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| name = Pembantaian Liepāja
| image = LiepajaLatvia1941.jpg
| caption = MembersPara ofanggota aunit Latvianpertahanan self-defencediri unitLatvia assemblemengumpulkan asekelompok groupwanita ofYahudi Jewishuntuk womendibunuh fordi murdersebuah onpantai a beach neardekat [[Liepāja]], December15 15,Desember 1941.
| AKA = Libau, [[Šķēde]], Shkeede, Skeden
| location = [[Liepāja]], [[Latvia]] anddan vicinitysekitarnya, includingtermasuk [[Priekule, Latvia|Priekule]], [[Aizpute]], anddan [[Grobiņa]]
| date =
| incident_type = ImprisonmentPemenjaraan, masspenembakan shootingsmassal, forcedkerja laborpaksa
| perpetrators = [[Viktors Arājs]], [[Pēteris Galiņš]], [[Fritz Dietrich (Nazipejabat officialNazi)|Fritz Dietrich]], [[Erhard Grauel]], [[Wolfgang Kügler]], [[Hans Kawelmacher]], [[Karl-Emil Strott]]
| participants =
| organizations = [[Kriegsmarine]], [[Einsatzgruppen]], [[Ordnungspolizei]], [[Wehrmacht]], [[Arajs Kommando]], [[LatvianKepolisian AuxiliaryBantu PoliceLatvia]]
| camp =
| ghetto =
| victims = AboutSekitar 5,.000 Jewsorang Yahudi. LesserSejumlah numberskecil oforang GypsiesGipsi, communists andkomunis, thedan mentallyorang illsakit weremental alsojuga killeddibunuh.
| survivors =
| memorials = AtDi Šķēde, LiepājaPermakaman CentralPusat CemeteryLiepāja
| notes =
}}
'''Pembantaian Liepāja''' adalah serangkaian eksekusi massal, kebanyakan publik atau semipublik, di dan dekat kota Liepāja ({{lang-de|Libau}}), di pantai barat [[Latvia]] tahun 1941 setelah [[Front Timur (Perang Dunia II)|pendudukan Nazi di Latvia]]. ThePara mainpelaku perpetratorsutama werekejahatan detachmentsini ofadalah thedetasemen [[Einsatzgruppen]], the [[Sicherheitsdienst]] oratau SD, the [[Ordnungspolizei]], oratau ORPO, anddan [[LatvianKepolisian AuxiliaryBantu PoliceLatvia|Latviankepolisian auxiliarybantu policeLatvia anddan militiapasukan forcesmilisi]]. [[Wehrmacht]] and dan[[Kriegsmarine|GermanAngkatan navalLaut forcesJerman]] participatedturut inserta thedalam shootingspenembakan.{{sfn|Ezergailis|1996|pp=292-3}} InSelain additionorang to JewsYahudi, theNazi Nazisdan andkolaborator theirLatvia Latvian collaboratorsjuga alsomembunuh killedorang GypsiesGipsi, communistskomunis, thedan mentallysakit illmental{{sfn|Ezergailis|1996|pp=292-3}} and so-called "hostages".<ref name="Ezer_286">Ezergailis 1996, pp. 286-7.</ref> InBerbeda contrastdengan tokebanyakan most otherpembunuhan Holocaust murderslainnya indi Latvia, thepembantaian killings atdi Liepāja were donedilakukan indi opentempat placesterbuka.<ref>Ezergailis 1996, p. 33 n.81.</ref> AboutSekitar 5,.000 of thedari 5,.700 Jewsorang trappedYahudi inyang Liepājaterjebak weredi shot, most of them in 1941.<ref name="Ezer_286"/> The killings occurred at a variety of places within and outside of theLiepāja cityditembak, includingkebanyakannya Rainisterjadi Parkpada in the city center, and areas near the harbor, the Olympic Stadium, and the lighthouse. The largest [[massacre]], of 2,731 Jews and 23 communists, occurred in the dunes surrounding the town of [[Šķēde]], north of the city center. This massacre, which was perpetrated on a disused [[Latvian Army]] training ground, was conducted by Nazi and partisan forces from December 15 to 17,tahun 1941.<ref name="Ezer_286"/> More is known about the killing of the Jews of Liepāja than in any other city in Latvia except for Riga.<ref name=Ezer_305n1>Ezergailis 1996, p. 305 n.1.</ref>
 
