Bandar Udara Edinburgh: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Luckas-bot (bicara | kontrib) k bot Menambah: pt:Aeroporto de Edimburgo |
Fitur saranan suntingan: 3 pranala ditambahkan. |
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(22 revisi perantara oleh 18 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{Infobox airport
| name = Bandar Udara Edinburgh
| nativename = Port-adhair Dhùn Èideann
| image = Edinburgh Airport - geograph.org.uk - 399024.jpg
| image-width = 210px
| image2 =
| image2-width = 240px
| IATA = EDI
| ICAO = EGPH
| Base For; =
<div>
[[Easyjet]]
[[Flybe]]
[[Jet2]]
[[Ryanair]]
</div>
| type = Publik
| owner = [[Global Infrastructure Partners]]
| operator = Edinburgh Airport Ltd.
| city-served = [[Edinburgh]]<br/>[[Lothian]]<br/>[[Fife]]<br/>[[Scottish Borders]]<br/>[[Central Region, Scotland|Central Scotland]]
| location = [[Turnhouse]], [[Edinburgh]]
| elevation-f = 136
| elevation-m = 41
| latd = 55 | latm = 57 | lats = 00 | latNS = N
| longd= 003 | longm= 22 | longs= 21 | longEW= W
| coordinates_type = airport
| coordinates_region = GB-EDH
| pushpin_map = Edinburgh
| pushpin_label = EGPH
| pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi bandar udara di Edinburgh
| website = [http://www.edinburghairport.com/ www.edinburghairport.com]
| metric-rwy = Y
| r1-number = 06/24
| r1-length-f = {{Convert|2556|m|disp=output number only|0}}
| r1-length-m = 2,556
| r1-surface = [[Aspal]]
| r2-number = 12/30
| r2-length-f = {{Convert|1797|m|disp=output number only|0}}
| r2-length-m = 1,797
| r2-surface = Aspal
| stat-year = 2011
| stat1-header = Penumpang
| stat1-data = 9,385,245
| stat2-header = Perubahan penumpang 10-11
| stat2-data = {{increase}}9.2%
| stat3-header = Pergerakan pesawat
| stat3-data = 113,357
| stat4-header = Perubahan pergerakan 10-11
| stat4-data = {{increase}}4.0%
| footnotes = | footnotes = Sumber: UK [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] at [[National Air Traffic Services|NATS]]<ref name="aip">[http://www.nats-uk.ead-it.com/public/index.php%3Foption=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=62&Itemid=111.html Edinburgh - EGPH]</ref><br>Statistics from the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|UK Civil Aviation Authority]]<ref name="stats">[http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?catid=80&pagetype=88&pageid=3&sglid=3 CAA: UK Annual Airport Statistics]</ref>
}}
'''Bandar Udara Edinburgh''' ({{lang-gd|Port-adhair Dhùn Èideann}}) {{
Bandar Udara Edinburgh dikelola oleh [[BAA Limited]], perusahaan yang juga mengelola [[Bandara London Heathrow|London Heathrow]], [[Bandar Udara London Gatwick|London Gatwick]], [[Bandar Udara London Stansted|London Stansted]], [[Bandar Udara Internasional Glasgow|Glasgow International]], [[Bandar Udara Aberdeen|Aberdeen]], dan [[Bandar Udara Southampton|Southampton]].
Baris 22 ⟶ 60:
== Sejarah ==
'''Aerodrome Turnhouse''' merupakan basis pertahanan udara Britania Raya paling utara pada [[Perang Dunia I]]. Basis kecilnya dibuka pada [[1915]] dan digunakan sebagai basis Skuadron 603 (Edinburgh), yang mencakup pesawat pembom DH 9A, Westland Wapitis, Hawker Harts, dan Hawker Wind. Semua pesawat menggunakan [[landasan pacu]] yang permukaannya rumput.
Pada [[1918]], Angkatan Udara Kerajaan dibentuk dan bandar udara itu diberi nama '''RAF Turnhouse''' dan kepemilikannya diserahkan kepada Menteri Pertahanan.
Baris 28 ⟶ 66:
Ketika [[Perang Dunia II]] pecah, komando mengambil alih bandar udara tersebut dan landasan pacu sepanjang 3,900 kaki diberi aspal agar dapat menangani pesawat Vickers Supermarine Spitfire.
