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Baris 1:
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = قرامطة
| conventional_long_name = Qaramitah
| common_name = Qaramitah
| iso3166code = omit
| era = [[Zaman Keemasan Islam]] <br>(Abad ke-4)
| status =
| status_text =
| empire =
| government_type = [[Teokrasi]]
| event_start = [[Hamdan Qarmat|Didirikan]]
| date_start =
| year_start = 899
| event_end = [[Penggulingan kaum Qaramitah|Dibubarkan]]
| date_end =
| year_end = 1077
| year_exile_start =
| year_exile_end =
| event1 = [[Penjarahan Makkah]]
| date_event1 = 930
| event2 = [[Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani|al-Isfahani]] diproklamasikan sebagai [[Imam Mahdi]]
| date_event2 = 931
| event3 = Hajat Aswad dikembalikan
| date_event3 = 952
| event4 = Dikalahkan oleh Abbasiyah
| date_event4 = 976
| event5 =
| date_event5 =
| event6 =
| date_event6 =
| event_pre = [[Ismailisme#|Skisma Ismāʿīlī]]
| date_pre = 765
| event_post =
| date_post =
| p1 = Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah
| flag_p1 = Abbasid_banner.svg
| s1 = Dinasti Uyuni
| flag_s1 =
| flag = <!-- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} -->
| flag2 = <!-- Link target under flag2 image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} -->
| flag_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" -->
| flag2_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag2. Default "Flag" -->
| image_coat =
| image_map = Qarmatian Republic.png
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = Wilayah Qaramitah dibawah [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]]
| image_map2 =
| image_map2_alt =
| image_map2_caption =
| capital = [[Al-Hasa|Al-Ahsa]]
| capital_exile =
| national_motto =
| national_anthem =
| common_languages =
| religion = [[Ismailiyah]]
| demonym = Qarmati
| currency =
| leader1 = [[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi]]
| leader2 = [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]]
| leader3 = [[Ahmad Abu Tahir]]
| leader4 = [[Al-Hasan al-A'sam]]
| leader5 = [[Abul Kassim Sa'id]]
| leader6 = [[Abu Yaqub Yousuf]]
| year_leader1 = 894–914
| year_leader2 = 914–944
| year_leader3 = 944–970
| year_leader4 = 968–977
| year_leader5 = 970–972
| year_leader6 = 972–977
| title_leader = Penguasa
}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name = Qaramitah
| native_name = قرامطة
| native_name_lang = ar
| founder = [[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi]]
| dates = 899–1077
| area = [[Arabia Timur|Bahrayn]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Najd]], [[Hejaz]], [[Levant]], [[Mesir]]
| ideology = [[Ismailiyah|Isma'ilisme]]<br>[[Ekstremisme]]<br>[[Sosialisme]]<ref name="Fahes 2018 68">{{Cite book |last=Fahes |first=Fadi |url=https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/np193990x |title=ASocial utopia in tenth century Islam the Qarmatian experiment |date=2018 |publisher=California State University, Dominguez Hills |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><br>[[Sosialisme Islam]]<ref name="Fahes 2018 68"/><br>[[Sosialisme Utopia]]<ref name="Fahes 2018 68"/><br>[[Terorisme]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goitein |first=S. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGl3G9NmBNgC&pg=PA403 |title=A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Vol. V: The Individual |date=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22162-8 |pages=403 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadvi |first=Syed Habibul Haq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEMwAAAAYAAJ |title=The Dynamics of Islam: An Analysis of Islamic Dynamism which Has Been Operating in the Structure of Islamic Belief, Its Religio-political, Socio-economic Framework and Cultural Legacies |date=1982 |publisher=Acad.: The Centre for Islamic, Near and Middle Eastern Studies, Planning and Publ. |isbn=978-0-620-05712-7 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Fazlur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjfnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |title=Islam |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780226773377 |pages=176}}</ref>
| opponents = [[Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah]]<br>[[Kekhalifahan Fathimiyah]]<br>[[Dinasti Uyuni]]<br>[[Kekaisaran Seljuk]]
