Insulin lispro: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Insulin lispro''' adalah jenis [[insulin]] medis yang dimodifikasi yang digunakan untuk mengobati [[diabetes melitus tipe 1]] dan [[diabetes melitus tipe 2|tipe 2]]. Insulin ini diberikan secara [[penyuntikan subkutan|subkutan]] baik melalui
Efek samping yang umum termasuk [[hipoglikemia|gula darah rendah]]. Efek samping serius lainnya mungkin termasuk [[hipokalemia|kalium darah rendah]].<ref name=AHFS2019/> Penggunaan pada [[kehamilan]] dan [[menyusui]] umumnya aman.<ref name=Preg2019>{{cite web |title=Insulin lispro Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/insulin-lispro.html |website=Drugs.com |access-date=3 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919130122/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/insulin-lispro.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Insulin ini bekerja sama dengan insulin manusia dengan meningkatkan jumlah [[glukosa]] yang diserap jaringan dan mengurangi jumlah glukosa yang dibuat oleh hati.<ref name=AHFS2019>{{cite web |title=Insulin Lispro Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/insulin-lispro.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306234749/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/insulin-lispro.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Insulin lispro pertama kali disetujui untuk digunakan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1996.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Humalog label"/><ref name="FDA Humalog approval">{{cite web | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/pre96/020563Orig1s000rev.pdf | title=Humalog approval | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=14 June 1996 | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062115/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/pre96/020563Orig1s000rev.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Insulin ini adalah analog buatan insulin manusia yang dua [[asam
▲Insulin lispro pertama kali disetujui untuk digunakan di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1996.<ref name=AHFS2019/><ref name="Humalog label"/><ref name="FDA Humalog approval">{{cite web | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/pre96/020563Orig1s000rev.pdf | title=Humalog approval | publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=14 June 1996 | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062115/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/pre96/020563Orig1s000rev.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> Insulin ini adalah analog buatan insulin manusia yang dua asam aminonya bertukar posisi.<ref name="lispro">{{cite journal | vauthors = Koivisto VA | title = The human insulin analogue insulin lispro | journal = Annals of Medicine | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 260–6 | date = June 1998 | pmid = 9677011 | doi = 10.3109/07853899809005853 }}</ref>
==Sejarah==
Insulin lispro (merek dagang Humalog) diberikan otorisasi pemasaran di Uni Eropa pada bulan April 1996,<ref name="Humalog EPAR">{{cite web | title=Humalog EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=11 February 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/humalog | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062204/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/humalog | url-status=live }}</ref> dan disetujui untuk digunakan di Amerika Serikat pada bulan Juni 1996.<ref name="FDA Humalog approval" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Humalog: FDA-Approved Drugs | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&varApplNo=020563 | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=27 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127062846/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&varApplNo=020563 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Insulin lispro (merek dagang Liprolog) diberikan otorisasi pemasaran di Uni Eropa pada bulan Mei 1997,<ref name="Liprolog EPAR">{{cite web | title=Liprolog EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=1 August 2001 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/liprolog | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062116/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/liprolog | url-status=live }}</ref> dan pada bulan Agustus 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Liprolog EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=11 February 2020 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/liprolog-0 | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062115/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/liprolog-0 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Obat kombinasi yang menggabungkan insulin lispro dan bentuk insulin lainnya disetujui untuk digunakan di Amerika Serikat pada bulan Desember 1999.<ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Humalog Mix (75/25 & 50/50) NDA# 21-017 & 21-018 | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=24 December 1999 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/99/21017_Humalog.cfm | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062119/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/99/21017_Humalog.cfm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Humalog Mix50/50- insulin lispro injection, suspension Humalog Mix50/50 Kwikpen- insulin lispro injection, suspension | website=DailyMed | date=19 November 2019 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b34cd3ff-d0af-4852-b4ef-2a8b4a93aeae | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=28 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828125609/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b34cd3ff-d0af-4852-b4ef-2a8b4a93aeae | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Humalog Mix75/25- insulin lispro injection, suspension Humalog Mix75/25 Kwikpen- insulin lispro injection, suspension | website=DailyMed | date=3 February 2020 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c73da51a-1899-45ad-b6cf-9c52c36a25dd | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=30 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130115850/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c73da51a-1899-45ad-b6cf-9c52c36a25dd | url-status=live }}</ref>
Insulin lispro Sanofi diberikan otorisasi pemasaran sebagai biosimilar di Uni Eropa pada bulan Juli 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title=Insulin lispro Sanofi EPAR | website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) | date=17 June 2019 | url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/insulin-lispro-sanofi | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062115/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/insulin-lispro-sanofi | url-status=live }}</ref>
Insulin lispro injeksi (merek dagang Admelog) disetujui untuk digunakan di Amerika Serikat pada bulan Desember 2017.<ref>{{cite web | title=Drug Approval Package: Admelog (insulin lispro) | website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | date=17 May 2018 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2017/209196Orig1s000TOC.cfm | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062134/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2017/209196Orig1s000TOC.cfm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=FDA Approves Sanofi's Admelog (insulin lispro injection) | website=Sanofi | date=11 December 2017 | url=http://www.news.sanofi.us/2017-12-11-FDA-Approves-Sanofis-Admelog-R-insulin-lispro-injection | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224055144/http://www.news.sanofi.us/2017-12-11-FDA-Approves-Sanofis-Admelog-R-insulin-lispro-injection | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=FDA approves Admelog, the first short-acting "follow-on" insulin product to treat diabetes|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-admelog-first-short-acting-follow-insulin-product-treat-diabetes|website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|date=11 December 2017|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614022648/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-admelog-first-short-acting-follow-insulin-product-treat-diabetes|url-status=live}}</ref>
Pada bulan Januari 2020, Komite Produk Obat untuk Penggunaan Manusia (CHMP) dari [[Badan Pengawas Obat Eropa]] merekomendasikan pemberian otorisasi pemasaran untuk asam insulin lispro (nama merek Lyumjev) untuk pengobatan diabetes pada orang dewasa.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=Lyumjev: Pending EC decision|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/liumjev|access-date=23 February 2020|website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131193510/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/liumjev|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title=CHMP Recommends Approval of Lilly's New Fast-Acting Mealtime Insulin to Improve Glycemic Control in Adults with Diabetes | website=Eli Lilly and Company | date=31 January 2020 | url=https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/chmp-recommends-approval-lillys-new-fast-acting-mealtime-insulin | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=28 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828125611/https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/chmp-recommends-approval-lillys-new-fast-acting-mealtime-insulin | url-status=live }}</ref> Insulin lispro (Lyumjev) disetujui untuk digunakan di [[Uni Eropa]] pada bulan Maret 2020, dan di Amerika Serikat pada bulan Juni 2020.<ref name="Liumjev EPAR">{{cite web|date=29 January 2020|title=Ljumjev EPAR|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/liumjev|access-date=16 April 2020|website=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828125610/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/lyumjev-previously-liumjev|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Kegunaan dalam medis==
Insulin lispro digunakan untuk mengobati orang dengan diabetes tipe 1 atau diabetes tipe 2. Orang yang membaik dengan insulin kerja pendek tidak boleh secara rutin diganti ke insulin lispro, tetapi mungkin mendapat manfaat dari beberapa keuntungan seperti fleksibilitas dan responsivitas.<ref name=AHFS2019/><!-- Kutipan = Beberapa dokter menyarankan bahwa pasien yang terkontrol baik dengan sediaan insulin kerja pendek konvensional tanpa hipoglikemia yang sering tidak boleh secara rutin dialihkan ke insulin lispro. -->
