Pembantahan Segala Bidat: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[File:Saint-Jean-sur-Vilaine_(35)_Église_Vitrail_02.JPG|thumb|[[Hipolitus dari Roma]], senilukisan kaca patri]]

'''''Pembantahan Segala Bidat''''' ({{lang-el|Φιλοσοφούμενα ή κατὰ πασῶν αἱρέσεων ἔλεγχος|Filosofoumena hē kata pasōn haireseōn elengkhos}}; {{lang-la|Refutatio Omnium Haeresium}}), yang juga dikenal dengan judul '''''Elengkhos''''' atau '''''Filosofoumena''''', adalah risalah polemik Kristen abad ke-3 yang dinisbatkan kepada [[Hipolitus dari Roma]] atau seorangsastrawan penulisanonim takyang dikenal yangdijuluki [[Hipolitus dari Roma#Risalah|mencatutHipolitus nama HipolitusSemu]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pourkier |first1=Aline |title=L'hérésiologie aux premiers siècles du christianisme, nouveau genre littéraire |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2007_ant_1079_1_2680 |website=www.persee.fr |publisher=Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité |access-date=1 Februari 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernard |first1=Dominique |title=Les disciples juifs de Jésus du Ier s. à Mahomet |date=2017 |publisher=Cerf |location=Paris |isbn=9782204118514 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAmCDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR5 |access-date=1 Februari 2022}}</ref> Risalah ini merinci keyakinan-keyakinan [[paganisme|pagan]] dan 33 ragam [[gnostik]] Kristen yang dicap [[heresyajaran sesat|bidat]] oleh si/para penulis dan si/para penyusun, sehingga menjadikannya sumber informasi utama mengenai lawan-lawan sezaman dari ajaran yang dewasa ini dipahami sebagai ajaran Kristen [[ortodoksi|yang benar]] Kristen.<ref>[[Kurt Rudolph]], ''Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism'' (terjemahan Inggris tahun 1983), hlm. 13.</ref>

Risalah''Pembatantahan iniSegala Bidat'' terbagi ke dalam sepuluh parwa. Delapan parwa yang sintas kurang lebih masih lengkaputuh isinya, tetapi parwa kedua dan ketiga tak kunjung ditemukan, dansehingga isinya cuma bisa dikira-kira belaka.<ref>[[Hipolitus dari Roma]], ''FilosofoumenaPhilosophumena'', jld. 1. Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke. Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), hlm. 65.</ref><!--

Parwa pertama menyajikan ikhtisar pemikiran para filsuf Yunani. [[Catherine Rowett|Catherine Osborne]] mengidentifikasimenyifatkan parwaParwa I assebagai beingsumber aninformasi importantpenting source of information ontentang [[PreFilsafat pra-SocraticSokrates|Filsafat PhilosophyPrasokrates]].<ref>J.C.M. van Winden, reviewbedah ofbuku ''Rethinking Early Greek Philosophy: Hippolytus of Rome and the Presocratics'' bykarangan Catherine Osborne, ''Vigiliae Christianae'' 42 (Sept. 1988), phlm. 295</ref> TheYang mostpaling extensivebanyak treatmentdipaparkan isadalah givenkarya-karya to the works oftulis [[PythagorasPitagoras]], [[Plato]]n, anddan [[AristotleAristoteles]]. AnParwa outlineini ofjuga thememuat philosophiesgaris-garis ofbesar thefilsafat [[BrahminsBrahmana|kaum Brahmana]] of India, [[ZamolxisZamolksis]] ofdari [[ThraceTrakia]], and thedan [[CeltsDruid|Celtickaum Druid]] [[druidsKelt]], andmaupun alsosyair-syair ofmitologis the mythological poetry ofanggitan [[HesiodHesiodos]] is given here.

