Anton Chekhov: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] -->
|name = Антон Павлович Чехов<br />Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
|pseudonym =
|alt = head and shoulders engraving of bearded Chekhov in pince-nez and suit
|birthdate = {{birthdate|1860|1|29}}
|birthplace = [[Taganrog]], [[Kekaisaran Rusia]]
|deathdate = {{death date and age|1904|7|15|1860|1|29}}
|deathplace = [[Badenweiler]], [[Kekaisaran Jerman]]
|occupation = [[Fisika]]wan, penulis [[cerita pendek]], [[dramawan]]
|nationality = [[Rusia]]
|influences = [[Ivan Turgenev]], [[Nikolai Gogol]], [[Henrik Ibsen]], [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Honoré de Balzac]]
|influenced = [[Constantin Stanislavski]], [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], [[John Cheever]], [[James Joyce]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Katherine Mansfield]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[J. D. Salinger]], [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Frank O'Connor]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Alice Munro]], [[Raymond Carver]], [[David Means]], [[Guram Dochanashvili]], [[Charles Bukowski]]
|signature = Подпись_Антон_Чехов.png
}}
'''Anton Pavlovich Chekhov''' (Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов) ([[29 Januari]] [[1860]]
Chekhov lebih dikenal di Rusia modern karena ratusan cerpennya, dan banyak di antaranya dianggap merupakan adikarya dalam bentuk karangan tersebut.
== Kehidupan ==
=== Masa muda ===
Anton Chekhov dilahirkan di [[Taganrog]], sebuah pelabuhan kecil di desa kecil di [[Laut Azov]], di [[Kekaisaran Rusia|Rusia]] selatan pada 29 Januari [[1860]]. Ayahnya seorang pedagang kebutuhan sehari-hari, yang mempunyai kedudukan resmi sebagai ''Pedagang dari [[gilda (perhimpunan)|Gilda]] Ketiga'' - купeц 3й гильдии) dan kakeknya seorang petani dalam sistem feodal yang berhasil membeli kebebasannya. Anton adalah anak ketiga dari enam bersaudara.
[[
Anton belajar di sekolah untuk anak-anak Yunani di [[Taganrog]] ([[1866]]-[[1868]]), dan pada usia delapan tahun ia dikirim ke [[Gimnasium (sekolah)|Gimnasium]] untuk anak-anak lelaki di Taganrog. Anton adalah seorang murid yang rata-rata. Ia agak pemalu dan tidak suka menonjolkan diri,
Anton Chekhov jatuh cinta dengan teater dan sastra sejak masa kanak-kanak. Pertunjukan pertama yang ia tonton adalah opereta ''Elena si Cantik'' karya [[Jacques Offenbach]] di panggung [[Teater Taganrog|Teater Kota Taganrog]] pada [[4 Oktober]] [[1873]]. Anton saat itu seorang murid Gimnasium yang berusia 13 tahun, dan sejak saat itu ia menjadi pencinta besar teater. Ia menghabiskan praktis semua tabungannya untuk teater. Kursi favoritnya di teater itu adalah barisan belakang karena murah (40 kopek perak), dan karena murid-murid Gimnasium membutuhkan izin khusus untuk masuk ke teater. Seringkali izin tidak diberikan dan kebanyakan hanya untuk hari-hari biasa. Kadang-kadang Chekhov dan teman-temannya sesama murid sekolah menyamar dan bahkan mengenakan ''make up'', kacamata atau janggut palsu, untuk menipu staf sekolah biasa yang memeriksa kalau-kalau ada murid yang menonton tanpa izin.
Anton
===
Nicolas Leykin,
Chekhov
[[Dmitrii Grigorovich]],
===
[[
Produksi pertama "Burung Camar", yang ditampilkan pertama kali pada 17 Oktober 1896, di St. Petersburg, merupakan bencana bagi Chekhov. Pada malam pembukaannya, penonton mengharapkan sebuah komedi, dan kelompok sandiwara itu hanya punya sembilan hari untuk berlatih. Ejekan dan cemooh menyambut monolog Nina pada akhir Babak I. Begitu kecewanya Chekhov sehingga ia menulis, "Saya tidak akan pernah melupakan kejadian semalam... saya tidak akan pernah menampilkan sandiwara itu di Moskwa, tidak akan pernah. TAK PERNAH lagi saya menulis atau menampilkannya lagi." (Secara kebetulan, para penonton pada malam ke-2 dan ke-3 lebih menghargainya, tetapi Chekhov tidak memedulikannya.)
