Samsara (Buddhisme): Perbedaan antara revisi

Dalam [[Buddhisme]], '''samsara''' ([[KBBI]]; {{lang-pi|'''''saṃsāra'''''}}; {{Lang-sa|संसार}}) adalah siklus tanpa awal dari [[Punarbawa|kelahiran berulang]], keberadaan duniawi, dan kematian kembali. Samsara dianggap sebagai [[Penderitaan (Buddhisme)|penderitaan]] (''dukkha''), dan secara umum tidak memuaskan dan menyakitkan,{{sfn|Wilson|2010}} dilanggengkan oleh [[Nafsu kehausan (Buddhisme)|nafsu keinginankehausan]] (''taṇhā'') dan [[Ketidaktahuan (Buddhisme)|ketidaktahuan]] (''avijjā''), danjuga dengan [[Karma dalam Buddhisme|karma]] sertadan [[Landasan indra|pengindraan]] yang dihasilkannya.{{sfn|Juergensmeyer|Roof|2011|p=271-272}}{{sfn|McClelland|2010|p=172, 240}}{{sfn|Williams|Tribe|Wynne|2012|p=18–19, chapter 1}}

Berbeda dari keyakinan [[agama Hindu]], konsep samsara dalam Buddhisme menyatakan bahwa, meskipun makhluk-makhluk hidup mengalami siklus kelahiran kembali yang tak berujung, tidak ada jiwa atau roh (''[[atman]]'') yang tidak berubah yang berpindah dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lainnya.<ref>{{sfnharvnb|Trainor|2004|p=58, Quote}}: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.}}</ref name="naomiappleton76">{{cite booksfn|author=Naomi Appleton|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ|title=Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-91640-0|pagespp=76–89|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830191147/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhT7AgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2016-08-30|url-status=live}}</ref> Ajaran tentang [[tanpa-atma]] (tanpa-diri atau tanpa-roh) ini disebut ''anatta'' ([[Bahasa Pali|Pali]]) atau ''anātman'' ([[Bahasa Sanskerta|Sanskerta]]) dalam [[Kitab Buddhis|kitab-kitab Buddhis]].<ref group=web name="britannicaanatta">[http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta Anatta Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210185046/http://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta|date=2015-12-10}}, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)</ref><ref name="anatta3sources">[a] {{cite bookharvnb|author=Christmas Humphreys|year=2012|urlpp=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|title=Exploring Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=97842-1-136-22877-3|pages=42–43|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413214532/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC|archive-date=2021-04-13|url-status=live43}}{{br}} [b] {{cite bookharvnb|author=Brian Morris|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|title=Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85241-8|pagespp=51|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414231532/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51|archive-date=2021-04-14|url-status=live}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps - the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering." {{br}}[c] {{cite bookharvnb|author=Richard Gombrich|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|title=Theravada Buddhism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90352-8|pagepp=47|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816142222/https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2019-08-16|url-status=live}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."</ref>

[[Punarbawa]] atau kelahiran kembali terjadi di tiga puluh satu [[Loka (Buddhisme)|alam keberadaan]], yaitu alam-alam surga ([[Brahma (Buddhisme)|brahma]] dan [[Dewa (Buddhisme)|dewa]]), alam manusia, dan alam-alam rendah (binatang, hantu kelaparan, jin, dan neraka).{{refn|Klasifikasi tiga puluh satu alam keberadaan dalam kelompok alam surga, alam manusia, dan alam rendah (juga alam nonmateri, alam materi, dan alam kesenangan indrawi) adalah interpretasi umum aliran [[Theravāda]], sedangkan [[Buddhisme awal]] juga mengenalkan kategorisasi enam alam: tiga alam baik (surgawi, setengah-dewa, manusia) dan tiga alam buruk (binatang, hantu, neraka). [[Kitab Buddhis awal|Kitab-kitab Buddhis yang lebih awal]] juga mengenalkan kategorisasi lima alam, bukan enam alam; ketika digambarkan sebagai lima alam, alam dewa dan alam setengah dewa dianggap sebagai satu jenis alam.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=711-712}}|group=note|name=realms2}} Samsara berakhir jika seseorang mencapai [[Nirwana]],{{refn|group=note|name=nirvanakc}} “padamnya” nafsu keinginankehausan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas [[ketidakkekalan]] (''anicca'') dan realitas [[tanpa-atma]] (''anatta'').{{sfn|Buswell|Gimello|1992|p=7–8, 83–84}}<ref name=choong>{{sfnharvnb|Choong|1999|p=28–29, Quote}}: "Seeing (''passati'') the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."}}</ref>{{sfn|Rahula|2014|p=51-58}}

Dalam [[Buddhisme]], ''saṃsāra'' adalah "siklus kehidupan, kematian, dan [[Punarbawa|kelahiran kembali]] yang terus menerus dan sarat [[Penderitaan (Buddhisme)|penderitaan]], tanpa awal dan akhir".{{sfn|Wilson|2010}}{{sfn|Laumakis|2008|p=97}} Dalam [[Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia|KBBI]] VI, samsara didefinisikan sebagai "perputaran kehidupan sebelum tercapainya kesempurnaan."<ref group=web name=kbbivi>{{Cite web|title=Entri samsara - KBBI VI Daring|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/samsara|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=2024-09-26}}</ref>

