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{{redirect|bencana nuklir Fukushima|insiden di Fukushima Daini (Fukushima II)|Pembangkit Listrik Nuklir Fukushima Daini}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
 
{{Infobox news event
| image_name = Fukushima I by Digital Globe.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| caption = Gambar satelit 16 Maret 2011 yang menggambarkan 4 bangunan reaktor rusak.
| date={{start date|2011|03|11|df=y}}
| place = [[Ōkuma, Fukushima|Ōkuma]], [[Prefektur Fukushima|Fukushima]], Jepang
| outcome = [[Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional|INES]] Level 7 (diukur oleh otoritas Jepang tanggal 11 April)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/12/japan-severity-idUSTKE00635720110412 |title=Japan raises nuclear crisis severity to highest level |work=Reuters |first=Mayumi |last=Negishi |date=12 April 2011|access-date=2012-07-23|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112161639/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/12/japan-severity-idUSTKE00635720110412|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fukushima accident upgraded to severity level 7|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/energy/nuclear/fukushima-accident-upgraded-to-severity-level-7/ |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|date=12 April 2011}}</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|37|25|17|N|141|1|57|E|region:JP-07_type:landmark_dim:500|display=inline}}
|reported injuries =37 dengan luka fisik,<!-- see talk page for figures --><ref name=IAEAtsunami1/><br /> 2 pekerja dibawa ke rumah sakit akibat paparan radiasi<ref>{{cite news|url=http://msa.hanford.gov/hills/lesson.cfm?id=2468|title=Radiation-exposed workers to be treated at Chiba hospital|accessdate=17 April 2011|agency=Kyodo News |date=25 March 2011|archive-date=2013-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217162707/http://msa.hanford.gov/hills/lesson.cfm?id=2468|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|notes = {{Superimpose
| base = Japan Nuclear power plants map.gif
| base_width = 260px
| base_alt =
| base_caption = Nuclear power plants of Japan
| float = Locator Dot2.gif
| float_width = 8
| x = 168
| y = 153
}}
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{{external media
Baris 28 ⟶ 16:
| video1 = [http://www.youtube.com/user/fuku1live 24 hours live camera for Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster] on [[YouTube]], certified by Tokyo Electric Power Co. Inc.
}}
[[Berkas:IAEA Experts at Fukushima (02813336).jpg|jmpl|IAEA di PLTN Fukushima Daiichi Unit 4, 2013]]
'''Bencana Nuklir Fukushima Daiichi''', yang dalam bahasa Jepang dikenal sebagai "福島第一原子力発電所事故 ''Fukushima Dai-ichi genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko"'', adalah suatu insiden energi yang terjadi di [[Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Fukushima I|Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Fukushima]] I di Fukushima, Jepang, yang dipicu oleh [[tsunami]] akibat [[gempa bumi]] di [[Wilayah Tōhoku|Tōhoku]] pada tanggal 11 Maret 2011. Setelah gempa, [[reaktor]] secara otomatis mematikan [[Fisi nuklir|reaksi fisi]] yang berkelanjutan. Namun, tsunami menghancurkan generator darurat yang seharusnya menyediakan daya untuk mengoperasikan pompa yang diperlukan untuk mendinginkan reaktor. Akibatnya, terjadi kegagalan dalam pendinginan yang menyebabkan terjadinya tiga krisis nuklir, yaitu ledakan hidrogen-udara dan pelepasan bahan radioaktif di Unit 1, 2, dan 3 dari tanggal 12 Maret sampai 15 Maret. Selain itu, pendinginan yang tidak adekuat juga menyebabkan kolam penyimpanan bahan bakar dari Reaktor 4 menjadi terlalu panas akibat panas dari batang bahan bakar.
 
Pada tanggal [[5 Juli]] [[2012]], Komisi Investigasi Independen Kecelakaan Nuklir Fukushima (NAIIC) menyimpulkan bahwa penyebab kecelakaan tersebut telah lama diketahui. Operator pabrik [[Tokyo Electric Power Company]] (TEPCO) telah gagal memenuhi persyaratan keselamatan dasar seperti risiko penilaian, persiapan untuk mendapatkan kerusakan bangunan, dan pengembangan rencana evakuasi. Pada tanggal [[12 Oktober]] [[2012]], TEPCO mengakui bahwa untuk pertama kalinya mereka gagal untuk mengambil tindakan yang diperlukan karena takut mengundang tuntutan hukum atau demonstrasi yang melawan pabrik nuklirnya.<ref name="NYT20121012" /><ref name="Fukushima operator must learn from mistakes, new adviser says" /><ref name="Yamaguchi20121012" /><ref name="CNN20121012" />
{{nihongo|'''Bencana Nuklir Fukushima Daiichi'''|福島第一原子力発電所事故|[[Pembangkit Listrik Nuklir Fukushima Daiichi|Fukushima Dai-ichi]] ''({{Audio|Fukushima daiichi.ogg|pronunciation|lang=ja|help=no}})'' genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko}} adalah sebuah rentetan [[Kecelakaan nuklir dan radiasi#Kegagalan perangkat|kegagalan perangkat]], [[kebocoran nuklir]], dan [[Kecelakaan nuklir dan radiasi#Insiden radiasi|pelepasan material radioaktif]] di [[Pembangkit Listrik Nuklir Fukushima I]], yang disebabkan karena [[Gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku 2011|gempa bumi dan tsunami Tōhoku]] tanggal 11 Maret 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10716671|title=Japan's unfolding disaster 'bigger than Chernobyl'|work=[[New Zealand Herald]]|date=2 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Explainer: What went wrong in Japan's nuclear reactors|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/energy/nuclear/explainer-what-went-wrong-in-japans-nuclear-reactors|work=IEEE Spectrum|date=4 April 2011}}</ref> Bencana nuklir ini merupakan bencana nuklir terburuk sejak [[bencana Chernobyl]] tahun 1986.<ref>[http://in.ibtimes.com/articles/132391/20110409/japan-nuclear-crisis-radiation.htm "Analysis: A month on, Japan nuclear crisis still scarring"] ''International Business Times'' (Australia). 9 April 2011, retrieved 12 April 2011; excerpt, According to [[James M. Acton|James Acton]], Associate of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Fukushima bukanlah bencana nuklir terburuk sepanjang masa, bencana ini adalah bencana paling kompleks dan paling dramatis...Krisis Fukushima ini ditampilkan terus-menerus di TV. Chernobyl tidak."</ref>
 
