Araneidae: Perbedaan antara revisi

| image_caption = ''[[Argiope catenulata]]''

| diversity_link = Daftar spesies Araneidae

| range_map = Distribution.araneidae.1.png

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However, orb-webs are also produced by members of other families. The large golden orb-weavers ([[Nephilidae]]) and the long-jawed orb weavers ([[Tetragnathidae]]) were formerly included in the Araneidae; they are indeed closely related to them, being part of [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] [[Araneoidea]]. Their webs are similar to those of the typical orb-weavers, but tend to be less sophisticated and often have an irregular instead of a neat spiral arrangement of the prey-capturing threads. The cribellate or hackled orb-weavers ([[Uloboridae]]) belong to a distinct superfamily of the [[suborder]] [[Araneomorphae]]; their webs are often very sophisticated, but Uloboridae use neither venom to kill their prey, nor sticky threads in their web, and probably [[evolution|evolved]] the orb structure independently. Uloboridae are [[cribellate]], and their threads can be recognized by the fuzzy and dull appearance, which captures prey by a [[velcro]]-like mechanism.

==The orb-web==

--><!-- (Not identified, of questionable use) [[File:garden_orb_weaver.jpg|thumb|Orb weaver resting in web]]-->

<!--Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat [[Spider web|webs]] with sticky spiral capture [[Spider silk|silk]]. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of nonsticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk. The third claw is used to walk on the nonsticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey [[insect]] that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite, and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a [[venom (poison)|venomous]] insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting.

 

The two families, Deinopoidea and Araneoidea, have similar behavioral sequences and spinning apparatuses to produce architecturally similar webs. The Araneidae weave true viscid silk with an aqueous glue property, and the Deinopoidea use dry fibrils and sticky silk.<ref name="Garb"/><ref>{{cite book |author=William A. Shear |year=1986 |chapter=The evolution of web-building behavior in spiders: a third generation of hypotheses |pages=364–400 |editor=William A. Shear |title=Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&pg=PA364}}</ref> The Deinopoidea (including the Uloboridae), have a [[cribellum]] – a flat, complex spinning plate from which the cribellate silk is released. They also have a [[calamistrum]] – an apparatus of bristles used to comb the cribellate silk from the cribellum. The Araneoidea, or the "ecribellate" spiders, do not have these two structures. The two families of orb-weaving spiders are morphologically very distinct, yet there is much similarity between their web form and web construction behavior. The cribellates retained the ancestral character, yet the cribellum was lost in the escribellates. The lack of a functional cribellum in araneoids is most likely [[synapomorphic]]. If the orb-weaver spiders are a [[monophyletic group]], the fact that only some species in the group lost a feature adds to the controversy. The cribellates are split off as a separate taxon that retained the primitive feature, which makes the lineage [[paraphyletic]] and not synonymous with any real evolutionary lineage. The morphological and behavioral evidence surrounding orb webs led to the disagreement over a single origin or a dual origin.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan A. Coddington |year=1986 |chapter=The monophyletic origin of the orb web |pages=319–363 |editor=William A. Shear |title=Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&pg=PA319}}</ref> However, molecular analysis provides more support for a [[monophyletic]] origin.<ref name="Blackledge_2009"/><ref name="Garb"/><ref name="Penney"/>

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== Sistematika ==

{{main|Daftar spesies Araneidae}}

 

* [[Argiope]]

* [[Argiopinae]]

* [[Cyrtarachninae]] <small>Simon</small>

:* [[Cyrtarachnini]] <small>Simon</small>

 

* [[Cyrtophorinae]]

* [[Gasteracanthinae]]

:* [[Caerostrini]]

 

* [[Micratheninae]]

* ''[[incertae sedis]]''

:* ''[[Artonis]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>

* ''Spiders'' by Barbara York Main. Sidney, 1976.

* ''Biology of Spiders'', by Rainer F. Foelix, second edition, 1996

* Platnick, Norman I. (2010): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/ARANEIDAE.html The world spider catalog: Araneidae], version 11.5. ''American Museum of Natural History''.

 

* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/australian/Spidaus.html Spiders of Australia]

* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/spidhome.htm Spiders of northwestern Europe]

* [http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch World Spider Catalog]

* [http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/CritterFiles/casefile/spiders/orbweavers/orb.htm Orb weavers of Kentucky], [[University of Kentucky]]

{{Araneae}}

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[[Kategori:Araneidae| ]]