BookParwa V concernskhusus itselfmenyoroti with thebidat-bidat [[OphitesOphit|OphiteOfian]] heresies. ThePenulis authorsecara inkhusus particularmengidentifikasi identifies thekaum [[NaassenesNaaseni]], thekaum [[PerataePerates]], thekaum [[SethiansSethianisme|Setian]], anddan thekepercayaan-kepercayaan beliefsseorang ofahli abidat heretic,bernama JustinusYustinus.<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 1. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), phlm. 118.</ref> TheKekeliruan Ophitekaum errorOfian isdikatakan identifiedberakar aspada beingfilsafat rooted in the philosophy of theorang-orang ancientsdulu.<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 1. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), pphlmn. 119-120</ref> InDi Chapterdalam bab 2 ofparwa this bookini, thepenulis authormenuduh accuseskaum the Naassenes ofNaaseni (a) believingpercaya that the pagan godbahwa [[Attis|Dewa Atis]] "hassudah been emasculateddikebiri, thatartinya is,sudah heberpindah hasdari passedalam overbawah fromyang theduniawi earthlyke partsalam ofatas theyang netherkekal world to the everlasting substance aboveabadi, wheretempat...theretidak isada neitherlagi femaleperempuan normaupun malelaki-laki melainkan ciptaan baru, butyakni ainsan newbaru creature,yang aberjenis newkelamin man,laki-laki whichsekaligus is hermaphroditeperempuan" [trans.terjemahan J. H. McMahon]; anddan (b) ofmenyamakan conflatingYesus Jesusdengan andAtis Attis based on theberdasarkan [[GospelInjil of ThomasTomas]] and the Gospeldan accordingInjil tomenurut theorang EgyptiansMesir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Gary|title=Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood|url=https://archive.org/details/castrationabbrev0000tayl|url-access=limited|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0415927854|pages=[https://archive.org/details/castrationabbrev0000tayl/page/72 72]}}</ref>

InDi Bookdalam Parwa VI, the attack begunserangan atyang thedimulai endpada ofakhir BookParwa IV againstterhadap Simon Magus anddan Valentinus resumeskembali dilancarkan. The author sketchesPenulis outmemaparkan theirgagasan-gagasan ideasmereka, againdan affirmingsekali thelagi sourcemenandaskan ofbahwa theirsumber errorkekeliruan tomereka beadalah theajaran teaching of PythagorasPitagoras.<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), phlm. 36.</ref> TheParwa remainderini ofuntuk thisseterusnya bookmembahas discussesbidat-bidat theyang heresieskonon ofdianut Valentinus'para supposedpengikut followersValentinus.

BookParwa VII challengesmenggugat theajaran teachingsahli-ahli ofbidat suchantara heretics aslain [[Basilides]] andserta muridnya hisyang disciplebernama Saturnilus, [[MarcionMarsion|Markion ofdari Sinope]], anddan [[CarpocratesKarpokrates]] ofdari Alexandria, among othersAleksandria. TheseSemua ''[[heresiarchhairesiarkhes]]s all held varying opinions'' ontersebut theberbeda Godpaham oftentang theAllah [[OldPerjanjian TestamentLama]], frommulai dari Saturnilus, who are statedyang asdikatakan believingpercaya thatbahwa "theAllah Godorang ofYahudi theadalah Jewssalah issatu onemalaikat" of the angels",dan directlysecara opposedlangsung byditentang ChristKristus, tosampai Carpocratesdengan whoKarpokrates assertedyang thatberfatwa thebahwa FatherBapa waslebih forsering thejauh mostberjarak partdari aloofciptaan fromjasmaniah physicalyang creation, which had been formed bydibentuk hisoleh angelsmalaikat-malaikat-Nya.<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), pphlm. 81, 90-91.</ref>

APembahasan discussiontentang ofkaum thebidat hereticalDoketi Docetaemembuka begins BookParwa VIII. WhoHal exactlyihwal thekaum DocetaeDoketi weretidak is unclearjelas, thoughtetapi thetampaknya auothorpenulis seemsmembedakan tokaum makeini adari distinctionkelompok-kelompok betweenlain thisyang groupberpandangan andbahwa othersYesus whohanya consideredtampak Jesusseakan-akan to exist merely in appearanceberwujud, theyakni latterpandangan beingyang thedewasa doctrineini todisebut which the termsebagai "[[DocetismDoketisme]]" is now affixed.<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke, trans. Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), footnotecatatan kaki, phlm. 98.</ref> ThisBidat heresyini isdikait-kaitkan associateddengan withtafsir ayang misinterpretationkeliru of thedari [[ParablePerumpamaan ofseorang thepenabur|perumpamaan tentang seorang Sowerpenabur]] ofdi dalam [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew'sInjil GospelMatius]] anddan akeyakinan beliefbahwa thatjiwa Christ's soul was separated fromKristus histerpisah bodydari atraganya hispada [[CrucifixionPenyaliban ofdan Jesuskematian Yesus|Crucifixionperistiwa penyaliban]].<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), pphlm. 101, 104.</ref> ThePenulis authorselanjutnya proceedsmenjabarkan todan explainmenyanggah andpandangan argueahli againstbidat the GnosticsGnostik [[Monoimus|Monoimos]], [[TatianTatianos]], anddan Hermogenes, beforesebelum digressingmenyimpang fromdari thetema GnosticGnostik themeuntuk tomembantah refute the practices of theamalan-amalan [[QuartodecimanismKuartodesimanisme|Quartodecimanskaum Caturdasa]].<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), pphlm. 106-113.</ref> HeDengan likewisecara condemnsyang thesama penulis mencerca "Phrygiansorang-orang Frigia", ''i.e.'', theyakni [[MontanismMontanisme|followerspara ofpengikut Montanus]], anddan thebidat GnosticGnostik heresyyang of thedianut [[EncratitesEncratit|kaum pengekang diri]].<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), pphlm. 113-116</ref>