<!--The movement toward [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalism]] in theatre that was sweeping Europe reached its highest artistic peak in Russia in 1898 with the formation of the Moscow Art Theatre (later, until recently, called МХАТ, the [[Moscow Academy Art Theatre]]). Its name became synonymous with that of Chekhov, whose plays about the day-to-day life of the [[landed gentry]] achieved a delicate poetic realism that was years ahead of its time. [[Konstantin Stanislavsky]], its director, became the [[20th century]]'s most influential theorist on acting.
Accompanied by Suvorin, Chekhov visited western [[Europe]]. Their long and close friendship negatively reflected on Chekhov's popularity, as Suvorin's ''Novoye vremya'' was considered politically reactionary in the increasingly liberal times. Eventually, Chekhov broke with Suvorin over the attitude taken by the paper toward the notorious [[Dreyfus Affair]] in [[France]], with Chekhov championing the cause of [[Alfred Dreyfus]].
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== Assessment ==
It can be safely said that Chekhov revolutionized the [[literary genre|genre]] of short story; his subject matter and technique influenced many future short-story writers. It is often said that little action occurs in Chekhov's stories and plays, but he compensates for lack of outward excitement by his original techniques for developing internal drama. The point of a typical Chekhov story is most often what happens within a given character, and that is conveyed indirectly, by suggestion or by significant detail. Chekhov eschews the traditional build-up of chronological detail, instead emphasizing moments of epiphanies and illumination over a significantly shorter period of time. As such, his best stories have a psychological realism and concision seldom matched by other writers. [[Tolstoy]] likened Chekhov's technique to that of the French [[Impressionists]], who daubed canvases with paint apparently without reason, but achieved an overall effect of vivid, unchallengeable artistry.
[[
One critic says of Chekhov that he is no moralist
As samples of the Russian epistolary art, Chekhov's letters have been rated second only to [[Aleksandr Pushkin]]'s by the literary historian [[D.S. Mirsky]]. Although Chekhov is still chiefly known for his plays, critical opinion shows signs of establishing the stories, particularly those that were written after [[1888]], as an even more significant and creative literary achievement.
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Equally innovative in his dramatic works, Chekhov sought to convey the texture of everyday life and move away from traditional ideas of plot and conventions of dramatic speech. Dialogue in his plays is not smooth or continuous: characters interrupt each other, several different conversations take place at the same time, and lengthy pauses occur when no one speaks at all. A recurring theme is the pointlessness of radical, human or mechanical change, versus the powerful inertia of slow organic cycles.
One of the actors once told Chekhov that Stanislavsky intended to have frogs croaking, the sound of dragonflies, and dogs barking on the stage. "Why?" Chekhov asked with a note of dissatisfaction in his voice. "It is realistic," the actor replied. "Realistic," Chekhov repeated with a laugh, and after a slight pause he said: "The stage is art. There is a canvas of Kranskoi (a famous Russian painter) in which he wonderfully depicts human faces and substituted a real one. The nose will be realistic but the picture will be spoiled."
Perhaps one of his best known contributions is ''[[Chekhov's dictum]]'' (also known as ''Chekhov's Gun''): ''If you say in the first chapter that there is a rifle hanging on the wall, in the second or third chapter it absolutely must go off. If it's not going to be fired, it shouldn't be hanging there.''
==Influence==
[[
Although contemporary [[Russia]]n literary critics celebrated Chekhov, international fame came only after [[World War I]] with [[Constance Garnett]]'s [[English language|English]] translations.
