Salafiyah: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''SalafiahSalafiyah''' ({{lang-ar|السلفية|translit=as-Salafīyyah}}, bentuk adjektival '''Salafi'''), juga disebut '''Salafisme''', adalah gerakan [[kebangkitan Islam|kebangkitan]] dalam [[Sunni|Islam SuniSunni]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak_1CnYlinMC&q=Salafi+sect&pg=PA27 |title=Legal Integration of Islam |last=Joppke |first=Christian |date=1 April 2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674074910 |pages=27 |language=en |quote=Salafism, which is a largely pietistic, [[apolitical]] sect favoring a literalist reading of the Quran and Sunnah. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community |author=Joas Wagemakers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L13WDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 |page=227 |quote=These men adhere to the Salafi branch of Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016|isbn=9781107163669 }}</ref><ref name="Harvard Divinity">{{cite web|title=The Rise of European Colonialism|url=https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/rise-european-colonialism|publisher=Harvard Divinity School|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171633/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/rise-european-colonialism|archive-date=9 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&q=salafi+movement+reform&pg=PA275 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195125597 |page=275 |access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> yang dibentuk sebagai gerakan sosio-religius pada akhir abad ke-19 dan tetap berpengaruh di [[dunia Islam]] selama lebih dari satu abad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Saba |title=Politics of piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofpietyi00mahm_2 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780691149806 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofpietyi00mahm_2/page/61 61] |chapter=Chapter 2: Topography of the Piety movement |quote="The Salafi movement emerged at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth in the context of European intellectual and political dominance in the Muslim World"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=E. Curtis |first=Edward |title=Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9781438130408 |pages=499 |language=English |quote="Salafi Muslims: As a social movement within Sunni Islam, Salafi Muslims ARE a global revivalism movement"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-539589-1 |editor-last=L. Esposito, El-Din Shahin |editor-first=John, Emad |location=New York |pages=38 |quote="Salafism, in its varying guises, has been an important trend in Islamic thought for more than a century."}}</ref> Nama ini diambil dari anjuran untuk kembali ke pemahaman leluhur ([[salaf]]), tiga generasi awal Muslim yang mengetahui ajaran Islam yang murni tanpa adanya tambahan dan pengurangan. Generasi-generasi itu termasuk [[Nabi Islam]] [[Muhammad]] dan para sahabat yang diajarkannya sendiri ([[Sahabat Nabi|para Sahabat]]), penerus mereka ([[Tabiin]]), dan penerus penerus (''[[Tabi'ut Tabi'in]]''). Secara praktis, Salafi berpendapat bahwa umat Islam harus bergantung pada [[Al-Qur'an]], [[SunahSunnah]] dan [[IjmakIjma']] (konsensus) salaf, memberikan mereka prioritas atas interpretasi agama kemudian.<ref>Bin Ali Mohamed ''Roots Of Religious Extremism, The: Understanding The Salafi Doctrine Of Al-wala' Wal Bara'' World Scientific, 14.09.2015 9781783263943 p. 61</ref> Gerakan ini bertujuan untuk memperbarui kehidupan Muslim dan ia telah memberikan pengaruh besar pada banyak pemikir dan gerakan Muslim di seluruh [[duniaDunia Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=L. Esposito|first=John|title=The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world vol.3|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-19-509614-2|location=200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016|pages=463|quote="SALAFIYAH... It aimed at the renewal of Muslim life and had a formative impact on many Muslim thinkers and movements across the Islamic world."}}</ref> Sejak awal, Salafisme telah berkembang melalui upaya berbagai reformis Islam, yang kegiatannya tersebar di berbagai wilayah.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-539589-1|editor-last=L. Esposito, El-Din Shahin|editor-first=John, Emad|location=198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016|pages=38|quote="Salafism has evolved under a number of key reformers, each of whom has brought his own unique insights and vision to the movement in response to the challenges of his national context."}}</ref>

