Gerombolan Emas: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{infobox former country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Gerombolan Emas
| common_name = Gerombolan Emas
| status_text = State of the [[Mongol Empire]]
| country =
| era = Akhir Abad Pertengahan
| status =
| event_start = Didirikan pasca [[Invasi Rus' oleh Mongol|serangan Mongol ke Rusia]]
| year_start = 1240-an
| date_start =
| legislature = [[Kurultai]]
| event1 = [[Gerombolan Biru]] dan [[Gerombolan Putih]] bersatu
| date_event1 = 1379
| event2 = Tercerai-berai menjadi [[Gerombolan Agung]]
| date_event2 = 1466
| event_end = Sisa-sisa ditaklukkan oleh [[Kekhanan Krimea]]
| year_end = 1502
| date_end =
| p1 = Kekaisaran Mongolia
| flag_p1 =
| p2 = Kipchak
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Kekhanan Krimea
| flag_s1 = Gerae-tamga.svg
| s2 = Kekhanan Qasim
| flag_s2 =
| s3 = Kekhanan Kazan
| flag_s3 =
| s4 = Kekhanan Kazakh
| flag_s4 = Flag of the Kazakh Khanate.svg
| s5 = Kekhanan Uzbek
| flag_s5 =
| s6 = Kekhanan Astrakhan
| flag_s6 =
| s7 = Kekhanan Sibir
| flag_s7 =
| s8 = Kekhanan Khiva
| flag_s8 =
| s9 = Dinasti Timuriyah
| flag_s9 = Timurid.svg
| s10 = Gerombolan Nogai
| flag_s10 = Nogai flag.svg
| image_flag = Golden Horde flag 1339.svg
| flag_type = Bendera pada masa pemerintahan Öz Beg Khan seperti yang ditunjukkan pada peta Dulcert tahun 1339 (sumber lain mengklaim bahwa Gerombolan Emas dinamai sesuai dengan bendera kuning khan<ref>{{cite book|last=Zahler|first=Diane|title=The Black Death|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1w2XAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|year=2013|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-1-4677-0375-8|page=70|edition=Revised|access-date=2022-07-24|archive-date=2023-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803055619/https://books.google.com/books?id=1w2XAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|dead-url=no}}</ref>).
| image_coat =
| image_map = GoldenHorde1300.png
| image_map_caption = Daerah kekuasaan Orda Emas pada 1300 M
| capital = [[Sarai (kota)|Sarai Batu]]
| common_languages = [[Bahasa Mongolia|Mongolia]]<br /> [[Bahasa Kipchak|Turki Kipchak]]
| religion = [[Tengrisme]]<br /> [[Shamanisme]]<br /> [[Agama Buddha di Tibet|Buddhisme Tibet]]<br /> [[Islam]]
| government_type = {{nowrap|[[monarki elektif|Monarki semi-elektif]]<br> dan menjadi [[monarki absolut|Monarki absolut-Herditer]]}}
| leader1 = [[Orda Khan]] ([[Gerombolan Putih]])
| year_leader1 = 1226–1280
| leader2 = [[Batu Khan]] ([[Gerombolan Biru]])
| year_leader2 = 1242–1255
| leader3 = [[Tokhtamysh]]
| year_leader3 = 1379–1395
| leader4 = [[Küchük Muhammad]] ([[Gerombolan Agung]])
| year_leader4 = 1435–1459
| leader5 = [[Syaikh Ahmad (Gerombolan Agung)|Syaikh Ahmad]]
| year_leader5 = 1481–1498, 1499–1502
| title_leader = [[Daftar khan Gerombolan Emas|Khan]]
| stat_year1 = 1310
| stat_area1 = 6000000
| today = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br/>{{flag|Uzbekistan}}<br/>{{flag|Ukraine}}<br/>{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br/>{{flag|Rusia}}<br/>{{flag|Georgia}}<br/>{{flag|Rumania}}<br/>{{flag|Moldova}}<br/>{{flag|Belarusia}}<br/>{{flag|Poland}}
}}
'''Gerombolan Emas''' ([[bahasa Kazakh]]: ''Алтын Орда; Altyn Orda'') ([[bahasa Mongol]]: ''Алтан Орд; Altan Ord'')<ref>{{Cite book
|last = Menzies
|first = Gavin
|title = 1421 Saat China Menemukan Dunia
|publisher = Pustaka Alvabet
|date = 2008
|url = http://books.google.co.id/books?id=ff6sTozRyzsC&pg=PA397&dq=gerombolan+emas&hl=id&sa=X&ei=ua7RT5TOItCQiAeKnqWYAw&ved=0CDUQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q=gerombolan%20emas&f=false