Bencana Fukushima adalah insiden nuklir yang paling berarti sejak [[26 April]] [[1986]] yaitu [[bencana Chernobyl]] dan bencana kedua akan diberi kategori tingkat 7 dari [[Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional]].<ref>[http://in.ibtimes.com/articles/132391/20110409/japan-nuclear-crisis-radiation.htm "Analysis: A month on, Japan nuclear crisis still scarring"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815080111/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/132391/20110409/japan-nuclear-crisis-radiation.htm |date=15 August 2012 }} ''International Business Times'' (Australia). 9 April 2011, retrieved 12 April 2011</ref> Meskipun tidak ada korban jiwa yang terkait dengan radiasi karena kecelakaan tersebut, tetapi jumlah kematian akibat [[kanker]], menurut teori ambang batas radiasi ambang batas linier, yang akan diakibatkan oleh kecelakaan tersebut diperkirakan sekitar 130-640 orang di Tahun dan dekade ke depan. .<ref name="Dennis Normile 395"/><ref name="John E. Ten Hoeve and Mark Z. Jacobson 2012"/><ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714012819?np=y Predictions on the contamination levels from various fission products released from the accident and updates on the risk assessment for solid and thyroid cancers. Science of The Total EnvironmentVolumes 500–501, 1 December 2014, Pages 155–172 doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.102]</ref> Komite Ilmiah Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Pengaruh Radiasi Atom<ref>[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2014/unisous237.html UNIS/OUS/237 2 April 2014 Increase in Cancer Unlikely following Fukushima Exposure – says UN Report Low Risk of Thyroid Cancer Among Children Most Exposed]</ref> dan [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] melaporkan bahwa tidak akan ada peningkatan [[keguguran]], kelahiran mati atau gangguan fisik dan mental pada bayi yang lahir setelah kecelakaan tersebut.<ref>[http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2013/03/fukushima-nuclear-disaster-cancer-risk-increase Fukushima disaster predicted to raise cancer rates slightly, 5 March 2013, Ned Stafford]</ref> Namun, diperkirakan 1.600 kematian diyakini terjadi karena kondisi evakuasi yang terjadi.<ref name="Smith"/><ref name=manichi/> Tidak ada rencana yang jelas untuk melakukan dekomisioning pada pabrik tersebut, tetapi perkiraan pengelolaan pabrik adalah 30 atau 40 tahun.<ref name="guardian-20140310" /> Sebuah penghalang dinding beku telah dibangun dalam upaya untuk mencegah kontaminasi lebih lanjut terhadap air tanah,<ref name="spectrum5" /> namun pada bulan Juli 2016 TEPCO mengungkapkan bahwa dinding es telah gagal menghentikan aliran air tanah mengalir dan bercampur dengan air yang mengandung radioaktif di dalam bangunan reaktor yang rusak, TEPCO juga menambahkan bahwa mereka "secara teknis tidak mampu menghalangi air tanah dengan dinding beku".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/20/national/first-tepco-admits-ice-wall-cant-stop-fukushima-no-1-groundwater/|title=In first, Tepco admits ice wall can't stop Fukushima No. 1 groundwater|last=Otake|first=Tomoko|date=2016-07-20|newspaper=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2017-02-12|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref>
 
== Peninjauan Luas ==
==Referensi==▼
Pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir Fukushima I terdiri dari enam reaktor air mendidih yang didesain oleh [[General Electric]] (GE) dan dikelola oleh Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO). Pada saat [[gempa bumi Tōhoku]] pada tanggal 11 Maret 2011, Reaktor 4, 5 dan 6 ditutup dalam persiapan untuk bahan bakar ulang. [24] Namun, kolam bahan bakar bekas mereka masih perlu didinginkan. [25]
{{reflist|30em|refs=▼
 
Segera setelah gempa, Reaktor penghasil listrik 1, 2 dan 3 secara otomatis mematikan reaksi fisi berkelanjutan mereka dengan memasukkan batang kontrol ke dalam prosedur keselamatan yang diberi mandat secara hukum yang disebut SCRAM, yang menghentikan kondisi normal reaktor. Karena reaktor tidak dapat menghasilkan tenaga untuk menjalankan pompa pendingin mereka sendiri, generator diesel darurat datang dalam garis, seperti yang dirancang, untuk menyalakan sistem elektronik dan pendingin. Ini dioperasikan secara nominal sampai tsunami menghancurkan generator untuk reaktor 1-5. Dua generator yang mendinginkan Reaktor 6 tidak rusak dan cukup untuk diperbaiki untuk mendinginkan Reaktor tetangga 5 bersama dengan reaktor mereka sendiri, mencegah masalah terlalu panas yang dialami Reaktor 4. [25]
<ref name=IAEA15March>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima150311.html |title=Fukushima nuclear accident update log, updates of 15&nbsp;March&nbsp;2011 |work=IAEA |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref>▼
 
