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{{Infobox mountain
| name= Perbukitan Anaimalai, Perbukitan Gajah<br/>''ആനമല മലനിരകൾ''<br/>''ஆனை மலை''
| photo= Anamalai_Hills_-_panoramio.jpg
| photo_caption=
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| elevation_m= 2695
| coordinates= {{coord|10|12|56.0|N|76|52|39.3|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline}} 10°12'56.0"N 76°52'39.3"E
| coordinates_ref=<ref> name="peakbagger">{{cite peakbagger | pid = 10664 | title = Anaimudi/Anamudi, India | access-date = 201317-03November-122021}}</ref>
| map=
| map_caption=
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| subdivision2=
| parent= [[Ghat Barat]]
| range_coordinates=
| range_coordinates= {{coord|10|10|12.0|N|77|03|40.9|E|type:mountain_scale:300000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}10°10'12.0"N 77°03'40.9"E
| range_coordinates_ref=
| topo_map= [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=10.366667&lon=77.125&z=12&l=0&m=t (Terrain)]
| geology= [[Sesar]]{{sfn|Singh, Kumar, & Singh|2006|pp=4-47}}
| geology= [[Sesar]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1016/j.gr.2005.11.013 |title=Nature of the crust along Kuppam–Palani geotransect (South India) from Gravity studies: Implications for Precambrian continental collision and delamination |year= 2006 |last1=Singh |first1=A.P. |last2=Kumar |first2=Niraj |last3=Singh |first3=B. |journal=Gondwana Research |volume= 10 |pages= 41–7}}</ref>
| orogeny=
| age= [[Senozoikum]]<br />100 hingga 80 [[myr]]
}}
'''Perbukitan Anaimalai'' atau '''Anaimalai''', '''Anamala''', dikenal pula sebagai '''Perbukitan Gajah'''<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=http://tamilnadutourism.org/hillstation/trekking/anamalaihillsnew.aspx |title= Anaimalai Hills |website= Tamil Nadu Tourism|access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>, adalah salah satu perbukitan yang membentuk daerah perbatasan antara Negara Bagian [[Kerala]] dan [[Tamil Nadu]] di India Selatan. Perbukitan ini meliputi empat distrik di Kerala Tengah ([[Distrik Ernakulam|Ernakulam]], [[Distrik Idukki|Idukki]], [[Distrik Palakkad|Palakkad]], dan [[Distrik Thrissur|Thrissur]]) dan dua distrik di Tamil Nadu Barat ([[Distrik Coimbatore|Coimbatore]] dan [[Distrik Tiruppur|Tiruppur]]). Anaimalai merupakan bagian dari Rangkaian [[Ghat Barat]] dan berada di pertemuan antara rangkaian yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya dengan Rangkaian [[Ghat Timur]].{{sfn|Hoiberg & Ramchandani|2000|pp=63}}
 
== Etimologi ==
Nama perbukitan ini berasal dari [[bahasa Malayalam]] atau [[bahasa Tamil|Tamil]]{{sfn|Kantor Panitera Umum India|1966|61}}, dua [[Rumpun bahasa Dravida|bahasa Dravida]] yang masih berkerabat. "Anaimalai" sendiri berasal dari gabungan kata ''āna''
<ref>{{cite journal sfn|last=Shahnaz |first=Habib |date=2016 |titlepp=“A Letter to My Daughter about Palindromes.” |trans-title=“Sebuah Surat kepada Anakku tentang Palindrome.” |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44074683 |language=English |journal=Agni |volume= |issue=84 |pages=187-193 |doi= |access-date=14 November 2021188}}</ref> (bahasa Malayalam: ആന) atau ''yāṉai''{{sfn|Ouchterlony|1851|72}}<ref>Fabricius,{{cite Johann Philipp. (1972) ''J. P. Fabricius's Tamil and English dictionary'', 4th ed., rev. and enl. Tranquebar: Evangelical Lutheran Mission Pub. House, retrieved 6/18/2007web|url= [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadictapp/fabricius_query.plpy?pageqs=37%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88&tablesearchhws=fabricius&displayyes |title=simple anaiJ. (āṉai),P. anFabricius elephant]{{!}} Tamil and English Dictionary {{Webarchive|url=https://web!}} ஆனை āṉai (p.archive.org/web/20151024221047/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadict.pl?page=37&table=fabricius&display=imple 65) |access-date=24 October20 2015November 2021}}</ref> (bahasa Tamil: யானை) yang bermakna 'gajah' dengan ''mala'' (bahasa Malayalam: മല) atau ''malai'' (bahasa Tamil: மலை) yang berarti 'perbukitan'', sehingga nama "Anaimalaianaimalai" dapat dimaknai sebagai 'Perbukitanperbukitan Gajahgajah'.{{sfn|Parry|2008|pp=25}}
 