BookParwa IX beginsdibuka withdengan abantahan refutationterhadap of the heresy ofbidat [[NoetusNoetos]]. This particular 'errorKekeliruan' isini saiddikatakan toturut implicatemenyeret the now-canonised popesnama [[PopePaus Zephyrinus|ZephyrinusZefirinus]] anddan [[PopePaus Callixtus I|CallixtusKalistus I]].<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke, trans. Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), phlm. 118.</ref> ThisTema themekonflik ofdengan conflictkepausan withini thediperluas papacydi isdalam expandedbab upon2 in the second chapter of BookParwa IX, whichyang dealssecara inkhusus particularmenyoroti withkekeliruan-kekeliruan theKalistus errorsI, ofpaus Popeyang Callixtus,disifatkan whompenulis issebagai identifiedseorang as"tukang a "sorcerersihir".<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), phlm. 129.</ref> ThePenulis authorselanjutnya thenmenyerang attacks thekaum [[ElcesaitesElkesaitisme|Elkesait]], whoyang heia sayssebut hadmemiliki aamalan differentpembabtisan baptismalyang practiceberbeda thandari thatamalan ofpembaptisan orthodoxKristen Christiansyang ortodoks.<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke, trans. Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), pphlm. 132-138.</ref> BookParwa IX concludesditutup withdengan arangkuman summary of the heresy of thebidat [[JewsYahudi]], whoyang areterbagi dividedmenjadi intobidat [[PhariseesFarisi]], bidat [[SadduceesSaduki]], anddan bidat [[EssenesEseni]].<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), pphlm. 138-148.</ref>

BookParwa X concludesmenamatkan therisalah workini withdengan amerangkum summarykeseluruhan of what has written throughoutisinya.<ref>HippolytusHipolitus ofdari RomeRoma, ''Philosophumena'', voljld. 2. Ed.Penyuntingː W.J. Sparrow Simpson, W.K. Lowther Clarke,. trans.Penerjemahː F. Legge. (New York: MacMillan, 1921), pphlm. 149-178</ref>

TheSejak ditemukan kembali, ''RefutationPembantahan Segala Bidat'' hassudah beendijadikan asumber significantpustaka sourcepenting foroleh contemporary scholars onpara varioussarjana subjectsdalam sinceberbagai itsbidang discoverykajian.<ref>J.C.M. van Winden, reviewbedah ofbuku ''Rethinking Early Greek Philosophy: Hippolytus of Rome and the Presocratics'' bykarangan Catherine Osborne, ''Vigiliae Christianae'' 42 (Sept. 1988), pphlmn. 295-296</ref> ThePaparan compendious''Pembantahan breadth of theSegala ''RefutationBidat'' illuminatesyang forringkas thetetapi readerbernas nottidak onlyhanya variousmencerahkan Gnosticpembaca beliefs,dengan butpengetahuan istentang alsobermacam-macam akeyakinan sourceGnostik, oftetapi juga menjadi sumber "valuableinformasi informationyang ontak theterhingga thinkingnilainya ofmengenai thefikrah Presocraticsfilsuf-filsuf Prasokrates."<ref>J.C.M. van Winden, reviewbedah ofbuku ''Rethinking Early Greek Philosophy: Hippolytus of Rome and the Presocratics'' bykarangan Catherine Osborne, ''Vigiliae Christianae'' 42 (Sept. 1988), phlm. 295</ref> TheRisalah textini isjuga alsomerupakan ansumber importantpengetahuan sourceyang ofpenting Pythagoreanmengenai andajaran-ajaran Pitagoras dan [[NeopythagoreanismNeopythagoreanisme|NeopythagoreanNeopitagoras]] teachings,yang whichacap arekali frequentlyberkaitan relateddengan to the heresiesbidat-bidat describedyang thereindijabarkannya.<ref>Johan C. Thom, "'Don't walk on the highways': The Pythagorean akousmata and early Christian literature." ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 113, no. 1 (SpringMusim Semi 1994): 93.</ref>

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* [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0501.htm TenksTeks daring (bahasa Inggris)]

[[Kategori:Anti-GnostisismeAntignostisisme Kristen]]