Gelombang [[tsunami]] terbesar adalah 13 meter dan mencapai 50 menit setelah gempa awal, yang luar biasa dari permukaan laut tanaman, yang tingginya 10 m. [6] Saat dampaknya direkam oleh [[kamera]]. [26] [[Air]] dengan cepat membanjiri kamar rendah tempat generator darurat dipasang. [27] Generator diesel yang banjir gagal segera setelah itu, mengakibatkan hilangnya daya ke pompa air pendingin kritis. Pompa ini diperlukan untuk terus mengedarkan air pendingin melalui reaktor Generasi II selama beberapa hari untuk menjaga agar batang bahan bakar tidak mencair, karena batang bahan bakar terus menghasilkan panas peluruhan setelah peristiwa SCRAM. Batang bahan bakar akan menjadi cukup panas untuk dicairkan selama periode waktu pembusukan bahan bakar jika tersedia heat sink yang memadai. Setelah pompa darurat sekunder (dijalankan oleh baterai listrik cadangan) habis, satu hari setelah tsunami, 12 Maret, [28] pompa air berhenti dan reaktor mulai terlalu panas. Pendinginan yang tidak memadai akhirnya menyebabkan kehancuran pada Reaktor 1, 2, dan 3, dimana corium yang dihasilkan diyakini telah meleleh melalui bagian bawah setiap bejana bertekanan reaktor.
 
Sementara itu, ketika para pekerja berjuang untuk memasok [[listrik]] ke sistem pendingin reaktor dan mengembalikan daya ke ruang kendali mereka, sejumlah ledakan kimia hidrogen-air terjadi, yang pertama di Unit 1, pada 12 Maret dan yang terakhir di Unit 4, pada tanggal 15 Maret [28] [29] [30] Diperkirakan reaksi air liur [[aluminium]] [[zirkonium]] panas di Reaktor 1-3 menghasilkan 800 sampai 1000 kilogram gas hidrogen. Gas bertekanan dilepaskan dari bejana bertekanan reaktor dimana dicampur dengan udara ambien, dan akhirnya mencapai batas konsentrasi eksplosif pada Unit 1 dan 3. Karena hubungan pipa antara Unit 3 dan 4, atau sebagai alternatif dari reaksi yang sama yang terjadi pada penghabisan bahan bakar di Unit 4 sendiri, [31] Unit 4 juga diisi dengan hidrogen, menghasilkan ledakan. Dalam setiap kasus, ledakan hidrogen-udara terjadi di bagian atas setiap unit, yang berada di bangunan penahan sekunder bagian atas. [32] [33]
 
Tidak ada korban jiwa yang terkait dengan paparan berlebih jangka pendek terhadap radiasi yang dilaporkan karena kecelakaan [[Fukushima]], sementara sekitar 18.500 orang meninggal akibat gempa dan [[tsunami]]. Perkiraan kematian dan morbiditas kanker maksimum menurut teori Linear no-threshold adalah 1.500 dan 1.800 namun dengan estimasi yang paling rendah, dalam kisaran beberapa ratus. [34] Selain itu, tingkat tekanan psikologis di antara orang-orang yang dievakuasi meningkat lima kali lipat dibandingkan dengan rata-rata orang [[Jepang]] karena pengalaman bencana dan evakuasi. [35]
 
Pada tahun 2013, [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) mengindikasikan bahwa penduduk daerah yang dievakuasi terkena radiasi dalam jumlah rendah dan dampak kesehatan akibat radiasi cenderung rendah. [36] [37] Secara khusus, laporan WHO 2013 memprediksi bahwa untuk anak perempuan yang dievakuasi, risiko seumur hidup 0,75% pra-kecelakaan untuk mengembangkan kanker tiroid dihitung meningkat menjadi 1,25% dengan terpajan radioiodin, dan peningkatannya sedikit kurang untuk laki-laki. Risiko dari sejumlah kanker akibat radiasi tambahan juga diperkirakan akan meningkat karena paparan yang disebabkan oleh produk fisi titik didih lainnya yang dilepaskan oleh kegagalan keamanan. Peningkatan terbesar adalah untuk [[kanker tiroid]], tetapi secara keseluruhan, risiko seumur hidup 1% lebih tinggi untuk mengembangkan kanker pada semua jenis, diperkirakan untuk bayi perempuan, dengan risiko sedikit lebih rendah untuk laki-laki, membuat kedua radiasi paling sensitif Kelompok. [37] Seiring dengan kandungan di dalam rahim, yang diprediksi WHO, tergantung pada jenis kelamin mereka, memiliki tingkat risiko yang sama seperti kelompok bayi. [38]
 
▲== Referensi ==
▲{{reflist|30em|refs=
<!--
▲<ref name=IAEA15March>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima150311.html |title=Fukushima nuclear accident update log, updates of 15&nbsp;March&nbsp;2011 |work=IAEA |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=8 May 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="ktvz.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ktvz.com/news/28143212/detail.html |title=Japan: 3 nuclear reactors melted down – News Story – KTVZ Bend |work=Ktvz.com |date=6 June 2011 |accessdate=13 July 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=calamity>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/containing-a-calamity-creates-another-nuclear-nightmare-20110408-1d7qn.html |title=Containing a calamity creates another nuclear nightmare |author=Julie Makinen, Ralph Vartabedian |date=9 April 2011 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref>
 