Pembantaian terjadi di berbagai tempat di dalam dan di luar kota, termasuk Taman Rainis Park di pusat kota, dan daerah-daerah dekat pelabuhan, Stadion Olimpiade, dan mercusuar. [[Pembantaian]] terbesar, terdiri dari 2.731 orang Yahudi dan 23 orang komunis, terjadi di bukit pasir yang mengelilingi kota [[Šķēde]], sebelah utara pusat kota. Pembantaian ini, yang dilakukan di tempat latihan [[Angkatan Darat Latvia]] yang tidak digunakan, dilakukan oleh pasukan Nazi dan partisan dari tanggal 15 hingga 17 Desember 1941.<ref name="Ezer_286"/> Lebih banyak diketahui tentang pembantaian orang-orang Yahudi di Liepāja daripada di kota lain di Latvia kecuali di Riga.<ref name=Ezer_305n1>Ezergailis 1996, p. 305 n.1.</ref>
 
== Invasi Jerman ==
[[Liepāja]] menjadi sasaran Nazi karena merupakan sebuah kota yang sangat penting. Kota tersebut merupakan pangkalan angkatan laut dan juga merupakan pelabuhan internasional yang penting. Pada dasarnya, penduduknya dicurigai lebih bersimpati pada komunisme.<ref name=Ezer_286/> Tentara Jerman merencanakan untuk merebut kota tersebut pada hari pertama perang, Minggu, 22 Juni 1941. Serangan terhadap Liepāja dipimpin oleh [[Divisi Infanteri ke-291 (Wehrmacht)|Divisi Infanteri ke-291]].<ref name = USHMM_Liepaja>"Liepāja", pending article, ''Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos''</ref> Perlawanan yang tangguh oleh [[Tentara Merah]] dan pasukan Soviet lainnya mencegah pasukan Jerman memasuki kota hingga tanggal 29 Juni 1941, dan perlawanan, termasuk tembakan penembak jitu, berlanjut di dalam kota selama beberapa hari setelahnya.<ref name=Ezer_286/> Kota ini rusak parah dalam pertempuran dan api membakar selama berhari-hari.<ref name=Ezer_286/>
 
== Penembakan dimulai ==
Di [[Latvia]], [[Holocaust]] dimulai pada malam 23 Juni hingga 24 Juni 1941, ketika di [[Grobiņa]], sebuah kota dekat [[Liepāja]], para anggota [[Sonderkommando 1a]] membunuh enam orang Yahudi lokal, termasuk ahli kimia kota tersebut, di perkuburan gereja.{{sfn|Ezergailis|1996|pp=211-2.}} Begitu Liepāja sendiri jatuh pada 29 Juni 1941, "perburuan orang-orang Yahudi dimulai pada jam-jam pertama pendudukan."<ref>Ezergailis 1996, p. 286.</ref> Profesor Ezergailis memperkirakan bahwa sekitar 5.700 orang Yahudi di Liepāja dan distrik sekitarnya jatuh ke tangan pasukan Jerman.<ref name="Ezer_286"/>
 
Pada 29 Juni dan 30 Juni 1941, terjadi penembakan acak terhadap orang-orang Yahudi di Liepāja oleh tentara Jerman.{{sfn|Anders|Dubrovskis|2003|pp=127-8}} Sekitar 99 orang Yahudi (plus atau minus 30) tewas dalam penembakan-penembakan ini.{{sfn|Anders|Dubrovskis|2003|pp=127-8}}
 