|isbn = 9793064714, 9789793064710
|access-date = 2012-06-08
|archive-date = 2023-08-03
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230803055422/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ff6sTozRyzsC&pg=PA397&dq=gerombolan+emas&hl=id&sa=X&ei=ua7RT5TOItCQiAeKnqWYAw#v=onepage&q=gerombolan%20emas&f=false
|dead-url = no
}} Hlm. 397. Diaksés 8 Juni 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite book
|last = Gayo
|first = H.M. Iwan
|title = Buku Pintar: Seri Senior
|publisher = Grasindo
|date =
|url = http://books.google.co.id/books?id=DoBWstCmOqEC&pg=PA753&dq=gerombolan+emas&hl=id&sa=X&ei=ua7RT5TOItCQiAeKnqWYAw&ved=0CD4QuwUwAw#v=onepage&q=gerombolan%20emas&f=false
|isbn = 979 1283 672
|access-date = 2012-06-08
|archive-date = 2023-08-03
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230803055421/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DoBWstCmOqEC&pg=PA753&dq=gerombolan+emas&hl=id&sa=X&ei=ua7RT5TOItCQiAeKnqWYAw#v=onepage&q=gerombolan%20emas&f=false
|dead-url = no
}} Hlm. 753. Diaksés 8 Juni 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite book
|last = Gayo
|first = H.M. Iwan
|title = Buku Pintar: Seri Senior
|publisher = Grasindo
|date =
|url = http://books.google.co.id/books?id=DoBWstCmOqEC&pg=PA788&dq=Horde+Emas&hl=id&sa=X&ei=VrPRT8-1Eafeigf_yJG0Aw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Horde%20Emas&f=false
|isbn = 979 1283 672
|access-date = 2012-06-08
|archive-date = 2023-08-03
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230803055422/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DoBWstCmOqEC&pg=PA788&dq=Horde+Emas&hl=id&sa=X&ei=VrPRT8-1Eafeigf_yJG0Aw#v=onepage&q=Horde%20Emas&f=false
|dead-url = no
}} Hlm. 788. Diaksés 8 Juni 2012.</ref> adalah sebuah kekhanan Mongol-Turki dalam abad pertengahan yang wilayahnya membentang dari [[Eropa Timur]] hingga [[Siberia Barat]]. Didirikan Sekitar tahun 1236 oleh suku nomaden [[Turki]] dan Mongol oleh [[Batu Khan]] yang memerintah 1236-1255.
Beberapa suku [[Tatar]] dan [[Mongol]] pada abad ke-13 bersama dengan pemimpin mereka [[Berke Khan]] dan Nogai Khan telah memeluk Islam. Pada abad ke-14 di bawah pimpinan [[Öz Beg Khan|Sultan Uzbeg]], antara tahun 1312-1341 terjadi Islamisasi secara menyeluruh yang menstabilkan Gerombolan Emas, karena penetapan [[Islam]] sebagai agama negara juga dikombinasikan dengan perombakan pemerintah. Kelas atas diminta segera memeluk Islam, tetapi dalam populasi praktik [[shamanisme]] dan berbagai sekte Kristen ([[Gereja Assiria]], [[Gereja Ortodoks]]) yang dianut sebagian penduduk Turki dan Mongol dapat ditolerir lebih lama. Meskipun demikian, seluruh penduduk tunduk di bawah hukum Islam yang diterapkan Sultan Uzbeg.
== Kemunduran ==
Setelah kematian pengganti Uzbeg yaitu putranya [[Jani Beg|Jani beg]] pada tahun 1357, Gerombolan Emas mulai mengalami perselisihan internal. Para pewaris hanya berkuasa satu atau dua tahun, dimana Emir Mamai yang berkedudukan di [[Krimea]] sesungguhnya adalah penguasa [[de facto]]. Sebagian besar wilayah Dnieper menjadi milik [[Kadipaten Agung Lithuania]] setelah ''Pertempuran Air Biru'' pada 1362, di bawah kepemimpinan Adipati Agung [[Algirdas]] dari [[Lithuania]]. Di perbatasan lain Gerombolan Emas, para pangeran [[Kadipaten Agung Moskwa|Kadipaten Agung Moskow]] juga semakin kuat. Upaya Mamai untuk melemahkan Rusia melalui penjarahan baru pada tahun 1380 malah mengakibatkan kehancuran total tentaranya oleh pasukan [[Rusia]] bersatu di bawah [[Dmitry Donskoi]] pada ''Pertempuran Kulikovo''.