<ref name="NewScie2">{{cite web |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20305-caesium-fallout-from-fukushima-rivals-chernobyl.html |title= Caesium fallout from Fukushima rivals Chernobyl |work=New Scientist |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xZGE47q4 |archivedate=30 March 2011 |accessdate=30 March 2011 | deadurl = no }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Japan Times 2-6 sieverts detected">{{cite web|title=Level of iodine-131 in seawater off chart|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110326x1.html|work=Japan Times|accessdate=27 March 2011|coauthors=Kanako Takahara and Kazuaki Nagata|date=26 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Hackenbroch>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,754868,00.html |title=A hapless Fukushima clean-up effort |author=Veronika Hackenbroch, Cordula Meyer and Thilo Thielke |date=5 April 2011 |work=Der Spiegel}}</ref>
 
<ref name=brady>{{Cite book|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qEuWntnoZzYC&pg=PA123|work=[[United States Department of Commerce]], [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|National Bureau of Standards]]|first = A. Gerald|last = Brady|editor = Ellingwood, Bruce|year= 1980|page = 123|title= An Investigation of the Miyagi-ken-oki, Japan, earthquake of June&nbsp;12,&nbsp;1978|volume = 592|series = NBS special publication}}</ref>
 
<ref name=tepco0401>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11040103-e.html|title=The record of the earthquake intensity observed at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station and Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Station (Interim Report)|work=TEPCO|date=1 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=WWN24>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Fukushima_faced_14-metre_tsunami_2303113.html|title=Fukushima faced 14-metre tsunami|date=24 March 2011|work=[[World Nuclear News]]|accessdate=24 March 2011}}</ref>
Baris 57 ⟶ 61:
<ref name="Meltdown101">{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0316/Meltdown-101-Why-is-Fukushima-crisis-still-out-of-control|title=Meltdown 101: Why is Fukushima crisis still out of control?|accessdate=27 March 2011|author=Grier, Peter|date=16 March 2011|work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref>
 
<ref name="nytimes2">{{cite news|author=Mike Soraghan|agency = Greenwire |url=http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/03/24/24greenwire-japan-disaster-raises-questions-about-backup-p-16451.html |title=Japan disaster raises questions about backup power at US nuclear plants |work=The New York Times |date=24 March 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=pcsr-09-06-29>[http://www.epr-reactor.co.uk/ssmod/liblocal/docs/PCSR/Chapter%20%209%20-%20Auxiliary%20Systems/Sub-Chapter%209.2%20-%20Water%20Systems.pdf Pre-construction safety report – Sub-chapter 9.2 – Water Systems.] AREVA NP / EDF, published 2009-06-29, Retrieved 23 March 2011.</ref>
 
<ref name="Earthquake.usgs.gov">{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/ |title=Magnitude 9.0 – near the East coast of Honshu, Japan|work=Earthquake.usgs.gov |accessdate=17 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=wl>{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-iaea-japan-nuclear-quake-wikileaks.html |title=IAEA warned Japan over nuclear quake risk: WikiLeaks |work=physorg.com |accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=tepco12a>{{Cite press release |title= Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 0AM March 12th )|url= http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031203-e.html|work=TEPCO|date=12 March 2011|accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=tepco11a>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031102-e.html|title=Occurrence of a specific incident stipulated in Article 10, Clause 1 of the Act on "Special measures concerning nuclear emergency preparedness (Fukushima Daiichi)"|work=TEPCO|date=11 March 2011|accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="yomiuri.co.jp">[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110411004567.htm TEPCO tardy on N-plant emergency: National: Daily Yomiuri Online (The Daily Yomiuri)]. Yomiuri.co.jp (12 April 2011). Retrieved 30 April 2011.</ref>
 
<ref name="NISASummary060411">{{cite web|url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110406-1-1.pdf |title=The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Pacific Earthquake and the seismic damage to the NPPs. |format=PDF |accessdate=13 July 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="google.com">{{cite web|author=Eric Talmadge |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=13982317#.T9WqgFLT7NA |title=AP: First 24 hours shaped Japan nuke crisis |work=Google.com |date=1 July 2011 |accessdate=13 July 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=WNN>{{Cite news|title=Massive earthquake hits Japan|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Massive_earthquake_hits_Japan_1103111.html| accessdate=13 March 2011|newspaper=[[World Nuclear News]]|date=11 March 2011}}; {{cite web|title=Japan earthquake update (2030 CET)|url=http://www.iaea.org/press/?p=1121|work=IAEA Alert Log|work=[[International Atomic Energy Agency]]|date=11 March 2011|accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="bwokada">{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-03-11/japan-orders-evacuation-from-near-nuclear-plant-after-quake.html |title=Japan Orders Evacuation From Near Nuclear Plant After Quake |author=Inajima, Tsuyoshi |author2=Okada, Yuji |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nytimesWilson>David Sanger and Matthew Wald, [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/japan-fukushima-nuclear-reactor.html Radioactive releases in Japan could last months, experts say.] ''The New York Times'' 13 March 2011</ref>
 