| battles = [[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi#Penaklukan Bahrayn|Penaklukan Bahrayn]] (899)<br>[[Pertempuran Hama]] (903)<br>[[Penjarahan Basra (923)|Penjarahan Basra]] (923)<br>[[Penyerbuan rombongan Haji 924|Penyerbuan kafilah haji]] (924)<br>[[Invasi Qaramitah ke Irak|Invasi ke Irak]] (928)<br>[[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi#Penaklukan Makkah|Penjarahan Makkah]] (930)<br>[[Al-Hasan al-A'sam#Kampanye melawan Fatimiyah|Invasi Mesir]] (971)<br>[[Penggulingan kaum Qaramitah]] (1058–1077)
}}
{{Ismailiyah|Ismaili History}}
'''Qaramitah''' ({{lang-ar|قرامطة|Qarāmiṭa}}; {{Lang-fa|قرمطیان|translit=Qarmatiyān}}){{Efn|Juga ditransliterasikan sebagai Carmathians, Qarmathians, Karmathians, Karmatian, atau Kalmati, Karmathian, Qarmatī, Qarāmiṭah<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web|title=Qarmatian {{!}} Meaning, Attack, Beliefs, & History|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qarmatians|access-date=2021-07-01|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>}} adalah sebuah gerakan [[militan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mumayiz |first=Ibrahim A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUBjAAAAMAAJ |title=Arabesques: Selections of Biography and Poetry from Classical Arabic Literature |date=2006 |publisher=Coronet Books Incorporated |isbn=978-90-441-1888-9 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4713-8 |pages=98 |language=en}}</ref> [[Syiah]] [[Ismailiyah|Isma'iliyah]] yang berpusat di [[al-Hasa|Al-Ahsa]] di [[Arabia Timur]], tempat mereka mendirikan sebuah [[agama]]—dan, seperti yang diklaim beberapa pakar, proto-sosialis atau [[Sosialisme Utopis|sosialis utopis]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3uoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT287 |title=Islam For Dummies |date=2019-08-09 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-64304-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Andrew David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jie7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |title=Christianity in Oman: Ibadism, Religious Freedom, and the Church |date=2019-10-31 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-30398-3 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Corm |first=Georges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5jFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 |title=Arab Political Thought: Past and Present |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-816-3 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref>—dinyatakan pada tahun 899 M. Anggotanya adalah bagian dari gerakan yang menganut cabang [[sinkretisme|sinkretis]] Islam [[Ismailiyah|Syiah Tujuh Imam Ismaili]],<ref name="britannica.com"/> dan diperintah oleh dinasti yang didirikan oleh [[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi]], seorang [[Persia]] dari [[Bandar Ganaveh|Jannaba]] di pesisir [[Provinsi Fars|Fars]].{{sfn|Carra de Vaux|Hodgson|1965|p=452}}{{sfn|Madelung|1983}} Mereka menolak klaim Khalifah [[Kekhalifahan Fathimiyah|Fathimiyah]] [[Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah]] sebagai [[imamah]] dan tetap pada keyakinan mereka terhadap kedatangan [[imam Mahdi|''Mahdi'']], dan mereka memberontak terhadap Kekhalifahan Fathimiyah dan [[Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah|Abbasiyah]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=de Blois|first=François|date=1986|title=THE 'ABU SAʿIDIS OR SO-CALLED "QARMATIANS" OF BAHRAYN |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223231|journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume=16|pages=13–21|jstor=41223231|issn=0308-8421}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com" />
[[Penjarahan Makkah|Makkah dijarah]] oleh seorang pemimpin Qaramitah, [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]],<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/371782/Mecca/37835/History#ref887188 Mecca's History], from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]].</ref> yang membuat dunia Muslim marah, khususnya dengan pencurian [[Hajar Aswad]] dan penodaan [[Sumur Zamzam]] dengan mayat selama musim [[haji]] tahun 930 M.<ref name="Glasse" />