Setelah perang berakhir, bandar udara itu tetap berdiri
Pada [[1952]], landasan pacunya diperpanjang hingga 6,000 kaki untuk menangani pesawat Vampire FB5. Pada [[1956]], sebuah terminal penumpang dibangun untuk penerbangan komersial dan 5 tahun kemudian, bangunan tersebut diperlebar. Menteri Pertahanan menyerahkan kepemilikan bandar udara Edinburgh kepada Menteri Penerbangan pada [[1960]]. Pada [[1971]], Otoritas Bandar Udara Britania Raya (BAA) mengambil alih bandar udara ini dan memulai perluasannya dengan membangun landasan pacu baru dan terminal.
Landasan pacu 13/31 (sekarang 12/30) melayani bandar udara dengan baik, tetapi pemotongan jalur landasan pacu menyebabkan kerugian karena arah angin, sehingga penerbangan dialihkan ke landasan pacu baru (07/25, sekarang 06/24). Landasan pacu ini, diselesaikan pada [[1977]] dengan panjang 8,399 kaki, dan dapat menangani semua pesawat modern. Sebuah terminal baru dibangun di pinggiran landasan pacu dan terminal lama dan [[Hanggar|hangar]]
Penerbangan internasional pada [[1980]] dari Edinburgh menuju [[Amsterdam]] dan [[Dublin]], tetapi pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, destinasi di [[
== Maskapai Penerbangan dan Destinasi ==
[[Berkas:Edinburgh Airport Flybe and Ryanair aircraft.jpg|jmpl|[[Ryanair]] and [[Flybe]] aircraft at the airport]]
[[Berkas:Flybe Embraer 195 aircraft at Edinburgh Airport.jpg|jmpl|A [[Flybe]] [[Embraer 195]] at the airport]]
=== Penerbangan terjadwal ===
{{Airport-dest-list
| [[Aer Lingus]] | [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]]
| [[Aer Lingus Regional]] <small>operated by [[Aer Arann]]</small> | [[Cork Airport|Cork]], [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]], [[Shannon Airport|Shannon]]
| [[Air France]] <small> by [[CityJet]]</small> | [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle]]
| [[BMI Regional]] | [[Brussels Airport|Brussels]], [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]], [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]], [[Zurich Airport|Zürich]]
| [[British Airways]] <small>operated by [[BA CityFlyer]]</small>| [[London City Airport|London-City]]
| [[Cityjet]]<small> for [[Air France]]</small>| [[London City Airport|London-City]]
|[[EasyJet]] | [[Alicante Airport|Alicante]], [[Athens International Airport|Athens]], [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]], [[Belfast-International]], [[Bristol Airport|Bristol]], [[Dalaman Airport|Dalaman]], [[John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice|Kraków]], [[London-Gatwick]], [[London-Luton]],<br> [[London-Stansted]], [[Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport|Lyon]], [[Madrid-Barajas Airport|Madrid]], [[Malpensa Airport|Milan-Malpensa]], [[Munich Airport|Munich]], [[Naples Airport|Naples]], [[Paphos International Airport|Paphos]], [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle]], [[Tenerife South Airport|Tenerife-South]] <br> '''Seasonal''': [[Grenoble-Isère Airport|Grenoble]], [[Lisbon Portela Airport|Lisbon]], [[Nice Côte d'Azur Airport|Nice]], [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]]
| [[EasyJet Switzerland]] | [[EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg|Basel/Mulhouse]], [[Geneva International Airport|Geneva]]
| [[Flybe]] | [[George Best Belfast City Airport|Belfast-City]], [[Birmingham Airport|Birmingham]], [[Cardiff Airport|Cardiff]], [[East Midlands Airport|East Midlands]] [begins June 2012], [[Exeter International Airport|Exeter]], [[Jersey Airport|Jersey]], [[Ireland West Airport Knock|Knock]], [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]], [[Norwich International Airport|Norwich]], [[Paris-Charles de Gaulle]], [[Southampton Airport|Southampton]], [[Waterford Airport|Waterford]] <br>'''Seasonal''': [[Bergerac Dordogne Périgord Airport|Bergerac]], [[Newquay Cornwall Airport|Newquay]]
| [[Flybe]] <small>operated by [[Loganair]]</small> | [[Isle of Man Airport|Isle of Man]], [[Kirkwall Airport|Kirkwall]], [[Stornoway Airport|Stornoway]], [[Sumburgh Airport|Sumburgh]], [[Wick Airport|Wick]]
| [[Germanwings]] | [[Cologne Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]]
| [[Iberia Express]] | '''Seasonal''': [[Madrid-Barajas Airport|Madrid]] [begins 22 July]
