Panthera: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Short description|Genus dalam famili Felidae}}{{Italic title}}
{{bedakan|Pantera}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Panthera''<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id = 14000227 |pages=546–548 |heading=Genus ''Panthera''}}</ref>
| fossil_range = [[Miosen Akhir]] – sekarang, {{fossil_range|5.95|0}}
| image = 4panthera3.0.png
| image_caption = Dari atas ke bawah: [[harimau]], [[singa]], [[jaguar]], [[macan tutul]], [[macan tutul salju]]
| image2_caption =
| authority = Oken, 1816
| type_species = ''[[Leopard|Panthera pardus]]''<ref name=Allen1902/>
| type_species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae edisi ke-10|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Spesies hidup
| subdivision = ''[[Harimau|Panthera tigris]]''<br />
''[[Macan tutul salju|Panthera uncia]]''<br />
''[[Jaguar|Panthera onca]]''<br />
''[[Singa|Panthera leo]]''<br />
''[[Macan tutul|Panthera pardus]]''
}}
'''''Panthera''''' adalah salah satu genus dalam famili [[Felidae]], yang dinamai dan dijelaskan oleh [[Lorenz Oken]] pada tahun 1816, yang menempatkan semua kucing berbintik di kelompok ini.<ref name=Allen1902>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=J. A. |year=1902 |title=Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie' |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=16 |issue=27 |pages=373−379 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/509//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B016a27.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oken |first1=L. |year=1816 |title=Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung |location=Jena |publisher=August Schmid & Comp. |page=1052 |chapter=1. Art, ''Panthera'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052}}</ref> [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] merevisi klasifikasi genus ini pada tahun 1916 yang terdiri dari [[harimau]] (''P. tigris''), [[singa]] (''P. leo''), [[jaguar]] (''P. onca''), dan [[macan tutul]] (''P. pardus'') berdasarkan fitur [[Tulang kranium|kranium]] umum.<ref name=Pocock1916>{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1916 |title=The Classification and Generic Nomenclature of ''F. uncia'' and its Allies |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=Series 8 |volume=XVIII |issue=105 |pages=314–316 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ser8annalsmagazi18londuoft#page/314/mode/2up |doi=10.1080/00222931608693854}}</ref> Hasil [[analisis genetik]] menujukkan bahwa [[macan tutul salju]] (awalnya ''Uncia uncia'') juga termasuk genus ''Panthera'' (''P. uncia''), sebuah klasifikasi yang diterima oleh asesor-asesor [[Daftar Merah IUCN]] pada tahun 2008.<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name=iucn1>{{cite iucn |author1=McCarthy, T.|author2=Mallon, D.|author3=Jackson, R.|author4=Zahler, P.|author5=McCarthy, K.|page=e.T22732A50664030 |title=''Panthera uncia'' |date=2017 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en }}</ref>
Harimau, singa, macan tutul, dan jaguar adalah keempat spesies kucing dengan struktur anatomi yang dapat membuatnya [[Auman|mengaum]]. Macan tutul salju hanya satu-satunya anggota yang tidak dapat mengaum dalam genus ini. Alasan utamanya karena awalnya dianggap sebagai [[osifikasi]] [[tulang hyoid]] yang belum lengkap. Namun, penelitian baru menunjukkan kemampuan mengaumnya adalah karena fitur [[Morfologi (biologi)|morfologis]] lain, khususnya [[laring]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peters, G. |last2=Hast, M. H. |year=1994 |title=Hyoid structure, laryngeal anatomy, and vocalization in felids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=87−104 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Zeitschrift-Saeugetierkunde_59_0087-0104.pdf}}</ref>
==Etimologi==