Chekhov's plays were immensely popular in [[England]] in the [[1920s]] and have become classics of the [[United Kingdom|British]] stage. In the [[United States]] his fame came somewhat later, through the influence of Stanislavsky's technique for achieving realistic acting. American [[playwright]]s such as [[Tennessee Williams]], [[Arthur Miller]], and [[Clifford Odets]] have used Chekhovian techniques, and few important writers of plays in the 20th century can have escaped Chekhov's influence entirely: for example, the work by British playwright [[Michael Frayn]] is often compared to that of Chekhov for its focus on humorous family situations and its insights into society.
Many writers of prose, particularly of short stories, have also been influenced by Chekhov, such as [[Katherine Mansfield]]. [[John Cheever]] has been called "the Chekhov of the suburbs" for his ability to capture the drama and sadness of the lives of his characters by revealing the undercurrents of apparently insignificant events. American writer [[Raymond Carver]] was also frequently compared to Chekhov, because of his minimalistic prose style, and tendency to meditate upon the humor and tragedy in the everyday lives of working class people.
Master of the short story, the British author [[Victor Sawdon Pritchett]]'s short stories are prized for their craftsmanship and comic irony similar to that of Chekhov.
The continuously growing list of films and theater productions based on Chekhov's stories and plays includes [[Emil Loteanu]]'s ''My Tender and Affectionate Beast'' (1978, see {{imdb title|id=0172812|title=Мой ласковый и нежный зверь}}), [[Nikita Mikhalkov]] and [[Marcello Mastroianni]]'s ''Dark Eyes'' (1987), [[Louis Malle]]'s ''Vanya on 42nd Street'' (1994), [[Anthony Hopkins]]'s ''August'' (1996), [[Lanford Wilson]]'s ''The Three Sisters'' (1997), among many others.-->
== Karya-karyanya
=== Drama ===
* ''That Worthless Fellow Platonov'' (Platonov yang Tidak Berguna) (l.k.[[1881]]) - satu babak
* ''On the Harmful Effects of Tobacco'' (Bahaya Racun Tembakau) ([[1886]], [[1902]])
* ''Ivanov'' ([[1887]]) - empat babak
* ''The Bear'' ([[1888]]) – (Orang Kasar) komedi satu babak * ''The Proposal'' atau [[A Marriage Proposal]] (Pinangan) (l.k.[[1888]]-[[1889]]) - satu babak
* ''The Wedding'' ([[1889]]) (Pesta Perkawinan) - satu babak
* ''The Wood Demon'' (Hantu Kayu) ([[1889]]) – komedi empat babak
* ''[[The Seagull]]'' (Burung Camar) ([[1896]])
* ''[[Uncle Vanya]]'' (Paman Vanya) ([[1899]]-[[1900]]) – berdasarkan ''The Wood Demon''
* ''[[The Three Sisters (drama)|Three Sisters]]''
* ''[[The Cherry Orchard]]'' (Kebun Ceri) ([[1904]])
=== Non fiksi ===
*
** ''Pulau Saghalien [atau Sakhalin]'' ([[1891]]-[[1895]])
** ''
* Surat-surat
=== Cerita pendek ===
Banyak dari cerita-cerita yang lebih awal ditulis dengan nama samaran "Antosha Chekhonte".