== Geografi ==
[[FileBerkas:Jambu Malai 2.JPG|thumbjmpl|260px|Puncak Jambu Malai, salah satu puncakantitik yang menonjol di Kawasan Perbukitan Anaimalai]]
Puncak [[Anamudi]] (2.695 mdpl) berada di ujung selatan perbukitan ini. Anamudidan adalahmerupakan puncak tertinggi di India Selatan.{{sfn|Parry|2008|pp=25}} danOleh karena itu, Anamudi juga dikenal dengan julukan [[Gunung Everest|Everst]]-nya India Selatan.<ref>{{cite web |last=Netto |first= George N |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/opinion/up-the-everest-of-the-south/2017/07/25/1633161.html |title= Up the Everest of the South |website= The New Indian Express |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> Perbukitan yang merupakan bagian terselatan dari Rangkaianrangkaian [[Ghat Barat]] ini dipisahkan dari ujung selatan Ghat Barat bagian utara oleh sebuah [[celah pegunungan]] yang dikenal dengan nama [[Celahcelah Palakkad]], disebut juga Celahcelah Palghat. Ujung utara Perbukitan Anaimalai, khususnya yang berada di wilayah Tamil Nadu saat ini telah menjadi salah satu sentra produksi [[kopi]], [[teh]] (khususnya di sekitaran [[Valparai]]), serta teh[[Para (pohon)|karet]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Anaimalai-Hills |title=Anaimalai Hills {{!}} mountains, India |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date= 14 November 2021}}</ref> Selain itu, daerah ini pada masa lalu terkenal menghasilkan kayu dalam jumlah yang cukup besar.{{sfn|Zimmer|1905|pp=180}}
 
Selain wilayah yang sudah disulap menjadi perkebunan, perbukitan ini masih tertutup hutan lebat, khususnya [[hutan tropis dan subtropis basah berdaun lebar]] di wilayah Tamil Nadu serta [[Distrikdistrik Palakkad]] dan [[Distrik Idukki|Idukki]] di Kerala,; dan [[ekosistem montana|hutan ekosistem montana]] di wilayah [[Distrikdistrik Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu serta [[Distrikdistrik Ernakulam]], Kerala. Hutan-hutan di Perbukitan Anaimalai umumnya tertutup pepohonan [[jati]], [[cendana]], [[rumbia]] (sagu), dan [[sonokeling]].<ref name="Britannica"/> Ghat Barat, termasuk di dalamnya Perbukitan Anaimalai dan 38 situs lain yang umumnya terpencar-pencar pada tahun 2012 ditetapkan oleh [[UNESCO]] pada tahun 2012 sebagai salah satu [[Situs Warisan Dunia|situs warisan dunia]] dalam sidangnya di Kota [[Sankt-Peterburg|St. Peterburg]], [[Rusia]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=2 Juli 2012 |title=India's Western Ghats given Unesco World Heritage status |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18669534 |work=BBC |location=London |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>
 
== Keanekaragaman Hayatihayati ==
Sesuai dengan namanya, perbukitan ini memiliki populasi [[gajah]] yang cukup besar. Diperkirakan oleh [[Natural Conservation Foundation]] India, ada lebih kurang 100 ekor gajah di wilayah Anaimalai, khususnya di sekitar Valparai. Hal ini menjadikan Anaimalai sebagai daerah nomor dua di India dengan populasi gajah tertinggi.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |url=https://www.ncf-india.org/western-ghats/in-the-elephant-hills |title= Western Ghats {{!}} The Elephant Hills |website= The Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF) |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>
 