| [[Iceland Express]] <br><small>operated by [[Holidays Czech Airlines]]</small> | '''Seasonal''': [[Keflavík International Airport|Reykjavík-Keflavík]] [resumes 22 June 2012]<ref>[http://www.icelandexpress.com/flight_info/schedule_and_route_map/ Iceland Express Schedule] </ref>
| [[Jet2.com]] | [[Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport|Budapest]], [[Prague Ruzyne Airport|Prague]] <br> '''Summer Seasonal''':[[Alicante Airport|Alicante]], [[Dubrovnik Airport|Dubrovnik]], [[Faro Airport|Faro]], [[Geneva International Airport|Geneva]], [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]], [[La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport|La Rochelle]], [[Málaga Airport|Malaga]], [[Menorca Airport|Minorca]], [[Murcia-San Javier Airport|Murcia]], [[Olbia – Costa Smeralda Airport|Olbia]], [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]], [[Galileo Galilei Airport|Pisa]], [[Toulouse-Blagnac Airport|Toulouse]], [[Venice Marco Polo Airport|Venice-Marco Polo]]<br>'''Winter Seasonal''': [[Chambéry Airport|Chambéry]] [resumes 22 December], [[Salzburg Airport|Salzburg]] [resumes 22 December]
| [[KLM]] | [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Amsterdam]]
| [[Lufthansa Regional]] <small>operated by [[Contact Air]]</small>|'''Seasonal''': [[Düsseldorf International Airport|Düsseldorf]]
| [[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] | [[Copenhagen Airport|Copenhagen]], [[Oslo-Gardermoen]] <br> '''Seasonal:''' [[Bergen Airport, Flesland|Bergen]], [[Stockholm-Arlanda Airport|Stockholm-Arlanda]]
| [[OLT Express]] | [[Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport|Łódź]] [begins 4 November], [[Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport|Bydgoszcz]] [begins 29 October]
| [[Ryanair]] | [[Alicante Airport|Alicante]], [[Barcelona El Prat Airport|Barcelona]], [[Beauvais-Tillé Airport|Beauvais]], [[M. R. Štefánik Airport|Bratislava]] [ends 27 October 2012], [[Bremen Airport|Bremen]] [ends 26 October 2012], [[Brussels South Charleroi Airport|Charleroi]], [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]], [[Faro Airport|Faro]], [[Fuerteventura Airport|Fuerteventura]] [ends 27 October 2012]</small>, [[Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport|Gdansk]], [[Gothenburg City Airport|Gothenburg-City]] [ends 26 October 2012], [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]], [[Frankfurt-Hahn Airport|Hahn]] [ends 27 October 2012], [[Kaunas Airport|Kaunas]] [ends 25 October 2012], [[John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice|Kraków]], [[Lanzarote Airport|Lanzarote]], [[Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport|Łódź]] [ends 25 October 2012], [[Málaga Airport|Málaga]], [[Malta International Airport|Malta]], [[Poznań-Ławica Airport|Poznań]] [ends 26 October 2012], [[Rome Ciampino Airport|Rome-Ciampino]], [[Sandefjord Airport, Torp|Sandefjord]], [[Stockholm-Skavsta]], [["Solidarity" Szczecin-Goleniów Airport|Szczecin]], [[Tenerife South Airport|Tenerife-South]], [[Verona Airport|Verona]], [[Weeze Airport|Weeze]] <br> '''Seasonal''': [[Billund Airport|Billund]], [[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport|Bordeaux]], [[Memmingen Airport|Memmingen]], [[Marseille Provence Airport|Marseille]], [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]], [[Galileo Galilei Airport|Pisa]], [[Poitiers – Biard Airport|Poitiers]], [[Tampere Airport|Tampere]]
| [[Scandinavian Airlines]] | '''Seasonal''': [[Stockholm-Arlanda Airport|Stockholm-Arlanda]]
| [[Turkish Airlines]] | [[Istanbul-Atatürk]] [begins 16 July 2012]<ref>[http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-int/corporate/news/10405/our-new-flights.aspx Turkish Airlines News] </ref>
| [[United Airlines]] | [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]]
| [[Vueling Airlines]] | [[Barcelona El Prat Airport|Barcelona]] [begins 23 June 2012]
}}
=== Charter flights ===
{{Airport-dest-list
| [[BH Air]] | '''Summer''': [[Burgas Airport|Burgas]]<br> '''Winter''': [[Sofia Airport|Sofia]]
| [[British Airways]] <small>operated by [[BA CityFlyer]]</small> | '''Summer''': [[Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport|Bologna]], [[Faro Airport|Faro]], [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]], [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]]
