https://archive.org/details/adultcomicsintro0000sabi|publisher = Routledge|year = 1993|isbn = 978-0-415-04419-6|ref = harv }}<!-- Sabin 1993 -->
* {{cite book|last = Sito|first = Tom|authorlink = Tom Sito|title = Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0PsCWPSZ0C|year = 2006|publisher = University Press of Kentucky|isbn = 978-0-8131-2407-0|ref = harv }}<!-- Sito 2006 -->
* {{cite book
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|publisher = University of Illinois Press
|jstor = 20687319
|ref = harv}}
* {{cite journal
|last = McKinney
|first = Kirsten
|title = The Waking Life of Winsor McCay: Social Commentary in A Pilgrim's Progress by Mr. Bunion
|date = July 2015
|url = http://scholarship.richmond.edu/student-publications/1/
|journal = International Journal of Comic Art
|volume = 17
|issue = 1
|ref = harv}}
* {{cite journal
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* {{Commons category-inline|Animation by Winsor McCay}}
* {{Commons category-inline|The Sinking of the Lusitania|''The Sinking of the Lusitania''}}
 
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