* "Intrigues" ([[1879]]-[[1884]]) - sembilan cerita
* "Late-Blooming Flowers" ([[1882]])
* "The Death of a Government Clerk" ([[1883]]) (difilmkan di Indonesia oleh [[Syuman Djaya]] dengan judul "[[Si Mamad]]")
* "The Swedish Match" ([[1883]])
* "Lights" ([[1883]]-[[1888]])
* "Oysters" ([[1884]])
* "Perpetuum Mobile" ([[1884]])
* ''A Living Chronology'' ([[1885]])
* "Motley Stories" ("Pëstrye Rasskazy") ([[1886]])
* "Excellent People" ([[1886]])
* "Misery" ([[1886]])
* "The Princess" ([[1886]])
* "The Scholmaster" ([[1886]])
* "A Work of Art" ([[1886]])
* "Hydrophobia" ([[1886]]-[[1901]])
* "At Home" ([[1887]])
* "The Beggar" ([[1887]])
* "The Doctor" ([[1887]])
* "Enemies" ([[1887]])
* "The Examining Magistrate" ([[1887]])
* "Happiness" ([[1887]])
* "The Kiss" ([[1887]])
* "On Easter Eve" ([[1887]])
* "Typhus" ([[1887]])
* "Volodya" ([[1887]])
* "The Steppe" ([[1888]]) - memperoleh Penghargaan Pushkin
* "An Attack of Nerves" ([[1888]])
* "An Awkward Business" ([[1888]])
* "The Beauties" ([[1888]])
* "The Swan Song" ([[1888]])
* "Sleepy" ([[1888]])
* "The Name-Day Party" ([[1888]])
* "A Boring Story" ([[1889]])
* "Gusev" ([[1890]])
* "The Horse Stealers" ([[1890]])
* "The Duel" ([[1891]])
* "Peasant Wives" ([[1891]])
* "Ward No 6" ([[1892]])
* "In Exile" ([[1892]])
* "The Grasshopper" ([[1892]])
* "Neighbours" ([[1892]])
* "Terror" ([[1892]])
* "My Wife" ([[1892]])
* "The Butterfly" ([[1892]])
* "The Two Volodyas" ([[1893]])
* "An Anonymous Story" ([[1893]])
* "The Black Monk" ([[1894]])
* "The Head Gardener's Story" ([[1894]])
* "Rothschild's Fiddle" ([[1894]])
* "The Student" ([[1894]])
* "The Teacher of Literature" ([[1894]])
* "A Woman's Kingdom" ([[1894]])
* "Three Years" ([[1895]])
* "Ariadne" ([[1895]])
* "Murder" ([[1895]])
* "The House with an Attic" ([[1896]])
* "My Life" ([[1896]])
* "Peasants" ([[1897]])
* "In the Cart" ([[1897]])
* "The Man in a Case", "Gooseberries", "About Love" - the 'Little Trilogy' ([[1898]])
* "Ionych" ([[1898]])
* "A Doctor's Visit" ([[1898]])
* "The New Villa" ([[1898]])
* "On Official Business" ([[1898]])
* "The Darling" ([[1899]])
* "The Lady with the Dog" ([[1899]])
* "At Christmas" ([[1899]])
* "In the Ravine" ([[1900]])
* "The Bishop" ([[1902]])
* "The Bet" ([[1889]])
* "Betrothed" atau "A Marriageable Girl" ([[1903]])
* "Agafya"
* "The Pipe"
* "The Lottery Ticket"
* "Verochka"
=== Novel ===
* ''The Shooting Party'' ([[1884]]-[[1885]])
== Aneka rupa ==
* Ada sebuah [[kawah]] di [[Merkurius (planet)|Merkurius]] yang dinamai '''Chekhov''' untuk menghormatinya.
== Referensi ==
<references />
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{gutenberg author|
* [http://www.kunalsharma.com/antonchekhov/index.htm An easy-to-surf and easy-to-read Collection of Stories by the Great Writer Anton Chekhov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220042318/http://kunalsharma.com/antonchekhov/index.htm |date=2006-02-20 }}
* [https://www.audioville.co.uk/store/view.php?Id=199 Download audio recordings of a selection of his short stories]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://ilibrary.ru/author/chekhov/ Texts of Chekhov's works in the original Russian]
* {{imdb nama|id=0155009|nama=Anton Chekhov}}
* [http://www.taganrogcity.com Official Web Site of the City of Taganrog, "The Birthplace of Anton Chekhov"]
* [http://www.hackwriters.com/chekhov.htm In depth review of Chekhov's short stories]
* [[Faina Ranevskaya]]
* [http://www.russian-literature-online.com/anton-chekhov/ Read Anton Chekhov's works online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505070943/http://www.russian-literature-online.com/anton-chekhov/ |date=2006-05-05 }} translated into English in an easy to read HTML format
{{Chekhov}}
[[Kategori:Sastrawan Rusia|Chekhov, Anton]]▼
▲[[vi:Anton Pavlovich Chekhov]]
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