Suku Rohingya: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group
| native_name = <!-- Ruáingga --><!-- Sepertinya itu nama bahasa Rohingya, jadi dicomment sampai dapat dipastikan artinya --><br/>
{{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[bahasa Rohingya|Rohingya]]: |data1= {{Script|Rohg|𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝}} ([[aksara Rohingya Hanif|Hanif]]){{br}} ﺭُﺍَࣺﻳﻨڠَ (Arab Rohingya)
| rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[bahasa Burma|Burma]]:|data2={{Lang|my|ရိုဟင်ဂျာ}}
}}
| image = Displaced Rohingya people in Rakhine State (8280610831) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pengungsi Rohingya di negara bagian [[Rakhine]].
| population = 1.547.778<ref name="Mahmood, Wroe, Fuller, Leaning 2016">{{cite journal |author1=Mahmood |author2=Wroe |author3=Fuller |author4=Leaning| title= The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity | journal=Lancet | year=2016 | volume= | pages=1–10| url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00646-2/abstract | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00646-2 | pmid= 27916235 | issue=}}</ref>–2.000.000+<ref>{{cite book|author1=David Mathieson|title=Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya Take to the Seas|date=2009|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|isbn=9781564324856|page=3}}</ref>
| regions = [[Myanmar]] ([[Negara Bagian Rakhine]]), [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Thailand]]
| region1 = {{flag|Myanmar}}
| pop1 = 1,0<ref name="Ponniah">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168917|title=Who will help Myanmar's Rohingya? |author=Kevin Ponniah|date=5 December 2016|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>–1,3 juta<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33007536|title=Will anyone help the Rohingya people?|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://ash.harvard.edu/files/a_fatal_distraction_from_federalism_religious_conflict_in_rakhine_10-20-2014_rev_6-26-15.pdf|title=Fatal Distraction from Federalism: Religious Conflict in Rakhine|date=June 2015|publisher=Harvard Ash Center|last=Dapice|first=David}}</ref><ref name="AsianHistory">{{cite web|url=http://asianhistory.about.com/od/Asian_History_Terms_N_Q/g/Who-Are-The-Rohingya.htm|title=Who Are the Rohingya?|publisher=About Education|year=2014|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118161625/http://asianhistory.about.com/od/Asian_History_Terms_N_Q/g/Who-Are-The-Rohingya.htm|archivedate=18 November 2012}}</ref> (sebelum [[Penindasan terhadap Rohingya di Myanmar 2016–2017|krisis 2016–2017]])
|
| pop2 = 900.000+ (bertambah paling sedikit 400.000 sejak 25 Agustus 2017)
| ref2 = <ref>http://www.thedailystar.net/world/rohingya-crisis/400000-rohingyas-myanmar-arrive-bangladesh-august-25-unicef-1462066</ref><ref>http://www.thedailystar.net/world/myanmar-rohingya-refugee-crisis-1%2C000-killed-Myanmar-%20violence-%20un-rapporteur-1459426</ref>
|
| pop4 = 200.000
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200305 |title=Homeless In Karachi | Owais Tohid, Arshad Mahmud |publisher=Outlook India |date=29 November 1995 |accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs/SRI-rohingya.htm |title=Box 5925 Annapolis, MD 21403 info@srintl |publisher=Burmalibrary.org |date= |accessdate=18 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="huffington">{{cite news | author=Derek Henry Flood | title=From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/derek-henry-flood/from-south-to-south-refug_b_100387.html |publisher=The Huffington Post | date=31 December 1969 | accessdate=11 February 2015 }}</ref>
|
| pop5 = 100.000
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite news|last=Husain|first=Irfan|title=Karma and killings in Myanmar|url=http://dawn.com/2012/07/30/karma-and-killings-in-myanmar/|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=30 July 2012|accessdate=10 August 2012}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| pop6 = 40.070
| ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org.my/About_Us-@-Figures_At_A_Glance.aspx|title=Figure At A Glance|publisher=[[Malaysia and the United Nations|UNHCR Malaysia]]|year=2014|accessdate=30 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230060328/http://www.unhcr.org.my/About_Us-%40-Figures_At_A_Glance.aspx|archivedate=30 December 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flag|India}}
