Samsara: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Untuk|konsep samsara dalam Buddhisme|Samsara (Buddhisme)}}
'''Samsara''' ([[KBBI]]) atau '''''saṃsāra''''' ([[Dewanagari]]: संसार) berasal dari istilah Sanskerta yang berarti "mengembara"{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|pp=271–72}}{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=589}} serta “dunia,” yang menyiratkan “perubahan siklus”{{Sfn|Klaus Klostermaier|2010|p=604}} atau, kurang formalnya, "berlari berputar-putar." Samsara disebut dengan istilah atau frasa seperti transmigrasi/reinkarnasi, siklus karma, atau Punarjanman, dan "siklus pengembaraan, pengembaraan, atau kehidupan duniawi yang tak memiliki tujuan".{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|pp=271–72}}<ref name="Bodewitz 2019">{{cite book|author-last=Bodewitz|author-first=Henk|year=2019|title=Vedic Cosmology and Ethics: Selected Studies|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-40013-9|editor1-last=Heilijgers|editor1-first=Dory H.|series=Gonda Indological Studies|volume=19|pages=3–19|chapter=Chapter 1 – The Hindu Doctrine of Transmigration: Its Origin and Background|doi=10.1163/9789004400139_002|issn=1382-3442|editor2-last=Houben|editor2-first=Jan E. M.|editor3-last=van Kooij|editor3-first=Karel|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Firth1997p106">{{cite book|author=Shirley Firth|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYNXC-HK1u0C|title=Dying, Death and Bereavement in a British Hindu Community|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-6831-976-7|pages=106, 29–43}}</ref> Bila dikaitkan dengan teori karma, samsara merujuk pada siklus kematian dan kelahiran kembali.{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|pp=271–72}}<ref name="Bodewitz 2019" /><ref name="Gross1993p148">{{cite book|author=Rita M. Gross|year=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros|title=Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0513-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismafterpat00gros/page/148 148]|url-access=registration}}</ref>
"Siklus semua kehidupan, materi, dan keberadaan" adalah kepercayaan mendasar dari sebagian besar [[Agama darmik|agama-agama darmik]].<ref name="Bodewitz 2019" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Yadav|first=Garima|chapter=Abortion (Hinduism)|date=2018|pages=1–3|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-9402410365|doi=10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_484-1|title=Hinduism and Tribal Religions|series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions}}</ref><ref>[[Gavin Flood|Flood, Gavin D.]] (1996), ''An Introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press</ref> Konsep samsara berakar pada literatur pasca-[[Weda]]; teori ini tidak dibahas dalam Weda sendiri.<ref>A.M. Boyer: ''Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara.'' Journal Asiatique, (1901), Volume 9, Issue 18, S. 451–53, 459–68</ref><ref>Yuvraj Krishan: . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1997, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1233-8}}</ref> Konsep samsara muncul dalam bentuk yang sudah berkembang, namun tanpa rincian mekanistik, di kitab [[Upanisad]] awal.<ref name="Bodewitz 2019" /><ref name="amboyer">A.M. Boyer (1901), Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara, Journal Asiatique, Volume 9, Issue 18, pp. 451–53, 459–68</ref>{{sfn|Stephen J. Laumakis|2008|pp=90–99}} Penjelasan lengkap tentang konsep samsara ditemukan dalam kitab-kitab [[Buddhisme]] dan [[Jainisme]] awal, serta dalam berbagai aliran filsafat Hindu.<ref name="Bodewitz 2019" />{{sfn|Stephen J. Laumakis|2008|pp=90–99}}<ref name="Krishan1997p17">{{cite book|author=Yuvraj Krishan|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC|title=The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=978-81-208-1233-8|pages=17–27}}</ref> Konsep samsara dikaitkan dengan teori karma Hinduisme, dan pembebasan dari saṃsāra telah menjadi inti pencarian spiritual tradisi India, serta perselisihan internal mereka.<ref name="Bodewitz 2019" />{{Sfn|Obeyesekere|2005|pp=1–2, 108, 126–28}}{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|pp=272–73}} Pembebasan dari samsara disebut [[moksa]], [[Nirwana]], Mukti, atau Kaivalya.<ref name="Bodewitz 2019" /><ref name="Firth1997p106" />{{Sfn|Michael Myers|2013|p=36}}{{Sfn|Harold Coward|2008|p=103}}
== Dalam agama Hindu ==
{{Hindu}}
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| caption1 = [[Bakti|Bakti penuh kasih sayang]] (''Bakti'')
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| caption2 = [[Meditasi dalam agama Hindu|Meditasi]] (''Dhyāna'')
| footer = Pembebasan/pelepasan dari ''saṃsāra'', disebut ''[[moksa]]'', dianggap sebagai tujuan utama dalam agama Hindu.