Kata ''Panther'' berasal dari [[bahasa Latin klasik]] ''panthēra'', dari [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]] ''pánthēr'' (πάνθηρ).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liddell, H. G. |last2=Scott, R. |name-list-style=amp |year=1940 |chapter=πάνθηρ |chapter-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2377441 |title=A Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Revised and augmented |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Secara [[Fonetik|fhonetis]] mirip dengan kata dalam [[bahasa Sanskerta]] पाण्डर ''pând-ara'' yang berarti 'kuning pucat, keputihan, putih'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macdonell, A. A. |year=1929 |title=A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=पाण्डर pând-ara |page=95 |chapter-url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0&searchhws=yes |access-date=2021-11-02 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190022/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/macdonell_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0&searchhws=yes |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
== Spesies ==
Spesies dan subspesies yang sudah [[punah]] ditandai dengan simbol †
* '''Genus''' ''Panthera''
** ''Panthera gombaszoegensis'' [[punah|†]]
** ''[[Panthera leo]]'' ([[Singa]])
*** ''Panthera leo atrox'' [[punah|†]] (Singa Amerika)
*** ''Panthera leo azandica''
*** ''Panthera leo bleyenberghi''
*** ''Panthera leo europaea'' [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera leo fossilis'' [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera leo hollisteri''
*** ''Panthera leo krugeri''
*** ''Panthera leo leo'' [[punah|†]]
Baris 38 ⟶ 45:
*** ''Panthera leo roosevelti''
*** ''Panthera leo sinhaleyus'' [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera leo somaliensis''
*** ''Panthera leo spelaea'' [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera leo senegalensis''
*** ''Panthera leo vereshchagini'' [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera leo verneyi''
** ''[[Panthera onca]]'' ([[Jaguar]])
** ''Panthera palaeosinensis'' [[punah|†]]
** ''Panthera pardoides'' [[punah|†]]
** ''[[Panthera pardus]]'' ([[Macan Tutul]])
*** ''Panthera pardus adersi'' [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera pardus delacouri''
Baris 52 ⟶ 59:
*** ''Panthera pardus jarvesi''
*** ''Panthera pardus japonensis''
*** ''Panthera pardus jarvisi''
*** ''Panthera pardus kotiya''
*** ''Panthera pardus melas'' ([[Macan Kumbang]])
*** ''Panthera pardus nimr''
*** ''Panthera pardus nimr''
*** ''Panthera pardus orientalis''
*** ''Panthera pardus panthera''
*** ''Panthera pardus pardus''
*** ''Panthera pardus saxicolor'' ([[Macan tutul Persia]])
*** ''Panthera pardus tulliana''
** ''Panthera schaubi'' [[punah|†]]
** ''[[Panthera tigris]]'' ([[Harimau]])
*** ''Panthera tigris altaica'' ([[Harimau Siberia]])
*** ''Panthera tigris amoyensis''
*** ''Panthera tigris balica'' ([[Harimau Bali]]) [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera tigris corbetti''
*** ''Panthera tigris jacksoni''
*** ''Panthera tigris sondaica'' ([[Harimau Jawa]]) [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera tigris sumatran'' ([[Harimau Sumatra]])
*** ''Panthera tigris tigris''
*** ''Panthera tigris trinilensis'' [[punah|†]]
*** ''Panthera tigris virgata'' [[punah|†]]
** ''Panthera toscana'' [[punah|†]] (Singa Tuscany)
** ''Panthera youngi'' [[punah|†]]
==Lihat juga==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Hibrida Panthera|Hibrida ''Panthera'']]
* [[Panther (makhluk legenda)]]
{{colend}}
==Referensi==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Johnson2006>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W.E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W.J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=73–77 |pmid=16400146 |issue=5757 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866}}</ref>
}}
==Bacaan lebih lanjut==
* {{cite book |title=The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History |authors=Turner, A. and [[Mauricio Antón|Antón, M.]] |date=1997 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-10228-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66mRJSxIAfoC |language=en}}
==Pranala luar==
* {{cite web |title=The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats |work=[[PBS Eons]] |date=16 May 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPJnqWke5n8 |via=[[YouTube]] }}
{{Carnivora|Fe.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q127960}}
[[Kategori:Panthera| ]]
[[Kategori:Pantherinae]]
[[Kategori:Genera mamalia]]
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