| pop7 = 40.000 (pada 2017 sebagai pengungsi dari Myanmar)
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite news|title=India in talks with Myanmar, Bangladesh to deport 40,000 Rohingya|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-india-idUSKBN1AR0MH|accessdate=17 August 2017|work=Reuters|date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to deport thousands of Rohingya refugees|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/india-plans-deport-thousands-rohingya-refugees-170814110027809.html|accessdate=17 August 2017|work=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>
|
| pop8 = 12.000+ (pada 2017 sebagai pengungsi dari Myanmar)
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-myanmar-refugees/myanmar-refugees-including-muslim-rohingya-outpace-syrian-arrivals-in-u-s-idUSKCN11Q2LK|title=Myanmar refugees, including Muslim Rohingya, outpace Syrian arrivals in U.S.|language=English|author=Timothy Mclaughlin|publisher=Reuters|date=20 September 2016|accessdate=3 September 2017|deadurl=no}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| pop9 = 2.000+ (2023)
| ref9 = <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=Republika|title=ratusan-muslim-rohingya-kembali-terdampar-di-aceh|url=https://www.republika.id/posts/48700/ratusan-muslim-rohingya-kembali-terdampar-di-aceh|website=nasional|language=id-ID|access-date=2023-12-07}}</ref>
| region10 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop10 = 200 (pada 2017 sebagai pengungsi dari Myanmar)
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/43651/over-200-rohingya-settle-illegally-in-capital.html |title=200 Rohingya Refugees are not being accepted as Refugees and the Nepali Government considers them illegal migrants |quote=An estimated 36,000 Rohingya Refugess living in India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604182045/http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/43651/over-200-rohingya-settle-illegally-in-capital.html |archivedate=4 June 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| languages = [[Bahasa Rohingya|Rohingya]]
| religions = Mayoritas [[Islam]], minoritas kecil [[Hindu]]
| related-c =
| related = [[Bangsa Indo-Arya]], [[Suku Bengali|Bengali]], [[Suku Sylheti|Sylheti]]
}}
{{Rohingya}}
[[Berkas:Cox's Bazaar Refugee Camp (8539828824).jpg|jmpl|250px|[[Kamp pengungsi Kutupalong]] di [[Cox's Bazar]], Bangladesh.]]
'''Rohingya''' ({{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|ˈ|h|ɪ|n|dʒ|ə|,_|-|ɪ|ŋ|j|ə}}; [[Bahasa Rohingya|Rohingya]]: {{Script|Rohg|𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝}}, {{IPA|rhg|rʊˈɜi̯ɲ.ɟə|IPA}}) adalah sebuah kelompok etnis [[Bangsa Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]] dari [[Negara Bagian Rakhine|Rakhine]] (juga dikenal sebagai [[Arakan]], atau Rohang dalam bahasa Rohingya) di [[Myanmar]]. Sebelum
Rohingya menganggap bahwa mereka adalah pemukim asli dari Myanmar bagian barat dengan sejarah selama lebih dari satu milenium dengan pengaruh dari Arab, Munghal, dan Portugis. Rohingya mengklaim bahwa Rohingya adalah keturunan dari pemukim dari masa pra-kolonial dan kolonial Arakan. Secara historis, wilayah tersebut terdapat kerajaan yang independen antara Asia Tenggara dengan India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Partha S.|date=2016|title=Migrants, refugees and stateless in South Asia|location=Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-93-5150-855-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Minar|first=Sarwar J.|last2=Halim|first2=Abdul|date=2020|title=The Rohingyas of Rakhine State: Social Evolution and History in the Light of Ethnic Nationalism|url=https://www.sociostudies.org/journal/articles/2759620/|journal=Social Evolution & History|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.30884/seh/2020.02.06}}</ref> Pemerintah Myanmar menganggap Rohingya sebagai imigran yang datang dari [[Chittagong]] di Bangladesh pada masa kolonial Inggris. Pemerintah Myanmar berargumen bahwa populasi Muslim yang sudah ada dari masa prakolonial diakui sebagai etnis Kaman, dan bahwa etnis Rohingya menyamakan sejarah mereka dengan sejarah Muslim Arakan secara umum untuk memajukan agenda separatisnya.<ref>{{Cite book|date=2020-12-10|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1d5nm3z.52|title=Burma, the Rohingyas and Australia (10:23 AEDT, 8 October 2012)|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=978-1-76046-405-9|pages=189–192}}</ref> Selain itu, pemerintah Myanmar tidak mengakui istilah "Rohingya" dan melabeli komunitas tersebut sebagai etnis [[Benggala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jared|first=Ferrie|date=2013-06-02|title=Why Myanmar's Rohingya are forced to say they are Bengali|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0602/Why-Myanmar-s-Rohingya-are-forced-to-say-they-are-Bengali|website=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>