| [[Europe Airpost]] |'''Summer''': [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]], [[La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport|La Rochelle]], [[Strasbourg Airport|Strasbourg]]
| [[Flybe]] |'''Summer''': [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]], [[Innsbruck Airport|Innsbruck]], [[Menorca Airport|Minorca]], [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]], [[Reus Airport|Reus]]
| [[Jet2.com]] | '''Winter''': [[Chambéry Airport|Chambéry]], [[Geneva International Airport|Geneva]], [[Salzburg Airport|Salzburg]]
| [[Thomas Cook Airlines]] |'''Summer''': [[Antalya Airport|Antalya]]
| [[Thomas Cook Airlines]]<small>Operated by [[Air Europa]]|'''Summer''': [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]]
| [[Thomson Airways]] | [[Gran Canaria Airport|Gran Canaria]], [[Tenerife South Airport|Tenerife-South]], [[Lanzarote Airport|Arrecife]], , <br>'''Summer''': [[Dalaman Airport|Dalaman]], [[Cancún International Airport|Cancun]], [[Corfu International Airport|Corfu]], [[Ibiza Airport|Ibiza]], [[Orlando-Sanford]], [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]], [[Rhodes International Airport|Rhodes]] <br>'''Winter''': [[Geneva International Airport|Geneva]], [[Innsbruck Airport|Innsbruck]], [[Paphos International Airport|Paphos]],
}}
=== Kargo airlines ===
{{Airport-dest-list
| [[Benair]] | [[Aberdeen Airport|Aberdeen]], [[Inverness Airport|Inverness]]
| [[DHL]] | [[East Midlands Airport|East Midlands]]
| [[Jet2.com]]<br><small> for [[Royal Mail]]</small> | [[East Midlands Airport|East Midlands]], [[London-Stansted]]
| [[Loganair]]<br><small> for [[Royal Mail]]</small>| [[Aberdeen Airport|Aberdeen]], [[Inverness Airport|Inverness]]
| [[Titan Airways]]<br><small> for [[Royal Mail]]</small> | [[London-Stansted]]
| [[TNT Airways]] | [[Liège Airport|Liege]], [[East Midlands Airport|East Midlands]]
| [[Star Air (Maersk Air)|Star Air]]<br><small> for [[United Parcel Service|UPS]]</small> | [[East Midlands Airport|East Midlands]], [[Cologne Bonn Airport|Cologne/Bonn]]
}}
== Statistik ==
=== Jumlah penumpang ===
<ref name="stats"/>
<div class="floatright">
{| style="border:solid 1px #aaa;" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"
|+'''Total Penumpang Edinburgh Airport 1997-2011 (juta)'''
|-
| <timeline>
ImageSize = width:auto height:250 barincrement:29
PlotArea = left:30 bottom:15 top:10 right:15
AlignBars = justify
Period = from:0 till:10
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
Colors =
id:gray value:gray(0.5)
id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
id:line2 value:gray(0.7)
ScaleMajor = start:0 increment:1 gridcolor:line2
PlotData=
color:blue width:20
bar:1997 from:start till:4.215
bar:1998 from:start till:4.589
bar:1999 from:start till:5.119
bar:2000 from:start till:5.519
bar:2001 from:start till:6.067
bar:2002 from:start till:6.931
bar:2003 from:start till:7.481
bar:2004 from:start till:8.018
bar:2005 from:start till:8.457
bar:2006 from:start till:8.611
bar:2007 from:start till:9.048
bar:2008 from:start till:9.007
bar:2009 from:start till:9.049
bar:2010 from:start till:8.597
color:darkblue
bar:2011 from:start till:9.385
</timeline>
|-
|Updated: 8 March 2012.<ref name="stats"/>
|}
</div>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:300px;" align="center"
|+
|-
! style="width:75px"| !! style="width:100px"|Number of Passengers<ref name="stats">Number of Passengers, Freight and Mail include both domestic and international counterparts.</ref>!! style="width:125px"| Number of Movements<ref>Number of Movements represents total aircraft takeoffs and landings during that year.</ref>!! style="width:100px"| Freight <br> (tonnes)<ref name="stats"/>
|-
!1997
|4,214,919 || 99,352 || 27,548
|-
!1998
|4,588,507 || 100,134 || 23,260
|-
!1999
|5,119,258 || 101,226 || 17,715
|-
!2000
|5,519,372 || 102,393 || 17,894
|-
!2001
|6,067,333 || 112,361 || 16,169
|-
!2002
|6,930,649 || 118,416 || 21,232
|-
!2003
|7,481,454 || 118,943 || 24,761
|-
!2004
|8,017,547 || 125,317 || 27,376
|-
!2005
|8,456,739 || 127,122 || 29,595
|-
!2006
|8,611,345 || 126,914 || 36,389