<ref name=tepco11b>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031103-e.html|title=TEPCO press release 3|work=Tepco|date=11 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO12-3:00>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031203-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 0 am 12 March) |work=TEPCO |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=WNN1>{{Cite news|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Battle_to_stabilise_earthquake_reactors_1203111.html |title=Battle to stabilise earthquake reactors |author=World Nuclear News |work=World Nuclear News |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO12-3:11>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031217-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 11 am March&nbsp;12th&nbsp;) |work=TEPCO |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO12-3:13>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031219-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 1 pm 12 March) |work=TEPCO |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO-7AM>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031211-e.html |title=Impact to TEPCO's Facilities due to Miyagiken-Oki Earthquake (as of 7 am) |work=TEPCO News website |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="IAEAtsunami1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html|title=IAEA Update on Japan Earthquake|quote=As reported earlier, a 400 millisieverts (mSv) per hour radiation dose observed at Fukushima Daiichi occurred between 1s 3 and 4. This is a high dose-level value, but it is a local value at a single location and at a certain point in time. The IAEA continues to confirm the evolution and value of this dose rate. It should be noted that because of this detected value, non-indispensable staff was evacuated from the plant, in line with the Emergency Response Plan, and that the population around the plant is already evacuated.|accessdate=16 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="mccurry13">{{Cite news|author=McCurry, Justin|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/13/japan-second-nuclear-reactor-threat-fukushima |title=Japan nuclear plant faces new threat|work=The Guardian |date=13 March 2011 |accessdate=13 March 2011 |place=London}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO-boundary-radiation>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031224-e.html|title=TEPCO press release 4|work=Tepco|archiveurl=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tepco.co.jp%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fcorp-com%2Frelease%2F11031224-e.html |archivedate=13 March 2011|work=TEPCO News website |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011| deadurl = no }}</ref>
 
<ref name="kyodonews-radiation">{{Cite news|author=Kyodo|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110513050653/http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77515.html|title=Radiation level again tops legal limit at Fukushima No. 1 nuke plant|agency=Kyodo News |date=14 March 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO-boundary-radiation-2>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031224-e.html|title=TEPCO press release 4|work=Tepco|work=TEPCO News website |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=17 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=reuters-20110312-10:37>{{Cite news |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFLDE72B05X20110312|title=Hydrogen may have caused Japan atom blast-industry|author=Fredrik Dahl, Louise Ireland|work=Reuters |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=ReutersSeaWater>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/japan-quake-reactor-idUSTKZ00680620110312 |title=Japan to fill leaking nuke reactor with sea water|date=12 March 2011|work=Reuters|author=Kihara, Leika}}</ref>
 
<ref name="abc3162450">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/12/3162450.htm |title=Explosion at quake-hit nuclear plant |work=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nisa313>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110313-3.pdf |title=Seismic Damage Information(the 19th Release) |date=13 March 2011 |work=[[Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency]] |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nisa29>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110318-2.pdf |title=Seismic Damage Information (the 29th Release) |date=18 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO23-3:23>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11032303-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 11:00 pm 22 Mar) |work=TEPCO |accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=NISA46>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110323-4-1.pdf |title=Seismic Damage Information (the 46th Release) |date=23 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=NISA61>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110330-1-1.pdf |title=Seismic Damage Information (the 61st Release) |date=29 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="cnn-status-0324">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/24/japan.nuclear.status/ |title=Status report: Reactor-by-reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi plant |work=CNN |date=24 March 2011|accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=7746P>{{cite web|url= http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1307247746P.pdf |title= Information on Status of Nuclear Power Plants in Fukushima |work=JAIF |accessdate=22 August 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO25-3:10>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11032515-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant status of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station (as of 10:30 pm 25 Mar) |work=TEPCO |accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=iaea1714>{{cite press release |url=http://www.iaea.org/press/?p=1714 |title=Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident Update (25&nbsp;March,&nbsp;05:15 UTC): IAEA Alert Log: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident |work=Iaea.org |accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=USNavy25>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=59318|title=U.S. Navy to provide 500,000 gallons of fresh water to Fukushima power plant|date=25 March 2011|work=NAVY.mil}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO30-3:20>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11033015-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Status of TEPCO's Facilities and its services after the Tohoku-Taiheiyou-Oki Earthquake(as of 10:00 pm) |work=TEPCO |date=30 March 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="bloomberg.com">[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-27/tokyo-water-radiation-falls-to-zero-for-first-time-since-crisis.html Radiation Readings in Fukushima Reactor Rise to Highest Since Crisis Began], Bloomberg, 27 April 2011</ref>
 
<ref name=110819e2>{{cite press release |url= http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/betu11_e/images/110819e2.pdf |title= Records from March&nbsp;11,&nbsp;2011 to 31&nbsp;July&nbsp;2011 |work=TEPCO |accessdate=22 August 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=576P>{{cite web|url= http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1313897576P.pdf |title= Earthquake Report number 180 |work=JAIF |accessdate=22 August 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO-COVER>{{cite press release |url= http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11102806-e.html |title= Completion of Cover Construction at Reactor Building of Unit 1 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station |work=TEPCO |accessdate=7 November 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="boston.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2011/03/28/elevated_radiation_levels_force_plant_evacuation/ |title=Elevated radiation levels force plant evacuation |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |accessdate=12 April 2011 |first1=Hiroko |last1=Tabuchi |first2=Keith |last2=Bradsher |date=28 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031234-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 11 pm 12 March) |work=TEPCO |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO12-3:20>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031229-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 8 pm 12 March) |work=TEPCO |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO13-3:00>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031307-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 0 pm 13 March) |work=TEPCO |date=13 March 2011 |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=TEPCO319-4>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031905-e.html |title=Press Release &#124; Plant Status of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (as of 0:00 pm 19 Mar) |work=TEPCO |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=NISA38>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110321-3.pdf |title=Seismic Damage Information (the 38th Release) |date=21 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/11031403-e.html|title=TEPCO press release 3|work=Tepco|date=14 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=kyodonews59>{{cite news|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110320225038/http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/77959.html|title=Crisis continues at Fukushima nuclear plant as fuel rods exposed again|agency=Kyodo News |accessdate=23 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=NISA23>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110315-2.pdf |title=Seismic Damage Information (the 23rd Release) |date=14 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=autogenerated8>{{Cite news|author=Hiroko Tabuchi, Keith Bradsher, Matt Wald|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/world/asia/15nuclear.html|title=Japan Faces Prospect of Nuclear Catastrophe as Workers Leave Plant|work=The New York Times |date=14 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nhk>NHK, 15 March 2011.</ref>
 