Baris 49 ⟶ 59:
Istilah modern Rohingya muncul dari istilah kolonial dan pra-kolonial ''Rooinga'' dan ''Rwangya''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/FCO-1952-12-31-The_Mujahid_Revolt_in_Arakan-en-red.pdf |title=The Mujahid revolt in Arakan|website=www.burmalibrary.org |access-date=8 January 2020|date=31 December 1952}}</ref> Orang Rohingya menyebut diri mereka sebagai ''Ruáingga'' {{IPA|/ɾuájŋɡa/}}. Dalam bahasa Burma mereka dikenal sebagai ''rui hang gya'' (mengikuti Sistem Transkripsi MLC) ({{lang-my|ရိုဟင်ဂျာ}} {{IPA|/ɹòhɪ̀ɴd͡ʑà/}}) sedangkan dalam bahasa Bengali mereka disebut ''Rohingga'' ({{lang-bn|রোহিঙ্গা}} {{IPA|/ɹohiŋɡa/}}). Istilah "Rohingya" mungkin berasal dari Rakhanga atau Roshanga, kata untuk [[Negara Bagian Rakhine|negara bagian Arakan]]. Kata ''Rohingya'' kemudian berarti "penduduk Rohang", yang merupakan nama Muslim awal untuk Arakan.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/7857480|title=Forced migration of Rohingya: the untold experience|first1=Mohshin|last1=Habib|first2=Christine|last2=Jubb|first3=Salahuddin|last3=Ahmad|first4=Masudur|last4=Rahman|first5=Henri|last5=Pallard|date=18 July 2018|publisher=Ontario International Development Agency, Canada|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|isbn=9780986681516}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/275016;jsessionid=7C5F9903ED0D23A031507806D08686D8?redirectedFrom=Rohingya#eid |title=Rohingya etymology at Oxford Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/jacques-leider.pdf|title=Rohingya: A historical and linguistic note |date=26 August 2012 |access-date=9 February 2015 |website=Network Myanmar |last=Leider |first=Jacques P. }}</ref><ref name="Minar">{{Cite web|last1=Minar|first1=Sarwar J.|last2=Halim|first2=Abdul|title=Rohingya: Etymology, people and identity {{!}} The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh|url=http://dailyasianage.com/news/187981/?regenerate|access-date=2022-02-17|website=The Asian Age|language=en}}</ref>
Penggunaan istilah ''Rohingya'' telah didokumentasikan secara historis sebelum [[British Raj]]. Pada tahun 1799, Francis Buchanan menulis sebuah artikel berjudul ''"A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages
Pada tahun 1936, ketika Burma masih berada di bawah British Burma, "''Rohingya Jam'iyyat al Ulama''" didirikan di Arakan.<ref name="Leider-2012-note">{{cite web |url=http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/jacques-leider.pdf |title=" Rohingya " A historical and linguistic note |last=Leider |first=Jacques P. |date=26 August 2012 |website=Network Myanmar |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429193644/http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/jacques-leider.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Leider-2012-presentation-slide23">{{cite web |url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Jacques-P-Leider-2012-The_Muslims_in_Rakhine_and_the_political_project_of_the_Rohingyas-en.pdf#page=23 |title="The Muslims in Rakhine and the political project of the Rohingyas": Historical background of an unresolved communal conflict in contemporary Myanmar |last=Leider |first= Jacques P. |date=18 October 2012 |website=Online Burma/Myanmar Library |location=Yangon |at=slide 23 |type= presentation slides |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015125701/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Jacques-P-Leider-2012-The_Muslims_in_Rakhine_and_the_political_project_of_the_Rohingyas-en.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>{{refn |group=note |In a subsequent article, the same author notes the creation of an association of Muslim teachers in 1936 called "''JamiyatRohingyaUlema''"{{Sfn|Leider|2013|p=234}} or "''Jamiyat Rohingya Ulema''".<ref name="Leider-2014-p16">{{cite book |last=Leider |first=Jacques P. |date=28 January 2014 |chapter=Rohingya: The name. The movement. The quest for identity. |chapter-url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Jacques-P-Leider-2014-01-28-Rohingya-The_Name-The_movement-The_quest_for_identity-en.pdf#page=17 |chapter-format=PDF |title=Nation Building in Myanmar |publisher=Myanmar Egress and the Myanmar Peace Center; Network Myanmar |page=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015130220/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Jacques-P-Leider-2014-01-28-Rohingya-The_Name-The_movement-The_quest_for_identity-en.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> This may be a different translation for the name of the same organisation.}}