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{{reflist}}
 
== BacaanDaftar LanjutanPustaka ==
=== Buku ===
* Anaimalais, the 'elephant mountains' Chapter One, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gRGLd4K6kIIC&printsec=frontcover&client=safari#PPA1,M1 Field Days: A Naturalist's Journey Through South and Southeast Asia] oleh A. J. T. Johnsingh, diterbitkan oleh Orient Blackswan, 2006 {{ISBN|81-7371-552-1}}, {{ISBN|978-81-7371-552-5}}, 339 halaman
* {{cite book
* British Library, India Office WD567, [[Douglas Hamilton|Hamilton, Douglas]] (1818–1892); [https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20080902192604/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000010784 Album of 17 drawings of views in the Anaimalai Hills] (Cochin and Madras), pen-and-ink, 1863, European school| British school
| last= Ouchterlony
* British Library, India Office WD568, Hamilton, Douglas (1818–1892); [https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20080902192603/http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselectpd/FullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=015-000010785 Album of 15 drawings of views in the Anaimalai Hills] (Cochin and Madras), pen-and-ink, 1863, European school| British school
| first= John
| author-link=
| date= 1851
| title= A Pocket Dictionary of English and Tamil
| url= https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ub5IAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA72&dq=tamil+english+dictionary+elephant&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0rdnij6b0AhXBE4gKHWbmAXQQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=tamil%20english%20dictionary%20elephant&f=false
| location= Madras (Chennai)
| publisher= The Christian Knowledge Society Press
| page= 72
| isbn=
| ref = harv }}
* {{cite book
| last= Parry
| first= James
| author-link=
| date= 2008
| title= Rainforest Safari
| url= https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Rainforest_Safari/gShFAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=anaimalai+elephant+mountain&dq=anaimalai+elephant+mountain&printsec=frontcover
| location= London
| publisher= Carlton Books
| page= 25
| isbn= 9781847321244
| ref = harv }}
* {{cite book
| last= Zimmer
| first= George Frederick
| author-link=
| date= 1905
| title= The Mechanical Handling of Material {{!}} Being a Treatise on the Handling of Material Such as Coal, Ore, Timber, &c. by Automatic Or Semi-automatic Machinery, Together with the Various Accessories Used in the Manipulation of Such Plant, Also Dealing Fully with the Handling, Storing and Warehousing of Grain
| url= https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/The_Mechanical_Handling_of_Material/5MdKAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=anaimalai%20elephant%20mountain
| location= London
| publisher= Crosby Lockwood & Son
| page= 180
| isbn= 9781648288159
| ref = harv }}
 
=== Ensiklopedia ===
{{commons category}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
{{negara-geo-stub|India}}
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| editor-last1 = Hoiberg
| editor-first1 = Dale
| editor-link1 =
| editor-last2 = Ramchandani
| editor-first2 = Indu
| editor-link2 =
| encyclopedia =
| title = Students' Britannica {{!}} India {{!}} Volume 1 {{!}} A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress)
| url = https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Students_Britannica_India_A_to_C_Abd_All/gz5WAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=anaimalai+elephant+mountain&dq=anaimalai+elephant+mountain&printsec=frontcover
| access-date = 14 November 2021
| language = English
| edition =
| date =
| year = 2000
| publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd.
| series =
| volume = 1
| location = New Delhi
| id =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| doi =
| pages = 63
| archive-url =
| archive-date =
| url-status =
| quote =
| ref = harv }}
 
=== Jurnal ===
* {{cite journal
| last =Shahnaz
| first =Habib
| date =2016
| title = A Letter to My Daughter about Palindromes
| trans-title = Sebuah Surat kepada Anakku tentang Palindrome
| url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/44074683
| language =English
| journal= Agni
| volume=
| issue = 84
| pages = 188
| doi =
| access-date= 18 November 2021
| ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal
| last1= Singh
| first1= A. P.
| last2= Kumar
| first2= Niraj
| last3= Singh
| first3= B.
| title = Nature of the crust along Kuppam–Palani geotransect (South India) from Gravity studies: Implications for Precambrian continental collision and delamination
| date = Agustus 2006
| journal = Gondwana Research
| location = Amsterdam
| publisher = Grup Elsevier
| volume = 10
| issue = 1-2
| pages = 41-47
| doi = 10.1016/j.gr.2005.11.013
| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1342937X06001006
| access-date= 18 November 2021
| ref = harv }}
 
=== Laporan ===
* {{Cite report
| author = Kantor Panitera Umum India
| author-link =
| authors =
| date = 1966
| title = Census of India, 1961: Madras
| url = https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Census_of_India_1961_Madras/SgQdAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=anaimalai+elephant+mountain&dq=anaimalai+elephant+mountain&printsec=frontcover
| publisher = Manager of Publications
| format =
| others =
| edition =
| location = New Delhi
| chapter =
| section =
| page = 61
| docket =
| access-date = 14 November 2021
| quote =
| ref = harv }}
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category}}{{negara-geo-stub|India}}
{{Authority control}}
 
Baris 52 ⟶ 177:
[[Kategori:Kerala]]
[[Kategori:Tamil Nadu]]
[[Kategori:Pegunungan di India]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Perbukitan_Anaimalai"