<ref name="latimes671">{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-reactor-fire-20110316,0,7859671.story |title=Japan earthquake: Fire erupts again at Fukushima Daiichi reactor; nuclears rods damaged at other reactors |work=Los Angeles Times |date=27 February 2011 |accessdate=18 March 2011 |first1=Kenji |last1=Hall |first2=Carol J. |last2=Williams}}</ref>
 
<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/30_25.html |title=Air may be leaking from reactors No. 2 and 3 |work=NHK WORLD English |date=30 March 2011 |accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="guardian-27-error">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/27/japan-nuclear-error-radiation-reading Japanese nuclear firm admits error on radiation reading] ''The Guardian'', 27 March 2011.</ref>
 
<ref name='BBC TEPCO "mistake"'>{{Cite news|author=Worthington, Mark|title=Japan nuclear crisis: Radiation spike report 'mistaken'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12875327|work=BBC |accessdate=27 March 2011|date=27 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Kyodo 100,000k higher">{{cite news|title=Woes deepen over radioactive water at nuke plant, sea contamination|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110327215748/http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/81375.html|agency=Kyodo News Network|accessdate=27 March 2011|date=28 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="a10">{{cite web |url=http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/29_05.html |title=TEPCO faces challenge in cooling reactor |work=.nhk.or.jp |date=29 March 2011 |accessdate=7 April 2011}}{{Dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="online.wsj.com">{{cite news|author=Morse, Andrew |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704471904576229854179642220.html |title=At Japanese nuclear plant, a choice between bad, worse |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=3 February 2011 |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="a11">"Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident Update (27 March, 03:00 UTC)". International Atomic Energy Agency. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</ref>
Baris 181 ⟶ 185:
<ref name="a4">[http://web.archive.org/web/20110511120434/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/30_26.html TEPCO halts work to remove radioactive water], NHK WORLD English (30 March 2011). Retrieved 30 April 2011.</ref>
 
<ref name=WSJCoresDamaged>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703509104576325110776621604.html |title=Cores damaged at three reactors |date=16 May 2011 |author=Mitsuru Obe |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Reactor core melted">{{Cite news|title=Japan may have lost race to save nuclear reactor|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/29/japan-lost-race-save-nuclear-reactor|work=The Guardian |accessdate=30 March 2011|date=29 March 2011|author=Sample, Ian|place=London}}</ref>
 
<ref name=n1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20110427215659/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/27_28.html TEPCO revises nuclear fuel damage ratios], NHK, 27 April 2011</ref>
 
<ref name="BBCConfirmMelt">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13497656 |title=Tepco confirms extra partial fuel rod meltdown at plant |work=BBC |date=24 May 2011 |accessdate=27 May 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Earthuake-report 253">JAIF (2 November 2011) [http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/news_images/pdf/ENGNEWS01_1320208900P.pdf Earthuake-report 253 ]</ref>
 
<ref name=nisa4>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110313-4.pdf |title=Seismic Damage Information(the 20th Release) |date=13 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=WNN2>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Venting_at_Fukushima_Daiichi_3_1303111.html|title=Efforts to manage Fukushima Daiichi 3, update 2|work=[[World Nuclear News]]|date=13 March 2011|accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nisa22>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110314-1.pdf |title=Seismic damage information (the 22nd release) |date=14 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="400_mSv">{{cite news |url=http://www.jiji.com/jc/c?g=soc_30&k=2011031500479 |title=放射線、福島原発で４００ミリシーベルト＝「人体に影響及ぼす可能性」－官房長官 |language=Japanese |work=jiji.com |newspaper=[[jiji press]] |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="400_mSv_CNN">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/14/japan.nuclear.reactors/index.html?hpt=T1 |title=Radiation levels spike at Japanese nuclear plant |work=CNN |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=kyodonews352>{{cite news |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110320224926/http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/03/78352.html|title=Radiation leak feared at spent fuel pool, water injection ordered |agency=Kyodo News |date=15 March 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7feb0aaa-4d3d-11e0-85e4-00144feab49a.html |title=Japan battles to stop nuclear catastrophe |work=Financial Times |accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="msnbc180000flee">{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42056237/ns/world_news-asiapacific/|title=180,000 flee as Japan's nuclear crisis intensifies|accessdate=13 March 2011 |work=MSNBC}}</ref>
 
<ref name= nucnews111>{{cite web |url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Explosion_rocks_third_Fukushima_reactor_1402111.html |title=Second explosion rocks Fukushima Daiichi |work=World-nuclear-news.org |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=bbc608>{{Cite news |author=Black, Richard |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12762608 |title=Surprise 'critical' warning raises nuclear fears |work=BBC |date=16 March 2011 |accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8506488/Underwater-robot-captures-Fukushima-wreckage.html Underwater robot captures Fukushima wreckage], The Telegraph, 11 May 2011</ref>
 
