Samsara (Buddhisme): Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Punarbawa]] atau kelahiran kembali terjadi di tiga puluh satu [[Loka (Buddhisme)|alam keberadaan]], yaitu alam-alam surga ([[Brahma (Buddhisme)|brahma]] dan [[Dewa (Buddhisme)|dewa]]), alam manusia, dan alam-alam rendah (hewanbinatang, hantu kelaparan, jin, dan neraka).{{refn|EarlierKlasifikasi Buddhisttiga textspuluh refersatu toalam fivekeberadaan realmsdalam ratherkelompok thanalam sixsurga, realms;alam whenmanusia, describeddan asalam fiverendah realms(juga alam nonmateri, thealam godmateri, realmdan andalam kesenangan indrawi) adalah interpretasi umum aliran [[Theravāda]], sedangkan [[Buddhisme awal]] juga mengenalkan kategorisasi enam alam: tiga alam baik (surgawi, demisetengah-goddewa, realmmanusia) constitutedan atiga singlealam realmburuk (binatang, hantu, neraka). [[Kitab Buddhis awal|Kitab-kitab Buddhis yang lebih awal]] juga mengenalkan kategorisasi lima alam, bukan enam alam; ketika digambarkan sebagai lima alam, alam dewa dan alam setengah dewa dianggap sebagai satu jenis alam.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=711-712}}|group=note|name=realms2}} Samsara berakhir jika seseorang mencapai [[Nirwana]],{{refn|group=note|name=nirvanakc}} “padamnya” nafsu keinginankehausan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas [[ketidakkekalan]] (''anicca'') dan realitas [[tanpa-atma]] (''anatta'').{{sfn|Buswell|Gimello|1992|p=7–8, 83–84}}<ref name=choong>{{sfnharvnb|Choong|1999|p=28–29, Quote}}: "Seeing (''passati'') the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."}}</ref>{{sfn|Rahula|2014|p=51-58}}

Dalam [[Buddhisme]], ''saṃsāra'' adalah "siklus kehidupan, kematian, dan [[Punarbawa|kelahiran kembali]] yang terus menerus dan sarat [[Penderitaan (Buddhisme)|penderitaan]], tanpa awal dan akhir".{{sfn|Wilson|2010}}{{sfn|Laumakis|2008|p=97}} Dalam [[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia|KBBI]] VI, samsara didefinisikan sebagai "perputaran kehidupan sebelum tercapainya kesempurnaan."<ref group=web name=kbbivi>{{Cite web|title=Entri samsara - KBBI VI Daring|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/samsara|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2024-09-26}}</ref>

Dalam beberapa ''[[Sutta Piṭaka|sutta]]'', khususnya [[Saṁyutta Nikāya]] 15., disebutkan, "Dari suatu awal yang tidak dapat dipahamidiketahui, muncullah kelahiran kembali. Titik awalnya tidak jelasdapat diketahui, meskipun makhluk-makhluk yang terhalang oleh [[Ketidaktahuan (Buddhisme)|ketidaktahuan]] dan terbelenggu oleh [[Nafsu kehausan (Buddhisme)|nafsu keinginankehausan]] terlahir kembali dan mengembara"."<ref group=web>http://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330180444/https://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3|date=2017-03-30}} - SN 15.3 Assu-sutta</ref> Samsara merujuk pada siklus kelahiran dan kematian yang tidak pernah berakhir, dalam enam jenis alam realitas (''gati'', [[Loka (Buddhisme)|domain keberadaan]]; juga dikenal dengan kategorisasi yang berbeda dalam aliran [[Theravāda]]),{{refn|group=note|name=realms2}}{{sfn|Bowker|1997}} mengembara dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lain tanpa arah atau tujuan tertentu.{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=119}}{{sfn|Ajahn Sucitto|2010|pp=37-38}}{{refn|Samsara isadalah thesiklus continualkelahiran repetitivekembali cycleyang ofterus-menerus rebirthdan withinberulang thedalam sixenam realmsjenis ofalam existencekehidupan:

* Ajahn Sucitto: "This continued movement is [...] what is meant by samsāra, the wandering on. According to the Buddha, this process doesn't even stop with death—it's like the habit transfers almost genetically to a new consciousness and body."{{sfn|Ajahn Sucitto|2010|pp=37-38}}|group=note|name="realms"}}