Akhirnya pada tahun 1395 [[Timur Lenk]] menaklukkan dan menghancurkan kota-kota Gerombolan Emas, termasuk Sarai Baru, sehingga negara dibawa ke ambang kehancuran. Struktur negara yang sudah tidak terlalu kokoh ini kemudian dijalankan oleh emir pilihan Timur Lenk, yang bernama [[Edigü]]. Edigü beberapa kali memerangi campur tangan dari Adipati Agung [[Vytautas]] dari Lithuania, yang kembali memerangi pada sekitar 1408 untuk dapat mengklaim supremasi atas Rusia.
== Khan Penguasa Gerombolan Emas ==
{| width=100% class="wikitable"
! style="background:#F0DC82" width=25% | Western Half (Blue Horde)<br />Ulus of Batu
! style="background:#F0DC82" width=27% | Eastern Half (White Horde)<br />Ulus of Orda
|-
|- style="background:lightblue"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Jochi]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| جوچى}} </small><br><small>As deputy of [[Genghis Khan]] in Central and Western Asia</small><br>c. 1207–1227 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:yellow"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Golden Horde]] <br /><small>(Ulus of Jochi, Khanate of Qipchāq or Kipchak)</small>'''<br><small>{{Nastaliq|طلائی آردا}}</small><br><small>{{Nastaliq|خانان قپچاق}}</small><br><small>{{Nastaliq|قوم جوجی}}</small><br> 1227–1459 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Batu Khan]]'''<br><small>{{Nastaliq|باتو خان}}</small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1227–1255 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Orda Khan]]'''<br><small>{{Nastaliq| آردا خان}} </small><br>1227–1251 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Sartaq Khan]]'''<br><small>{{Nastaliq|سارتاق خان}}</small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1255–1256 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Qun Quran]]'''<br><small>{{Nastaliq|قن قوران}} </small><br>1251–1280 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Ulaghchi|Ulaqchi Khan]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| اولاقچی خان}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1256-1257 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Berke|Berke Khan]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| برکه خان}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1257–1266 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Mengu-Timur|Möngke Temür]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| منگو تیمور}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1266–1280 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Tuda Mengu|Töde Möngke]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| تودا منگو }} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1280–1287 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Köchü]]'''<br><small>{{Nastaliq| کوجو}} </small><br>1280–1302 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Talabuga|Töle Buqa]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| تالابغا}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1287–1291 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Toqta]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| تختا خان}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1291–1312 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Bayan (khan)|Buyan or Bayan Khan]]'''<br><small>{{Nastaliq| بیان خان}} </small><br>1302–1309 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Uzbeg Khan|Muhammad Uzbeg Khan]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد ازبک خان}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1313–1341 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|[[Sasibuqa|Sasibuqa Khan]]<br><small>{{Nastaliq| ساسیبوقا خان}} </small><br>c. 1310–1320 C.E.<br>(dubious)
|-
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|[[Ilbasan|Erzen]] <br><small>{{Nastaliq| ؟}} </small><br>1320–1341 C.E.<br>(dubious)
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Tini Beg|Tīnī Beg]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| تینی بیگ}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1341–1342 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Jani Beg|Jānī Beg]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| جانی بیگ}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1342–1357 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|[[Chimtay]] <br><small>{{Nastaliq| چمطائي}} </small><br>1344–1360 C.E.<br>(dubious)
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Berdi Beg]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| بردی بیگ}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1357–1359 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Qulpa|Qulpa Khan]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| قلپا خان}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1359–1360 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Nawruz Beg|Nawrūz Beg]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| نوروز بیگ}} </small><br><small>As overall ''Khan''</small><br>1360 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Khiḍr Khan]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| خضر خان ابن ساسیبوقا خان}} </small><br>1360–1361 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''Qara Nogai'''<br>1360–1361 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Timur Khwaja|Tīmūr Khwāja]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| تیمور خواجه ابن خضر خان}} </small><br>1361 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Ordu Malik]]''' (Ordu Shaykh)<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| اردو ملک شیخ}} </small><br>1361 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Kildi Beg]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| ؟}} </small><br>1361–1362 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Abdallāh (Golden Horde)|ʿAbdallāh]] Khan'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان}} </small><br><small>As a puppet ''Khan'' under [[Mamai]]</small><br>1362 C.E. <small>1st reign at Sarai</small>