<ref name=nisa26>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110317-1.pdf |title=Seismic damage information (the 26th release) |date=16 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=nisa30>{{cite web |url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110318-3.pdf |title=Seismic Damage Information (the 30th Release) |date=18 March 2011 |work=Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency |accessdate=12 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=n4>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20110510220353/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/10_30.html|title=Radiation high at No.3 reactor pool |work=NHK |date=10 May 2011 |accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="world-nuclear-news.org">{{cite web|title=Spraying continues at Fukushima Daiichi|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS_Spraying_continues_at_Fukushima_Daiichi_1803111.html|accessdate=19 March 2011|date=18 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="en20110412-4">{{cite web|url=http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110412-4.pdf |title=NISA News Release April&nbsp;12,&nbsp;2011 |format=PDF |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=autogenerated14>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/us-japan-quake-rating-idUSTRE72B2FR20110312|title=Japan rates quake less serious than Three Mile Island, Chernobyl|author=Maeda, Risa|date=12 March 2011|work=Reuters |accessdate=12 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=french-level6>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/15/japan-quake-nuclear-france-idUSLDE72E2M920110315 |title=UPDATE 1-French nuclear agency now rates Japan accident at 6 |work=Reuters |date=15 March 2011|accessdate=18 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="finnish">{{cite web |url=http://www.hs.fi/ulkomaat/artikkeli/STUK+Fukushiman+turman+vakavuus+jo+kuutosluokkaa/1135264592277 |title=STUK: Fukushiman turman vakavuus jo kuutosluokkaa |work=Helsingin Sanomat|date=15 March 2011|language=Finnish}}</ref>
 
<ref name="japanlevel6">{{Cite news |url= http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201103250204.html |title=Radiation from Fukushima exceeds Three Mile Island |work=Asahi Shimbun |place=Japan |accessdate=26 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Frank N. von Hippel 27–36">{{cite web |url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/67/5/27.full |title=The radiological and psychological consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi accident |author= Frank N. von Hippel |date= September/October 2011 vol. 67 no. 5 |work= Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |pages= 27–36 }}</ref>
 
<ref name=Aus2>{{citation | title = Stealthy, silent destroyer of DNA | journal = [[The Australian]] | date = 16 March 2011 | first = Adam | last = Cresswell}}</ref>
 
<ref name="newscientist.com">[http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20285-fukushima-radioactive-fallout-nears-chernobyl-levels.html Fukushima radioactive fallout nears Chernobyl levels – 24 March 2011]. New Scientist. Retrieved 30 April 2011.</ref>
Baris 239 ⟶ 243:
<ref name="seattletimes.nwsource.com">Doughton, Sandi. (5 April 2011) [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2014693490_nukemonitors06m.html Local News|Universities come through in monitoring for radiation|Seattle Times Newspaper]. Seattletimes.nwsource.com. Retrieved 30 April 2011.</ref>
 
<ref name="Hiroko Tabuchi">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/19/world/asia/19beef.html |title=Radiation-Tainted Beef Spreads Through Japan's Markets |author=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=18 July 2011 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>
 
<ref name=BBC15>{{cite news|author=Richard Black |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12740843 |title=Japan quake: Radiation rises at Fukushima nuclear plant |work=BBC Online |date= 15 March 2011|accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=Rian15>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20110315/163008635.html |title=Japan's PM urges people to clear 20-km zone around Fukushima NPP (Update-1) |work=RIA Novosti |accessdate=15 March 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name=reuters2011>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/15/nuclear-iaea-safety-idUSLDE77E0F720110815 |title=U.N. atom body wants wider nuclear safety checks |date=15 August 2011 |work=Reuters }}</ref>
 
<ref name=nytaug>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/world/asia/09japan.html |title=Japan Held Nuclear Data, Leaving Evacuees in Peril |author=Norimitsu Onishi |date=8 August 2011 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>
 
<ref name =bellaug>{{cite web |url=http://www.bellona.org/articles/articles_2011/rad_forcasts_ignored |title=Japan ignored its own radiation forecasts in days following disaster, imperiling thousands |author=Charles Digges |date=10 August 2011 |work=Bellona }}</ref>
 
<ref name=evac>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-nuclear-plant-20110326,0,5763742.story|title=Japan steps up nuclear plant precautions; Kan apologizes|date=25 March 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|author=Makinen, Julie}}</ref>
Baris 256 ⟶ 260:
 
<ref name=bb20110916>
{{cite news |title=Japan Plans Floating Wind Power Plant |url=http://www.breakbulk.com/wind-renewables/japan-plans-floating-wind-power-plant |accessdate=12 October 2011 |newspaper=Breakbulk |date=16 September 2011 }}</ref>
-->
 