== Catatan ==
Baris 28 ⟶ 38:
* [http://www.lu.lv/studiju-centri/jsc/pilsetas/zemgale/kurzeme_zemgale.html Dribin, Leo, ''Kurzeme's and Zemgale's Jews'', University of Latvia website]
* {{cite book |last=Ezergailis |first=Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Ezergailis |year=1996 |title=The Holocaust in Latvia 1941–1944 The Missing Center |location=Riga |publisher=Historical Institute of Latvia in association with [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|USHMM]] |isbn=978-9984905433 |ref=harv }}
* Haggith, Toby, and Newman, Joanna, ''Holocaust and the Moving Image: Representations in Film and Television since 1933'', London ; New York : Wallflower, 2005 {{ISBN|1-904764-52-5}}
* [[Ian Hancock|Hancock, Ian]], "Genocide of the Roma in the Holocaust", Excerpted from Charny, Israel, W., ''Encyclopedia of Genocide'' (1997) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026170046/http://geocities.com/~patrin/genocide.htm |date=October 26, 2009 |title=available on-line at the Patrin Web Journal }}
* [[Raul Hilberg|Hilberg, Raul]], ''The destruction of the European Jews'', (3d ed.) New Haven, Connecticut ; London : [[Yale University Press]] 2003 {{ISBN|0-300-09592-9}}
* [http://www.jews.lv/en/about_us/council_of_the_jewish_communities_of_latvia/jelgava_jewish_community/ Jewish community of Latvia website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905044937/http://www.jews.lv/en/about_us/council_of_the_jewish_communities_of_latvia/jelgava_jewish_community/ |date=2009-09-05 }}
* Kaufmann, Max, ''Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands'' (''The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia''), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as [https://web.archive.org/web/20110207131230/http://jewsoflatvia.com/ Churbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia]
* {{cite book |last1=Klee |first1=Ernst |last2=Dressen |first2=Willi |last3=Riess |first3=Volker |year=1991 |title=The Good Old Days - The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029174258 |others=(translation by Deborah Burnstone) |location=New York |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=0-02-917425-2 |ref=harv }}
* [http://www.liepajajews.org/LGhetto.pdf "Liepāja", article to be published in ''Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos'', Vol. 2, by U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum]
* Lewy, Guenter, ''The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies'', [[Oxford University Press]] 2000 {{ISBN|0-19-512556-8}}
* Lumans, Valdis O., ''Latvia in World War II'', Fordham University Press, New York, 2006 {{ISBN|0-8232-2627-1}}
* Niewyk, Donald L., and Nicosia, Francis R., ''The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust'', New York : [[Columbia University Press]], 2003
* Roseman, Mark, ''The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution—A Reconsideration'', Holt, New York, 2002 {{ISBN|0-8050-6810-4}}
* Schneider, Gertrude, ''Muted voices : Jewish survivors of Latvia remember'', New York : Philosophical Library, 1987.
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first=Gertrude |year=1995 |title=Exile and Destruction: the fate of Austrian Jews, 1938–1945 |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0275951399 |ref=harv }}
* Struk, Janina, ''Photographing the Holocaust—Interpreting the Evidence'', London ; New York : I.B. Tauris, 2004 {{ISBN|1-86064-546-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Vestermann |first=Aaron |year=1987 |chapter=Survival in a Libau Bunker |editor-last=Schneider |editor-first=Gertrude |title=Muted Voices: Jewish Survivors of Latvia Remember |publisher=Philosophical Library |isbn=978-0802225368 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Vestermanis|first=Margers|year=2000 |chapter=Local Headquarters Liepaja: Two Months of German Occupation in the Summer of 1941 |editor1-last=Heer |editor1-first=Hannes |editor2-last=Nauman |editor2-first=Klaus |editor3-last=Shelton |editor3-first=Roy |title=War of extermination : the German military in World War II, 1941-1944 |location=New York |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1571812322 |pp=219–236 |ref=harv }}
Baris 57 ⟶ 67:
== Pranala luar ==
* {{commons category-inline|The Holocaust in Latvia}}
* [http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/4641/4661/4668/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Holocaust Education, Research and Remembrance in Latvia, 16 Sept 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716094459/http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/4641/4661/4668/ |date=2011-07-16 }}
* {{lv icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090123111839/http://old.lnb.lv/digitala_biblioteka/Laikraksti/KurzemesVards/index.htm ''Kurzemes Vārds''] (website of National Library of Latvia, includes chronologically indexed digital copies of Liepāja newspaper published under Nazi control during occupation of Latvia from 1941 to 1944.)
* [http://avaslan.net/The-killing-fields-of-Skede The Killing Fields of Skede] (Website includes modern images of: the beach at Šķēde; the Women's Prison in Libau; the Soviet memorial; and the 2005 memorial and dedication ceremony)
Baris 69 ⟶ 79:
[[Kategori:Pembunuhan massal tahun 1941]]
[[Kategori:Pembantaian dan pogrom holocaust di Latvia]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah orang Rom selama Perang Dunia II]]
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