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Murad (Golden Horde)|Murād]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| مراد خان}} </small><br>1362 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Khayr Pulad|Khayr Pūlād]]''' (Mīr Pūlād)<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| ?}} </small><br>1362–1364 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''Tughluq Tīmūr''' <br>1363–c. 1365 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Aziz Shaykh|ʿAzīz Shaykh]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| عزیز شیخ}} </small><br>1364–1367 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Mubarak Khwaja|Mubārak Khwāja]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| مبارک خواجہ}} </small><br>c. 1365–1369 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Abdallāh (Golden Horde)|ʿAbdallāh]] Khan'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان}} </small><br><small>As a puppet ''Khan'' under [[Mamai]]</small><br>1367–1368 C.E. <small>2nd reign at Sarai</small>
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''Ūljāy Tīmūr'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| تیمور}} </small><br>1368 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''Haṣan Beg'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| حسن بیگ}} </small><br>1368–1369 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Abdallāh (Golden Horde)|ʿAbdallāh]] Khan'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان}} </small><br><small>As a puppet ''Khan'' under [[Mamai]]</small><br>1369 C.E. <small>3rd reign at Sarai</small>
|style="text-align:center"|'''Qutluq Khwāja'''<br>1369-1370 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Urus Khan]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| عروس خان}} </small><br>1369–1370 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Tulun Beg Khanum|Tūlūn Beg Khānum]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| ؟}} </small><br><small>As a puppet Queen under [[Mamai]]</small><br>1370–1371 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Muhammad Sultan (Golden Horde)|Muḥammad-Sulṭān]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد بولاق}} </small><br><small>As a puppet ''Khan'' under [[Mamai]]</small><br>1371–1373 C.E. <small>1st reign at Sarai</small>
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|- style="background:lightblue"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Urus Khan]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| عروس خان}} </small><br>1373 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''Hājjī Cherkes'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq|حاجی چرکس}} </small><br>1373–1374 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Urus Khan]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| عروس خان}} </small><br>1373–1374 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Il Beg|Īl Beg]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| خان ایبک}} </small><br>1374 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Muhammad Sultan (Golden Horde)|Muḥammad-Sulṭān]]''' <br> <small>{{Nastaliq| محمد بولاق}} </small><br><small>As a puppet ''Khan'' under [[Mamai]] </small><br>1374 C.E. <small>2nd reign at Sarai</small>
|style="text-align:center"|
|-
|- style="background:lightblue"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Urus Khan]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| عروس خان}} </small><br>1374–1375 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Qaghan Beg|Qāghān Beg]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq|غیاث الدین خاقان بیگ }} </small><br>1375–1377 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Urus Khan]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| عروس خان}} </small><br>1375–1377 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Arab Shah|ʿArab Shāh]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq|عرب شاہ مظفر}} </small><br>1377–1380 C.E.
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Toqtaqiya]]'''<br> <small>{{Nastaliq| توک تکیا}} </small><br>1377 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Timur-Malik|Tīmūr Malik]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| تیمور ملک}} </small><br>1377–1379 C.E.
|-
|style="text-align:center"|
|style="text-align:center"|'''[[Tokhtamysh]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| تختامش خان}} </small><br>1379–1380 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Tokhtamysh]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| تختامش خان}} </small><br><small>As ''Khan''</small><br>1380–1395 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Quyurchuq]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| ?}} </small><br>1395–1397 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Temur Qutlugh|Tīmūr Qutluq]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| تیمور قتلغ ابن تیمور ملک}} </small><br><small>''Khan'' in alliance with [[Edigu]]</small><br>1397–1399 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Shadi Beg|Shādī Beg]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| شادی بیگ ابن تیمور ملک}} </small><br><small>''Khan'' in alliance with [[Edigu]]</small><br>1399–1407 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Pulad|Pūlād Khan]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| ?}} </small><br><small>''Khan'' in alliance with [[Edigu]]</small><br>1407–1409 C.E.
<small>1st reign at Sarai</small>
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Karim Berdi|Karīm Berdi]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| کریم بردی ابن تختامش}} </small><br>1409 C.E.
<small>1st reign at Sarai</small>
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Pulad|Pūlād Khan]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| ?}} </small><br><small>''Khan'' in alliance with [[Edigu]]</small><br>1409–1410 C.E.
<small>2nd reign at Sarai</small>
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Timur (Golden Horde)|Tīmūr Khan]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| تیمور خان ابن تیمور قتلغ}} </small><br><small>''Khan'' in alliance with [[Edigu]]</small><br>1410–1411 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh|Jalāl ad-Din]]''' ''Zeleni Saltan''<br><small>{{Nastaliq| جلال الدین خان ابن تختامش}} </small><br>1411–1412 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Karim Berdi|Karīm Berdi]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| کریم بردی ابن تختامش}} </small><br>1412–1413 C.E.