|-
!2007
|9,047,558 || 128,172 || 19,292
|-
!2008
|9,006,702 || 125,550 || 12,418
|-
!2009
|9,049,355 || 115,969 || 23,791
|-
!2010
|8,596,715 || 108,997 || 20,357
|-
!2011
|9,385,245 || 113,357 || 19,332
|-
| colspan=5 align="right"| <sup>''Source: [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority]]''</sup><ref>[http://www.caa.co.uk/default.aspx?categoryid=80&pagetype=88&pageid=3&sglid=3 UK Airport Statistics]</ref>
|}
=== Rute tersibuk ===
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Edinburgh Airport gate lounge.jpg
| caption1 = Gate lounge area in the South East Pier Extension at Edinburgh Airport
| image2 = Aircraft stands at Edinburgh Airport.jpg
| caption2 = Aircraft from [[British Airways]] and [[Flybe]] at Edinburgh Airport
}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%" width= align=
|+ '''20 busiest routes to and from Edinburgh Airport (2011)<ref name="stats"/>
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! Rank|| Airport || Passengers handled || % Change<br>2010 / 11
|-
|1|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[London Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow]]||1,271,459||{{increase}} 2.1
|-
|2|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[London Gatwick Airport|London Gatwick]]||669,068||{{increase}} 10.7
|-
|3|| [[Berkas:Flag of Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[Amsterdam Airport|Amsterdam]]||559,255||{{increase}} 13.0
|-
|4|| [[Berkas:Flag of Ireland.svg|20px]] [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]]||405,906||{{increase}} 7.7
|-
|5|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[London Stansted Airport|London Stansted]]||390,372||{{increase}} 18.3
|-
|6|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[London City Airport|London City]]||344,868||{{increase}} 3.0
|-
|7|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[Birmingham International Airport, West Midlands|Birmingham]]||288,955||{{increase}} 0.3
|-
|8|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[Bristol Airport|Bristol]]||286,634||{{increase}} 26.2
|-
|9|| [[Berkas:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris Charles de Gaulle]]||274,044||{{increase}} 1.8
|-
|10|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[London Luton Airport|London Luton]]||259,408||{{increase}} 7.1
|-
|11|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[Belfast International Airport|Belfast International]]||236,628||{{increase}} 7.7
|-
|12|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[Southampton Airport|Southampton]]||203,591||{{increase}} 4.9
|-
|13|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]]||154,907||{{decrease}} 3.0
|-
|14|| [[Berkas:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] [[Palma de Mallorca Airport|Palma de Mallorca]]||151,800||{{increase}} 72.1
|-
|15|| [[Berkas:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]]||133,593||{{increase}} 12.9
|-
|16|| [[Berkas:Flag of Switzerland.svg|20px]] [[Geneva Airport|Geneva]]||125,133||{{increase}} 6.3
|-
|17|| [[Berkas:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] [[Malaga Airport|Malaga]]||124,702||{{increase}} 55.6
|-
|18|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]]||119,615||{{decrease}} 5.5
|-
|19|| [[Berkas:Flag of UK.svg|20px]] [[George Best Belfast City Airport|Belfast City]]||115,330||{{increase}} 3.4
|-
|20|| [[Berkas:Flag of Spain.svg|20px]] [[Madrid Airport|Madrid]]||113,004||{{increase}} 4.6
|}
== Kecelakaan ==
Pada [[27 Februari]] [[2001]], sebuah pesawat Shorts 360 milik [[Loganair]] (G-BNMT) mengoperasikan penerbangan Royal Mail menuju [[Belfast]], jatuh di [[Firth of Forth]] setelah lepas landas dari [[Edinburgh]] pada 1730 GMT. Dua kru tewas, tetapi tidak ada penumpang di dalamnya. Penyebabnya diduga karena lapisan pelindung tidak dipasang pada mesin pesawat saat diparkir untuk beberapa jam dalam cuaca bersalju di [[Edinburgh]].
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
;Lainnya
* United Kingdom AIP
== Pranala luar ==
*
* [http://www.ukaccs.info/edinburgh/ Edinburgh Airport Consultative Committee]
{{bandara-Skotlandia}}
[[Kategori:Bandar udara di Skotlandia|Edinburgh]]
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