}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Fukushima I Accidents|Fukushima Daichi nuclear disaster}}
* [http://naiic.go.jp/en/ The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Report website in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119181123/http://naiic.go.jp/en/ |date=2013-01-19 }}
* [http://www.slideshare.net/jikocho/naiic-report-hires Executive summary of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713061847/http://www.slideshare.net/jikocho/naiic-report-hires |date=2012-07-13 }}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18718486 Fukushima report: Key points in nuclear disaster report] - An outline of key quotes, findings and recommendations from the 88-page executive summary of the Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission's report, as provided by the [[BBC]], 5 July 2012
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/japans-nuclear-meltdown/ ''Inside Japan's Nuclear Meltdown''] – PBS Frontline documentation
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fukushima_Aftermath Fukushima Aftermath – Wikibooks, open books for an open world]
* [http://www.tepco.co.jp/nu/f1-np/camera/index-j.html Webcam Fukushima nuclear power plant I, Unit 1 through Unit 4]
* [http://icanps.go.jp/eng/ Investigation Committee on the accidents at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Company] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728023622/http://icanps.go.jp/eng/ |date=2012-07-28 }}
* [http://www.houseoffoust.com/fukushima/blueprint.html Schematic drawing of Unit 1 reactor building]
* [http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/index-e.html TEPCO News Releases], [[Tokyo Electric Power Company]]
* [http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/ NISA Information update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829070907/http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/ |date=2012-08-29 }}, [[Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency]], the nuclear safety authority of Japan
* [http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/ JAIF Information update, Japan Atomic International Forum]
* [http://www.jaea.go.jp/english/ JAEA Information update], [[Japan Atomic Energy Agency]]
* [http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html IAEA Update on Japan Earthquake], [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
* [http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=163 The Future of Nuclear Energy in Japan], Q&A on the earthquake recovery and impact of the nuclear crisis
* [http://www.nbr.org/research/act&Aivity.aspx?id=136 Navigating Fukushima: Lessons from Chernobyl, potential radiation effects, and other health impacts]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.nature.com/news/specials/japanquake/index.html ''Nature Journal'' – Specials: Japan earthquake and nuclear crisis]
* [http://cake.fiu.edu/Fukushima/ TerraFly Timeline Aerial Imagery of Fukushima Nuclear Reactor after 2011 Tsunami and Earthquake]
* [http://www.lensculture.com/mittica-fukushima.html?thisPic=100 Documentary photographs: residential damage within "No Go" Zone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523040356/http://www.lensculture.com/mittica-fukushima.html?thisPic=100 |date=2013-05-23 }}
* [http://onpoint.wbur.org/2012/03/05/lessons-learned-from-fukushima "Lessons From Fukushima"]. On Point. 5 March 2012
* [http://carnegieendowment.org/2012/03/06/why-fukushima-was-preventable/a0i7 Why Fukushima Was Preventable], Carnegie Paper. 6 March 2012
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12726591 In graphics: Fukushima nuclear alert], as provided by the [[BBC]], 9 July 2012
 
[[CategoryKategori:Bencana nuklir Fukushima Daiichi| ]]
[[CategoryKategori:2011 in the environment]]
[[CategoryKategori:2011 industrial disasters]]
[[CategoryKategori:2011 Japanese nuclear incidents and accidents]]
[[CategoryKategori:Civilian nuclear power accidents]]
[[CategoryKategori:Prefektur Fukushima]]
 
[[ar:كارثة فوكوشيما]]
[[be:Аварыя на АЭС Фукусіма I]]
[[be-x-old:Аварыя на АЭС Фукусіма I]]
[[en:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]]
[[bg:Авария на АЕЦ Фукушима I]]
[[ca:Accident nuclear de Fukushima I]]
[[cv:Фукусима-1 АЭС-ĕнчи авари]]
[[cs:Havárie elektrárny Fukušima I]]
[[cy:Trychineb Niwclear Fukushima]]
[[da:Fukushima I-ulykkerne]]
[[de:Nuklearkatastrophe von Fukushima]]
[[et:Fukushima I AEJ tuumaõnnetus]]
[[el:Πυρηνικά ατυχήματα στο σταθμό Φουκουσίμα 1 το 2011]]
[[es:Accidente nuclear de Fukushima I]]
[[fa:حادثه اتمی فوکوشیما ۱]]
[[fr:Accident nucléaire de Fukushima]]
[[gl:Accidentes nucleares de Fukushima I]]
[[ko:후쿠시마 제1원자력 발전소 사고]]
[[it:Disastro di Fukushima Dai-ichi]]
[[he:האסון הגרעיני בפוקושימה]]
[[jv:Kacilakan nuklir Fukushima I]]
[[lv:Fukušimas I AES avārija]]
[[hu:Fukusimai atomerőmű-baleset]]
[[ml:ഫുക്കുഷിമ ആണവ അപകടങ്ങൾ]]
[[ms:Kemalangan nuklear Fukushima I]]
[[nl:Kernramp van Fukushima]]
[[ja:福島第一原子力発電所事故]]
[[no:Fukushima-ulykken]]
[[oc:Accident nuclear de Fukushima 1]]
[[pl:Katastrofa elektrowni jądrowej Fukushima I]]
[[pt:Acidente nuclear de Fukushima I]]
[[ro:Accidentul nuclear de la Fukushima-Daiichi]]
[[ru:Авария на АЭС Фукусима-1]]
[[simple:Fukushima nuclear disaster]]
[[sk:Havária v jadrovej elektrárni Fukušima 1]]
[[sl:Jedrska katastrofa v elektrarni Fukušima-Daiči]]
[[sr:Несрећа у нуклеарној централи Фукушима 1]]
[[sh:Nesreća u nuklearnoj elektrani Fukushima 1]]
[[fi:Fukushima I -voimalan ydinonnettomuudet]]
[[sv:Fukushima-olyckan]]
[[th:อุบัติเหตุนิวเคลียร์ฟุกุชิมะไดอิชิ]]
[[tr:Fukuşima I Nükleer Santrali kazaları]]
[[uk:Аварія на Першій Фукусімській АЕС]]
[[vi:Sự cố nhà máy điện Fukushima I]]
[[zh-yue:福島第一核電廠核災]]
[[zh:福岛第一核电站事故]]
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