Dalam beberapa ''[[Sutta Piṭaka|sutta]]'', khususnya [[Saṁyutta Nikāya]] 15, disebutkan, "Dari suatu awal yang tidak dapat diketahui, muncullah kelahiran kembali. Titik awalnya tidak dapat diketahui, meskipun makhluk-makhluk yang terhalang oleh [[Ketidaktahuan (Buddhisme)|ketidaktahuan]] dan terbelenggu oleh [[Nafsu kehausan (Buddhisme)|nafsu keinginankehausan]] terlahir kembali dan mengembara."<ref group=web>http://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330180444/https://suttacentral.net/en/sn15.3|date=2017-03-30}} - SN 15.3 Assu-sutta</ref> Samsara merujuk pada siklus kelahiran dan kematian yang tidak pernah berakhir, dalam enam jenis alam realitas (''gati'', [[Loka (Buddhisme)|domain keberadaan]]; juga dikenal dengan kategorisasi yang berbeda dalam aliran [[Theravāda]]),{{refn|group=note|name=realms2}}{{sfn|Bowker|1997}} mengembara dari satu kehidupan ke kehidupan lain tanpa arah atau tujuan tertentu.{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=119}}{{sfn|Ajahn Sucitto|2010|pp=37-38}}{{refn|Samsara adalah siklus kelahiran kembali yang terus-menerus dan berulang dalam enam jenis alam kehidupan:

* Ajahn Sucitto: "This continued movement is [...] what is meant by samsāra, the wandering on. According to the Buddha, this process doesn't even stop with death—it's like the habit transfers almost genetically to a new consciousness and body."{{sfn|Ajahn Sucitto|2010|pp=37-38}}|group=note|name="realms"}}

Samsara dicirikan oleh ''[[dukkha]]'' ("penderitaan, tidak memuaskan," "menyakitkan"). Samsaradan berhubungan dengan [[Empat Kebenaran Mulia]], karena ''dukkha'' ("tidak memuaskan," "menyakitkan") adalah inti dari samsara.<ref>{{Cite bookharvnb|last=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pagespp=248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite: book|last=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pages=248|quote="Although not mentioned by name, samsara is the situation that is characterized as suffering (*duhkha) in the first of the *Four Noble Truths (aryasatya)."}}</ref> Setiap kelahiran kembali bersifat sementara dan tidak kekal. Dalam setiap kelahiran kembali, seseorangsuatu makhluk dilahirkan dan mati, untukkemudian, dilahirkan kembali di tempat lain sesuai dengan [[Karma dalam Buddhisme|karmanya]] masing-masing.{{sfn|Williams|2002|pp=74-75}} Samsara dilanggengkan oleh ''avijjā'' ("[[Ketidaktahuan (Buddhisme)|ketidaktahuan]]") seseorang, khususnya tentang ''anicca'' ("[[Ketidakkekalan (Buddhisme)|ketidakkekalan]]") dan ''anatta'' ("[[Tanpa atma|tanpa-atma]]"),{{sfn|Keown|2004|pp=81, 281}}{{sfn|Fowler|1999|p=39–42}} dan darioleh ''taṇhā'' ("[[nafsu keinginan|nafsu kehausan]]").{{refn|Ketidaktahuan dan nafsu keinginan:

* Chogyam Trungpa menyatakan: "Cyclic existence [is] the continual repetitive cycle of birth, death, and [[bardo]] that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. (...) Samsara arises out of ignorance and is characterized by suffering."{{sfn|Chogyam Trungpa|2009|p=137}} Penjelasan Chogyam Trungpa's descriptionjuga includesmerujuk a reference to thepada ''bardo'', oratau intermediatealam stateperalihan, thatyang ditekankan dalam aliran [[Buddhisme Tibet]] (keberadaan alam ''bardo'' isumumnya emphasizedtidak inditerima theoleh Tibetanaliran tradition[[Theravāda]]).

* Conze: "Nirvana is the ''raison d’être'' of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification."{{sfn|Conze|2013|p=71}}|group=note|name=nirvanakc}} “padamnya” nafsu keinginankehausan dan perolehan kebijaksanaan sejati atas ketidakkekalan (''anicca'') dan realitas tanpa-atma (''anatta'').{{sfn|Buswell|Gimello|1992|p=7–8, 83–84}}{{sfn|Choong|1999|p=28–29, Quote: "Seeing (''passati'') the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana."}}{{sfn|Rahula|2014|p=51-58}} Konsep terkait samsara dan gagasan tentang siklus keberadaan sudah ada sejak 800 SM.<ref>{{Cite book|lastname=Keown|first=Damien|year=2003|title=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780198605607|pages=248|quote=The word samsara does not appear in the *Vedas, but the notion of cyclic birth and death is an ancient one and dates to around 800 BCE.}}<choong/ref>

* {{Cite bookCitation|last=Cohen|first=Robert S.|year=2006|title=Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity|publisher=Routledge}}

* {{cite bookCitation|last=Gombrich|first=Richard F.|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ|title=How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-19639-5|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043914/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=2020-05-19|url-status=live}}

* {{cite bookCitation|first=Richard|last=Gombrich|first=Richard F.|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJjZyJAgAAQBAJ|title=HowTheravada Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-1963990352-58|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2020051904391420190816142222/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQOAAgAAQBAJjZyJAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=20202019-0508-1916|url-status=live}}

* {{cite bookCitation|last=Laumakis|first=Stephen J.|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC|title=An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46966-1|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121233453/https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC|archive-date=2017-01-21|url-status=live}}

*{{cite bookCitation|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|year=1980|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C|title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03923-0|editor=Wendy Doniger}}

*{{cite bookCitation|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|year=2005|title=Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120826090|editor=Wendy Doniger}}