Baris 57 ⟶ 67:
Pemerintahan Perdana Menteri [[U Nu]], ketika Burma merupakan negara demokrasi dari tahun 1948 hingga 1962, menggunakan istilah "Rohingya" dalam pidato radio sebagai bagian dari upaya pembangunan perdamaian di Wilayah Perbatasan Mayu.<ref name=WaPo>{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Taylor |title=The battle over the word 'Rohingya' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/29/the-battle-over-the-word-rohingya/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Istilah ini disiarkan di radio Burma dan digunakan dalam pidato para penguasa Burma.<ref name="Ghosh2016">{{cite book |first=Partha S. |last=Ghosh |title=Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X242DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |date=23 May 2016 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-93-5150-855-7 |page=161}}</ref> Laporan [[UNHCR]] mengenai pengungsi yang disebabkan oleh Operasi Raja Naga menyebut para korban sebagai "Muslim Bengali (disebut Rohingya)".<ref name=jl-212-213>Leider 2013: 212–213</ref> Namun demikian, istilah Rohingya baru digunakan secara luas pada tahun 1990an.<ref name=WaPo /><ref name=jl-212-213 /><ref name=jl-216>Leider 2013: 216</ref>
Saat ini penggunaan nama "Rohingya" terpolarisasi. Pemerintah Myanmar menolak menggunakan nama tersebut.<ref name=WaPo /> Pada sensus tahun 2014, pemerintah Myanmar memaksa etnis Rohingya untuk mengidentifikasi diri mereka sebagai "Bengali".<ref name=TimeRohingya>{{cite magazine |title=Why Burma is trying to stop people from using the name of its persecuted Muslim minority |url=http://time.com/4322396/burma-myanmar-rohingya-us-embassy-suu-kyi/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |first=Feliz |last= Solomon |date=9 May 2016 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref> Banyak orang Rohingya menganggap penolakan terhadap nama mereka sama dengan penolakan terhadap hak-hak dasar mereka,<ref name=jl-211>Leider 2013: 211</ref> dan Pelapor Khusus PBB untuk hak asasi manusia di Myanmar telah sepakat.
== Agama ==
[[File:ROHINGYA (8093615213).jpg|right|thumb|Anak yatim piatu Rohingya di Madrasah Hashimiah di Pusat Bandar Utara Selayang, [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]]]
Mayoritas orang Rohingya menganut agama [[Islam]] dengan minoritas beragama [[Agama Hindu|Hindu]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haque|first=Nicolas|date=2017-09-21|title=Rohingya Hindus now face uncertainty in Myanmar|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2017/9/21/rohingya-hindus-now-face-uncertainty-in-myanmar|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref> dan [[Kekristenan|Kristen]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yacoob|first=Mohammed|date=2022-06-24|title=Religious conversions hits Rohingya camp in Bengaluru|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/jun/24/religious-conversionshits-rohingya-camp-in-bengaluru-2469108.html|website=New Indian Express|access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>. Pemerintah Myanmar membatasi kesempatan pendidikan mereka; akibatnya, banyak yang menjadikan studi Islam sebagai satu-satunya pilihan mereka. Masjid dan madrasah terdapat di sebagian besar desa Rohingya. Secara tradisional, laki-laki shalat berjamaah dan perempuan shalat di rumah.
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Bahasa Rohingya]]
* [[Genosida Rohingya]]
* [[Pemberontakan Rohingya di Myanmar Barat|Konflik Rohingya]]
* [[Orang Karen]]
* [[Konflik Karen]]
* [[Rakhine State|Rakhine (negara bagian)]]
== Referensi ==
Baris 66 ⟶ 86:
== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [http://www.rohingya.org Arakan Rohingya National Organization]
* {{en}} [http://www.unhcr.org UNHCR Homepage]
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[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:Komunitas muslim]]
[[Kategori:Suku Rohingya
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