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Pembebasan/pelepasan dari samsara, disebut [[moksa]], dianggap sebagai tujuan akhir dalam [[agama Hindu]]. Dalam agama Hindu, samsara adalah perjalanan [[Atman]].{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|p=272}} Tubuhnya mati, tetapi Atman tidak, yang merupakan realitas abadi, tidak dapat dihancurkan, dan penuh kebahagiaan.{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|p=272}} Segala sesuatu dan seluruh eksistensi saling terhubung, berputar, dan tersusun dari dua hal: Diri, atau Atman, dan tubuh, atau materi.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|1997|p=10}} Diri abadi yang disebut Atman ini tidak pernah [[Reinkarnasi|bereinkarnasi]], tidak berubah dan tidak dapat berubah dalam kepercayaan Hindu.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|1997|p=10}} Sebaliknya, tubuh dan kepribadian dapat berubah, terus berubah, lahir dan mati.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|1997|p=10}} Karma saat ini mempengaruhi keadaan masa depan dalam kehidupan ini, serta bentuk dan alam kehidupan di masa depan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mukul Goel|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63w84TKjEu0C|title=Devotional Hinduism: Creating Impressions for God|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-50524-1|page=6}}</ref><ref>Christopher Chapple (1986), Karma and creativity, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-88706-251-2}}, pp. 60–64</ref> Niat dan tindakan yang baik akan menghasilkan masa depan yang baik, sedangkan niat dan tindakan yang buruk akan menghasilkan masa depan yang buruk, dalam pandangan hidup Hindu.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|1997|p=11}} Perjalanan samsara memungkinkan atman memiliki kesempatan untuk melakukan karma positif atau negatif sepanjang setiap kelahiran dan melakukan upaya spiritual untuk mencapai moksa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mishra|first=R.C|year=2013|title=Moksha and the Hindu World View|publisher=SAGE Publications|pages=22–24|language=English}}</ref>
Kehidupan yang berbudi luhur, tindakan yang sesuai dengan [[dharma]], diyakini oleh umat Hindu akan berkontribusi pada masa depan yang lebih baik, baik dalam kehidupan ini maupun kehidupan mendatang.<ref name="Flood2009">{{cite web|last=Flood|first=Gavin|date=2009-08-24|title=Hindu concepts|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml|work=[[BBC Online]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411171600/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/concepts/concepts_1.shtml|archive-date=2014-04-11|access-date=2015-07-31|url-status=live}}</ref> Tujuan dari pencarian spiritual, baik melalui jalan bakti (pengabdian), karma (kerja), ''jñāna'' (pengetahuan), atau [[Raja (penguasa)|raja]] (meditasi) adalah pembebasan diri (moksa) dari samsara.<ref name="Flood2009" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=George D. Chryssides|author2=Benjamin E. Zeller|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLZMAgAAQBAJ|title=The Bloomsbury Companion to New Religious Movements|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-9829-7|page=333}}</ref>
Kitab [[Upanisad]], bagian dari kitab suci tradisi Hindu, terutama berfokus pada pembebasan diri dari saṃsāra.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Yong Choon Kim|author2=David H. Freeman|year=1981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omwMQA_DUVEC|title=Oriental Thought: An Introduction to the Philosophical and Religious Thought of Asia|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8226-0365-8|pages=15–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Sikora|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLRifVnKnh8C|title=Religions of India: A User Friendly and Brief Introduction to Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and the Jains|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4697-1731-9|pages=17–19}}</ref> Kitab [[Bhagawadgita]] membahas berbagai jalan menuju pembebasan.{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|p=272}} Upanisad, kata Harold Coward, menawarkan "pandangan yang sangat optimis mengenai kesempurnaan sifat manusia", dan tujuan usaha manusia dalam teks-teks ini adalah perjalanan berkelanjutan menuju penyempurnaan diri dan pengetahuan diri untuk mengakhiri samsara.{{Sfn|Harold Coward|2008|p=129}} Tujuan dari pencarian spiritual dalam tradisi Upanisad adalah untuk menemukan jati diri sejati di dalam diri dan untuk mengetahui Diri seseorang, sebuah keadaan yang diyakini mengarah pada keadaan kebebasan yang membahagiakan, yaitu moksa.{{Sfn|Harold Coward|2008|pp=129, 130–55}}
== Dalam Buddhisme ==
{{Main|Samsara (Buddhisme)}}{{Buddhisme}}
Berbeda dari keyakinan agama Hindu, konsep [[Samsara (Buddhisme)|samsara dalam Buddhisme]] menyatakan bahwa, meskipun makhluk hidup mengalami siklus kelahiran kembali yang tak berujung, tidak ada jiwa atau roh yang tidak berubah yang berpindah dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lainnya.{{sfn|Trainor|2004|p=58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.}}<ref name="naomiappleton76">{{cite book|author=Naomi Appleton|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ|title=Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-91640-0|pages=76–89|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830191147/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2016-08-30|url-status=live}}</ref> Ajaran tentang [[tanpa-atma]] (tanpa-diri) ini disebut ''anatta'' ([[Bahasa Pali|Pali]]) atau ''anātman'' ([[Bahasa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]]) dalam [[Kitab Buddhis|kitab-kitab Buddhis]].<ref name="britannicaanatta">[http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta|date=2015-12-10}}, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)</ref><ref name="anatta3sources">[a] {{cite book|author=Christmas Humphreys|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|title=Exploring Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22877-3|pages=42–43|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214532/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|archive-date=2021-04-13|url-status=live}}
[b] {{cite book|author=Brian Morris|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pages=51|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231532/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|archive-date=2021-04-14|url-status=live}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."