== Nama ==
Asal usul nama "Qaramitah" tidak pasti.<ref>Akbar, Faiza. "The secular roots of religious dissidence in early Islam: the case of the Qaramita of Sawad Al‐Kūfa", Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 12.2 (1991): 376–390.</ref> Menurut beberapa sumber, nama tersebut berasal dari nama keluarga pendiri sekte tersebut, [[Hamdan Qarmat]].<ref name="ḤAMDĀN QARMAṬ">{{cite web|last=Madelung|first=Wilferd|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hamdan-qarmat-|title=Ḥamdān Qarmat |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Madelung|1978}} Nama ''qarmat'' mungkin berasal dari [[bahasa Aram]] untuk "berkaki pendek", "bermata merah" atau "guru rahasia".<ref name="Dadoyan2013">{{cite book|first=Seta B.|last=Dadoyan|author-link=Seta Dadoyan|title=The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World, Volume Three: Medieval Cosmopolitanism and Images of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SVbAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|year=2013|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-5189-3|page=36}}</ref>{{sfn|Daftary|1990|p=116}}<ref name="Halm1996">{{cite book|author=[[Heinz Halm]]|title=Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usUjj9OV9l0C&pg=PA27|year=1996|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10056-5|page=27}}</ref> Namun, sumber lain mengatakan bahwa nama tersebut berasal dari kata kerja [[bahasa Arab]] {{lang|ar|قرمط}} (''qarmaṭ''), yang berarti "membuat garis-garis berdekatan dalam tulisan" atau "berjalan dengan langkah-langkah pendek".<ref name="Glasse">Glassé, Cyril. 2008. ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam''. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edward William Lane|title=Arabic-English Lexicon|url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h902,ll=2614,ls=9,la=3606,sg=851,ha=614,pr=126,vi=296,mgf=723,mr=536,mn=1113,aan=520,kz=2127,ulq=1410,uqa=346,uqw=1307,umr=877,ums=738,umj=656,uqq=306,bdw=714,amr=517,asb=792,auh=1288,dhq=453,mht=736,msb=198,tla=85,amj=646,ens=1,mis=1|page=2519|author-link=Edward William Lane}}</ref> Kata "Qaramitah" juga dapat merujuk pada jenis [[abjad Arab|Tulisan Arab]].<ref name="Meri2005">{{cite book|author=[[Josef W. Meri]]|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45596-5|page=134}}</ref>
Suku Qarāmiṭah di [[Sawad]] ([[Irak]] selatan) juga dikenal sebagai "Para Pedagang Sayur" (''[[Baqliyya|al-Baqliyyah]]'') karena mereka mengikuti ajaran [[Abu Hatim al-Zutti|Abū Hātim al-Zutti]], yang pada tahun 908 melarang penyembelihan hewan. Ia juga melarang [[lobak]] dan allium seperti bawang putih, bawang merah, dan daun bawang. Pada tahun 928, tidak pasti apakah orang-orang tersebut masih berpegang pada ajaran tersebut.{{sfn|Madelung|1996|p=71}}
== Tujuh imam Qaramitah ==
Baris 11 ⟶ 102:
| 2 || [[Hasan bin Ali]] || (661–669)
|-
| 3 || [[
|-
| 4 || [[Ali bin
|-
| 5 || [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] || (713–733)
|-
| 6 || [[Ja'far ash-Shadiq]]|| (733–765)
|-
| 7 || [[Isma'il bin
|-
| [[Imam Mahdi]] || [[Muhammad bin Isma'il]]<ref>[http://www.ismaili.net/histoire/history04/history408.html MUHAMMAD BIN ISMAIL (158-197/775-813)]</ref> || (775–813)
|-
|}
Baris 34 ⟶ 125:
== Penguasa Qaramitah di [[Arabia Timur]] ==
* [[Abu
* [[Abu
* Ahmad Abu Tahir (944-970) <ref>http://ismaili.net/histoire/history05/history510.html</ref>
* Abul Kassim Sa'id (970-972)
* Abu Yaqub Yousuf (972-977)
*
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Sejarah Bahrain]]
== Catatan kaki ==
{{Notelist}}
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|30em}}
* Kathryn Babayan 2002: ''Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran'', ISBN 0-932885-28-4
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Carmathians}}
Baris 60 ⟶ 154:
* [http://www.ismaili.net/histoire/history04/history406.html Maymūn’āl-Qaddāh]
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abdallah-b-maymun-al-qaddah-legendary-founder-of-the-qarmatian-ismaili-doctrine Encyclopaedia Iranica, "ʿAbdallāh B. Maymūn Al-Qaddāḥ"]
{{Qaramitah}}
[[Kategori:Bahrain]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Arab Saudi]]
[[Kategori:Qaramitah|*]]
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