==Efek samping==
Efek samping yang umum termasuk iritasi kulit di tempat suntikan, [[hipoglikemia]], [[hipokalemia]], dan [[lipodistrofi]]. Efek samping serius lainnya termasuk [[anafilaksis]], dan reaksi [[hipersensitivitas]].<ref name="Humalog label">{{cite web | title=Humalog- insulin lispro injection, solution Humalog Kwikpen- insulin lispro injection, solution Humalog Junior Kwikpen- insulin lispro injection, solution Humalog Tempo Pen- insulin lispro injection, solution | website=DailyMed | date=25 November 2019 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c8ecbd7a-0e22-4fc7-a503-faa58c1b6f3f | access-date=23 February 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924074648/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c8ecbd7a-0e22-4fc7-a503-faa58c1b6f3f | url-status=live }}</ref>
==Mekanisme kerja==
Melalui teknologi [[DNA rekombinan]], residu [[lisin]] dan [[prolina]] terakhir pada ujung C-terminal rantai B dibalik. Modifikasi ini tidak mengubah pengikatan reseptor, tetapi menghambat pembentukan dimer dan heksamer insulin. Hal ini memungkinkan sejumlah besar insulin monomer aktif tersedia segera untuk injeksi pasca makan.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Noble SL, Johnston E, Walton B | title = Insulin lispro: a fast-acting insulin analog | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–86, 289–92 | date = January 1998 | pmid = 9456992 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/980115ap/noble.html | access-date = 5 September 2007 | archive-date = 29 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095848/http://www.aafp.org/afp/980115ap/noble.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
==Kimia==
Ini adalah bentuk buatan insulin manusia di mana [[asam amino]] lisin dan prolin telah ditukar di ujung rantai B molekul insulin.<ref name="lispro"/> Pergantian asam amino ini meniru faktor pertumbuhan mirip insulin 1 yang juga memiliki lisin (K) dan prolin (P) dalam urutan itu pada posisi 28 dan 29.<ref>Ratledge, C., & Kristiansen, B. (2007). Basic biotechnology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 513 "insulin lispro, where, in analogy to the naturally occur- ring insulin homologue insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), the order of the amino acid residues B28 and B29 was changed;"</ref>
==Dalam budaya masyarakat==
===Ekonomi===
Di Amerika Serikat, harga satu botol Humalog naik dari US$35 pada tahun 2001 menjadi $234 pada tahun 2015;<ref name=Sullivan2019>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Peter |title=Drug company announces new version of insulin at half the price |url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/432439-drug-company-announces-new-version-of-insulin-at-half-the-price |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415190011/https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/432439-drug-company-announces-new-version-of-insulin-at-half-the-price |url-status=live }}</ref> atau $10,06 dan $29,36 per 100 unit.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Langreth|first1=Robert|title=Decoding Big Pharma's Secret Drug Pricing Practices|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-drug-prices/|access-date=15 July 2016|publisher=Bloomberg|date=29 June 2016|archive-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713133019/http://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-drug-prices/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada bulan April 2019, [[Eli Lilly and Company]] mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan memproduksi versi yang dijual seharga $137,35 per vial.<ref name=Sullivan2019 /> Kepala eksekutifnya mengatakan bahwa ini adalah kontribusi "untuk memperbaiki masalah biaya sendiri yang tinggi bagi orang Amerika yang hidup dengan kondisi kronis", tetapi Patients for Affordable Drugs Now mengatakan bahwa ini hanya langkah hubungan masyarakat, karena "negara lain membayar $20 untuk satu botol insulin."<ref name=Sullivan2019/> Pada bulan Maret 2023, Lilly mengumumkan program pembatasan harga insulin mereka pada $35 per bulan.<ref>{{cite press release | title=Lilly Cuts Insulin Prices by 70% and Caps Patient Insulin Out-of-Pocket Costs at $35 Per Month | website=Eli Lilly and Company | date=1 March 2023 | url=https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lilly-cuts-insulin-prices-70-and-caps-patient-insulin-out-pocket | access-date=14 April 2023 | archive-date=14 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414064302/https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lilly-cuts-insulin-prices-70-and-caps-patient-insulin-out-pocket | url-status=live }}</ref>
==Referensi==
{{Reflist}}
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[[Kategori:Agonis reseptor insulin]]
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[[Kategori:Terapi peptida]]
[[Kategori:Protein rekombinan]]
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