<small>2nd reign at Sarai</small>
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Kebek (Golden Horde)|Kebek]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| قبق خان ابن تختامش }} </small><br>1413–1414 C.E.
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Karim Berdi|Karīm Berdi]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| کریم بردی ابن تختامش}} </small><br>1414 C.E.
<small>3rd reign at Sarai</small>
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Yeremferden|Jabbār Berdi]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| جبار بردی خان}} </small><br>1414–1415 C.E.
<small>1st reign at Sarai</small>
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Chekre]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| چکرہ خان ابن اکمل}} </small><br><small>''Khan'' in alliance with [[Edigu]]</small><br>1415–1416 C.E.
|-
|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Yeremferden|Jabbār Berdi]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| جبار بردی خان}} </small><br>1416–1417 C.E.
<small>2nd reign at Sarai</small>
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Darwish (Golden Horde)|Darwīsh]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| درویش خان}} </small><br><small>a puppet ''Khan'' of [[Edigu]]</small><br>1417–1419 C.E.
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Qadir Berdi|Qādir Berdi]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| قدیر بردی خان ابن تختامش}} </small><br>1419 C.E.
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Hajji Muhammad (Golden Horde)|Ḥājjī Muḥammad]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| حاجی محمد خان ابن اغلان علی}} </small><br><small>a puppet ''Khan'' of [[Edigu]]'s sons</small><br>1419 C.E.
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|*'''[[Ulugh Muhammad|Ulugh Muḥammad]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| الغ محمد}} </small><br>1419–1421 C.E.<br>*[[Dawlat Berdi]] <br><small>{{Nastaliq| دولت بردی}} </small><br>1419–1421 C.E.
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Baraq (Khan of Golden Horde)|Barāq Khan]]''' (<small>His son [[Janybek Khan|Jani Beg Khan]] along with Kerey Khan founded the [[Kazakh Khanate]] in 1456</small>) <br><small>{{Nastaliq| براق خان بن کویرچک}} </small><br>1421–1427 C.E.
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|- style="background:lightgreen"
|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Ulugh Muhammad|Ulugh Muḥammad]]''' (<small>Founded the [[Kazan Khanate]] in 1438</small>) <br><small>{{Nastaliq| الغ محمد}} </small><br>1427–1433 C.E.
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Sayid Ahmad I|Sayyid Aḥmad I]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| سید احمد اول}} </small><br>1433–1435 C.E.
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Küchük Muhammad|Küchük Muḥammad]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| کوچک محمد}} </small><br>1435–1459 C.E.
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|Golden Horde broke up as follows: 1438, [[Kazan Khanate]] under [[Olugh Mokhammad of Kazan|Ulugh Muhammad]]; 1441, [[Crimean Khanate]] under [[Hacı I Giray]]; [[Qasim Khanate]] (1452). The remnant, which became known as the [[Great Horde]], was left with the steppe between the [[Dnieper]] and [[Yaik]], the capital [[Sarai (city)|Sarai]] and a claim to represent the tradition of the Golden Horde.
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|[[Great Horde]]<br><small>{{Nastaliq|عظیم اردو}}</small><br> 1459–1502 C.E.
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Maxmud of Astrakhan|Maḥmūd]]''' (<small>Founded the [[Khanate of Astrakhan]] in 1466</small>) <br><small>{{Nastaliq| محمود بن کوچک }} </small><br>1459–1465 C.E.
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Akhmat Khan|Aḥmad]]''' <br><small>{{Nastaliq| احمد خان}} </small><br>1465–1481 C.E.
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|'''[[Sheikh Ahmed|Shaykh Aḥmad]]'''<br><small>{{Nastaliq|سید احمد ثانی}} </small><br>1481–1502 C.E
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|colspan=5 style="text-align:center"|The [[Great Horde]] collapsed gradually and territories became independent Khanates; 1466, [[Astrakhan Khanate]] under one of Kuchuk Muhammed's sons named [[Maxmud of Astrakhan|Mahmud bin Küchük]]; [[Siberia Khanate|Tyumen Khanate]] (1468, later [[Siberia Khanate]]).
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== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
<!--* "Golden Horde", in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007. Quotation: "also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for the Ulus Juchi, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turks and Sarmatians with less extent of Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy." not to be confused with the earlier Kipchak khanate prior to its conquest by the Mongols-->
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.horde.ru/ / The Goden Horde coinage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110065711/http://horde.ru/ |date=2016-01-10 }}
{{Kekaisaran Mongol}}{{Kekaisaran}}
[[Kategori:Sejarah Mongolia]]
[[Kategori:Kekaisaran Mongol]]
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