[c] {{cite book|author=Richard Gombrich|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|title=Theravada Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90352-8|page=47|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816142222/https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2019-08-16|url-status=live}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Sengsara]]
== Referensi ==
=== Sitasi ===
<references responsive="0"></references>
=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|author=John Geeverghese Arapura|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpycf4RxMjYC|title=Hermeneutical Essays on Vedāntic Topics|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0183-7}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Buitenen|first=J. A. B. Van|year=1957|title=Dharma and Moksa|journal=Philosophy East and West|volume=7|issue=1/2|pages=33–40|doi=10.2307/1396832|jstor=1396832}}
* {{Cite book|author=John Bowker|date=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ|title=God: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-870895-7}}
* {{Cite book|author1=Robert Buswell Jr.|author2=Donald Lopez Jr.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8}}
* {{Cite book|author=Harold Coward|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C|title=The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought: The Central Story|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7336-8}}
* {{Cite book|author=Harold Coward|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oPeWqdoqJQC|title=Religious Understandings of a Good Death in Hospice Palliative Care|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-4275-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}
* {{Cite book|author=Mircea Eliade|date=1987|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00mac_qwm|title=The encyclopedia of religion|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-02-909480-8|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|year=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduismbeliefsp0000fowl|title=Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-60-8}}
* {{Cite book|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Perspectives_of_Reality.html?id=PJbsAAAAIAAJ|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6}}
* {{Cite book|author1=Jessica Frazier|author2=Gavin Flood|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_a5cMEwngC|title=The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gethin|first=Rupert|year=1998|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe|title=Foundations of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0192892232}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jaini|first=Padmanabh|year=1980|url={{Google books|4WZTj3M71y0C|plainurl=yes}}|title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03923-0|editor-last=Doniger|editor-first=Wendy}}
* {{Cite book|author1=Mark Juergensmeyer|author2=Wade Clark Roof|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5}}
* {{Cite book|author=Damien Keown|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC|title=A Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-157917-2}}
* {{Cite book|author=Klaus Klostermaier|year=2010|title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dalai Lama|year=1992|title=The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins|publisher=Wisdom|isbn=978-1459614505}}
* {{Cite book|author=Stephen J. Laumakis|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC|title=An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46966-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z|publisher=Rosen Publishing|isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1}}
* {{Cite book|author=Michael Myers|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvaAAAAQBAJ|title=Brahman: A Comparative Theology|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-83565-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|year=1980|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C|title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03923-0|editor=Wendy Doniger}}
* {{Cite book|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|year=2005|title=Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120826090|editor=Wendy Doniger}}
* {{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Paul|year=2002|title=Buddhist Thought|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415207010}}
* {{Cite book|author1=Paul Williams|author2=Anthony Tribe|author3=Alexander Wynne|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ|title=Buddhist Thought|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-52088-4}}
{{refend}}
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dundas|first=Paul|date=2002|url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Jains|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26605-5|edition=Second|author-link=Paul Dundas|orig-year=1992}}
* {{Cite book|date=2000|url={{Google books|HPggiM7y1aYC|plainurl=yes}}|title=Collected Papers On Jaina Studies|location=Delhi|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-1691-6|editor-last=Jaini|editor-first=Padmanabh S.|edition=First}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sethia|first=Tara|date=2004|url={{Google books|QYdlKv8wBiYC|plainurl=yes}}|title=Ahiṃsā, Anekānta and Jainism|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-81-208-2036-4}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.stephen-knapp.com/reincarnation_a_simple_explanation.htm Reincarnation: A Simple Explanation]
* [http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/samsara.html The Wheel of Life], C. George Boeree, Shippensburg University
* [http://english.mnsu.edu/vwp/samplepapers/philosophy/phil100paper1.pdf The difference between Samsara and Nirvana], Minnesota State University, Mankato
* [http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0141.xml Saṃsāra and Rebirth], Buddhism, Oxford Bibliographies
{{Buddhisme-topik}}
sumber penderitaan adalah fikiran,bergeraknya pikiran karena rangsangan dari indra mencipta/membuat munculnya derita.
[[Kategori:Buddhisme]]
[[Kategori:Hindu]]
{{buddhisme-stub}}
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