Samsara dicirikan oleh ''[[dukkha]]'' ("penderitaan, tidak memuaskan," "menyakitkan"). Samsaradan berhubungan dengan [[Empat Kebenaran Mulia]], karena ''dukkha'' ("tidak memuaskan," "menyakitkan") adalah inti dari samsara.<ref>{{Cite bookharvnb|last=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pagespp=248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite: book|last=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pages=248|quote="Although not mentioned by name, samsara is the situation that is characterized as suffering (*duhkha) in the first of the *Four Noble Truths (aryasatya)."}}</ref> Setiap kelahiran kembali bersifat sementara dan tidak kekal. Dalam setiap kelahiran kembali, seseorangsuatu makhluk dilahirkan dan mati, untukkemudian, dilahirkan kembali di tempat lain sesuai dengan [[Karma dalam Buddhisme|karmanya]] masing-masing.{{sfn|Williams|2002|pp=74-75}} Samsara dilanggengkan oleh ''avijjā'' ("[[Ketidaktahuan (Buddhisme)|ketidaktahuan]]") seseorang, khususnya tentang ''anicca'' ("[[Ketidakkekalan (Buddhisme)|ketidakkekalan]]") dan ''anatta'' ("[[Tanpa atma|tanpa-diriatma]]"),{{sfn|Keown|2004|pp=81, 281}}{{sfn|Fowler|1999|p=39–42}} dan darioleh ''taṇhā'' ("[[nafsu keinginan|nafsu kehausan]]").{{refn|IgnoranceKetidaktahuan anddan cravingnafsu keinginan:

* Chogyam Trungpa statesmenyatakan: "Cyclic existence [is] the continual repetitive cycle of birth, death, and [[bardo]] that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. (...) Samsara arises out of ignorance and is characterized by suffering."{{sfn|Chogyam Trungpa|2009|p=137}} Penjelasan Chogyam Trungpa's descriptionjuga includesmerujuk a reference to thepada ''bardo'', oratau intermediatealam stateperalihan, thatyang isditekankan emphasizeddalam inaliran the[[Buddhisme TibetanTibet]] tradition(keberadaan alam ''bardo'' umumnya tidak diterima oleh aliran [[Theravāda]]).

* Huston Smith anddan Philip Novak statemenyatakan: "The Buddha taught that beings, confused as they are by ignorant desires and fears, are caught in a vicious cycle called samsara, freedom from which—nirvana—was the highest human end."{{sfn|Smith|Novak|2009|loc=Kindle Location 2574}}|group=note|name="Ignorance and craving"}} Samsara terus berlanjut hingga tercapainya [[Nirwana]] melalui [[Kebijaksanaan (Buddhisme)|kebijaksanaan]],{{sfn|Keown|2000|loc=Kindle locations 702-706}}{{refn|EndingMengakhiri samsara:

* Conze: "Nirvana is the ''raison d’être'' of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification."{{sfn|Conze|2013|p=71}}|group=note|name=nirvanakc}} “padamnya” nafsu keinginankehausan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas ketidakkekalan (''anicca'') dan realitas tanpa-diriatma (''anatta'').{{sfn|Buswell|Gimello|1992|p=7–8, 83–84}}{{sfn|Choong|1999|p=28–29, Quote: "Seeing (''passati'') the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."}}{{sfn|Rahula|2014|p=51-58}} Konsep terkait samsara dan gagasan tentang siklus keberadaan sudah ada sejak 800 SM.<ref>{{Cite book|lastname=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pages=248|quote=The word samsara does not appear in the *Vedas, but the notion of cyclic birth and death is an ancient one and dates to around 800 BCE.}}<choong/ref>

* {{Cite bookCitation|last=Cohen|first=Robert S.|year=2006|title=Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity|publisher=Routledge}}

* {{cite bookCitation|last=Gombrich|first=Richard F.|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ|title=How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-19639-5|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043914/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2020-05-19|url-status=live}}

* {{cite bookCitation|first=Richard|last=Gombrich|first=Richard F.|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJjZyJAgAAQBAJ|title=HowTheravada Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-1963990352-58|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2020051904391420190816142222/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJjZyJAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=20202019-0508-1916|url-status=live}}

* {{cite bookCitation|last=Laumakis|first=Stephen J.|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC|title=An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46966-1|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121233453/https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC|archive-date=2017-01-21|url-status=live}}

*{{cite bookCitation|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|year=1980|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C|title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03923-0|editor=Wendy Doniger}}

*{{cite bookCitation|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|year=2005|title=Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120826090|editor=Wendy Doniger}}