Istilah Salafi dibuat oleh [[Ibnu Taimiyah]] pada abad ke-8 HijriahHijriyah, dan [[Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab]] menghidupkan kembali istilah ini di wilayah [[Najd]] pada abad ke-12 H, yang menjadikan Salafi sebagai sebuah gerakan reformasi yang didirikan oleh salah satu perwakilan paling terkemuka di era modern.<ref name="عربي 21">[https://arabi21.com/story/800126/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85 مقال على ماذا يتنازع السلفيون .. ومن يمثل السلفية منهم؟] موقع عربي 21 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216044417/http://arabi21.com/story/800126/على-ماذا-يتنازع-السلفيون-ومن-يمثل-السلفية-منهم |date=16 ديسمبر 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Botobekov |first=Uran |year=2021 |chapter=How Central Asian Salafi-Jihadi Groups are Exploiting the Covid-19 Pandemic: New Opportunities and Challenges |editor-last=Käsehage |editor-first=Nina |title=Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic |series=Religionswissenschaft |volume=21 |location=[[Bielefeld]] |publisher=Transcript Verlag |doi=10.14361/9783839454855-005 |doi-access=free |pages=107–148 |isbn=978-3-8376-5485-1 | issn = 2703-1438}}</ref>

Doktrin Salafi didasarkan pada melihat kembali ke tahun-tahun awal agama Islam untuk memahami bagaimana Muslim kontemporer harus mempraktikkan iman mereka.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EdvBAAAQBAJ&q=Salafist+doctrine&pg=PT73 |title=Religious Ideology and the Roots of the Global Jihad: Salafi Jihadism and International Order |last=Turner |first=J. |date=26 August 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137409577 |language=en}}</ref> Salafi menolak inovasi agama atau [[bid'ah|bidah]] dan mendukung penerapan [[syariat]] (hukum Islam).<ref name="Economist27Jun15">{{cite news|date=27 June 2015|title=Salafism: Politics and the puritanical|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats|work=[[The Economist]]|access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> Dalam [[Politik Islam|pendekatannya terhadap politik]], gerakan SalafiahSalafiyah kadang-kadang dibagi oleh akademisi dan jurnalis Barat menjadi tiga kategori: kelompok terbesar adalah kaum puritan (atau pendiam), yang menghindari politik; kelompok terbesar kedua adalah para [[Islamisme|aktivis]], yang mempertahankan keterlibatan reguler dalam politik; dan kelompok ketiga adalah para [[Jihadisme salafi|jihadis]], yang membentuk minoritas dan menganjurkan perjuangan bersenjata untuk memulihkan gerakan Islam awal.<ref name=Economist27Jun15/> Dalam masalah hukum, Muslim salafiSalafi terbagi antara mereka yang menganjurkan penilaian hukum independen ([[ijtihad]]) dan menolak kepatuhan yang ketat ([[taklid]]) ke empat [[mazhab]] hukum SuniSunni dan lainnya yang tetap setia pada ini, terutama para ulama [[Arab Saudi|Saudi]], yang tidak mengikuti Mazhab tertentu.<ref name="al-Yaqoubi">{{Cite book|last=Al-Yaqoubi|first=Muhammad|title=Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations|publisher=Sacred Knowledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1908224125|page=xiii}}</ref>

Di era kontemporer, Salafisme mengacu pada sekelompok gerakan [[Tajdid|pembaruan]] dan [[Islah|reformasi]] SuniSunni yang berbeda dan tetap menjadi tren signifikan dalam pemikiran Islam selama lebih dari satu abad.<ref>{{Cite book|last=E. Campo|first=Juan|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000camp|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|location=132 West 31st Street, New York, NY 10001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000camp/page/601 601]|quote="Salafism (Arabic: al-Salafiyya) Salafism refers to a cluster of different Sunni renewal and reform movements and ideologies in contemporary Islam"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-539589-1|editor-last=L. Esposito, El-Din Shahin|editor-first=John, Emad|location=198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016|pages=38|quote="Salafism, in its varying guises, has been an important trend in Islamic thought for more than a century."}}</ref> SalafiahSalafiyah kontemporer terbentuk sebagai gerakan revivalis di seluruh [[duniaDunia Muslim]] selama akhir abad ke-19 dalam konteks [[Imperialisme Eropa]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mahmood|first=Saba|title=Politics of piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject|url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofpietyi00mahm_2|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2012|isbn=9780691149806|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofpietyi00mahm_2/page/61 61]|chapter=Chapter 2: Topography of the Piety movement|quote="The Salafi movement emerged at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth in the context of European intellectual and political dominance in the Muslim World"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=E. Curtis|first=Edward|title=Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2010|isbn=9781438130408|pages=499|language=English|quote="Salafi Muslims: As a social movement within Sunni Islam, Salafi Muslims ARE a global revivalism movement"}}</ref>