Krisis Timor Timur 1999: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 7 Februari 2023 18.45 sunting Jonas Carsten (bicara \| kontrib) 418 suntingan tambahkan, perbaikan tulisan. Ganti menjadi Operasi Guntur. Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 12 November 2024 22.50 sunting balikkan Mommy Debby (bicara \| kontrib) 6.965 suntingan →Penarikan pasukan Indonesia dan pasukan penjaga perdamaian Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan
(13 revisi perantara oleh 10 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1: {{Infobox military conflict \| conflict = Krisis Timor Timur 1999 \| partof = [[Dekolonisasi Asia]], [[Pendudukan Indonesia di Timor Timur]] dan [[Kejatuhan Soeharto\|Kejatuhan Suharto]] \| campaign = \| image = Destroyed houses 19.jpg \| image_size = 350px \| caption = Rumah-rumah yang hancur di [[Dili]]. \| date = April 1999 – 2005<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/programmes-and-initiatives/international-service-group-isg/past-isg-deployments\|title=Past ISG deployments\|website=New Zealand Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/01/indonesia.theeditorpressreview\|title=The Editor briefing\|author=Guardian Staff\|date=31 Juli 2005\|website=The Guardian}}</ref> \| place = [[Timor Leste]] \| territory = \| status = Kemenangan taktis Timor Timur * Kekalahan milisi pro-Indonesia * Stabilisasi Timor Timur Baris 20: Kemenangan strategis milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/timor-leste-dancing-to-indonesias-tune-despite-20-years-of-independence/86000\|title=Timor-Leste dancing to Indonesia's tune despite 20 years of independence - UCA News\|website=ucanews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.e-ir.info/2012/04/06/failed-humanitarian-intervention-in-east-timor/\|title=Failed Humanitarian Intervention in East Timor\|date=6 April 2012}}</ref> * 80% infrastruktur Timor Timur hancur akibat [[Operasi Bumi Hangus Timor Timur\|Operasi Bumi Hangus]] \| combatant1 = {{flagcountry\|Timor Leste}}<br>[[File:INTERFET Logo.jpg\|21px]] [[Pasukan Internasional untuk Timor Timur\|INTERFET]]<br>[[File:UNTAET logo.png\|21px]] [[Administrasi Sementara PBB di Timor Timur\|UNTAET]] <br /> {{Collapsible list Baris 44: \| {{flagcountry\|Gambia}}  \| {{flagcountry\|Ghana}}  \| ~~\| {{flagcountry\|Indonesia}} ~~ \| {{flagcountry\|Irlandia}}  \| {{flagcountry\|Israel}}  Baris 87: \| {{flagcountry\|Zimbabwe}}  }} \| combatant2 = {{flagicon\|Indonesia}} [[Milisi pro-Indonesia di Timor Leste\|Milisi pro-Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Robinson\|first=Geoffrey\|title=People's war: militias in East Timor and Indonesia\|url=https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/robinson/gr_-_peoples_war_.pdf\|journal=South East Asia Research\|year=2001\|volume=9\|issue=3\|pages=271–318\|doi=10.5367/000000001101297414\|s2cid=29365341}}</ref>▼ ~~\| combatant2 = {{flagicon\|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] <small>(hingga September 1999)</small>~~ * {{flagicon image\|Flag of ~~the Indonesian National Armed Forces~~AITARAK.svg}} [[~~TNI~~Aitarak]] * {{flagicon image\|Flag of ~~the~~Besi ~~Indonesian~~Merah ~~National Police~~Putih.~~png~~svg}} [[~~POLRI~~Besi Merah Putih]] ~~----~~ ▲{{flagicon\|Indonesia}} [[Milisi pro-Indonesia di Timor Leste\|Milisi pro-Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Robinson\|first=Geoffrey\|title=People's war: militias in East Timor and Indonesia\|url=https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/robinson/gr_-_peoples_war_.pdf\|journal=South East Asia Research\|year=2001\|volume=9\|issue=3\|pages=271–318\|doi=10.5367/000000001101297414\|s2cid=29365341}}</ref> * {{flagicon image\|AITARAK flag.png}} [[Aitarak]] * [[Besi Merah Putih]] * [[Garda Muda Penegak Integrasi]] * [[Laksaur]] * {{flagicon image\|Mahidi Symbol.svg}} [[Mahidi]] '''Didukung oleh:''' [[File:Lambang Kopassus.svg\|25px]] [[Komando Pasukan Khusus\|Kopassus]] (dugaan) {{flagicon image\|Flag of the Indonesian State Intelligence Agency.png}} [[Badan Intelijen Negara Republik Indonesia\|BIN]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/indonesia-bugged-australia-20041115-gdyzv0.html\|title=Indonesia 'bugged' Australia\|date=15 November 2004\|website=The Age}}</ref> Lobi Jakarta<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://nautilus.org/publications/books/australian-forces-abroad/security-general/the-collins-allegations/\|title=The Collins allegations \| Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability\|date=19 Desember 2011\|website=nautilus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1088231.htm\|title=PM - A look behind the 'Jakarta Lobby'\|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1086652.htm\|title=PM - Intelligence analyst blasts the DIO\|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> \| commander1 = {{plainlist\| {{flagicon\|Australia}} [[John Howard]] {{flagicon\|Australia}} [[Peter Cosgrove]] Baris 110 ⟶ 106: {{flagicon\|Portugal}} Brigjen. Paulo Pereira Guerreiro {{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2002/09/44572-east-timor-mourns-death-un-peacekeeping-forces-top-military-observer\|title=East Timor mourns death of UN peacekeeping force's top military observer\|date=9 September 2002\|website=UN News}}</ref> }} \| commander2 = {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} [[Wiranto]]<br /> {{flagicon image\|Flag of AITARAK.svg}} [[Eurico Guterres]] \| commander2 = {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} [[Wiranto]]<br /> {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}}{{flagicon image\|AITARAK flag.png}} [[Eurico Guterres]] <br /> {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} Manuel de Sousa <br/>{{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} [[Olivio Mendonca Moruk]] {{KIA}} <br/> {{flagdeco\|Indonesia}} Câncio Lopez de Carvalho {{surrendered}} <ref>{{cite web \|url= https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2001/10/31/projakarta-militia-group-returns-home-to-east-timor&post_id=19470 \|title= PRO-JAKARTA MILITIA GROUP RETURNS HOME TO EAST TIMOR \|date=30 October 2001 \|publisher=UCA news\|access-date=28 January 2023 }}</ref> \| casualties1 = {{Collapsible list \| casualties1 = {{flagicon\|Timor Leste}} [[Timor Leste]] – 16 tewas (staf PBB lokal)<ref>https://data.humdata.org/dataset/4ce16b45-5526-471d-8918-2ed76082f1c8/resource/4cfc43b6-cc9c-403b-966f-fc37b8dd7d4b/download/odp_noticas.csv</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web\|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/stats_by_nationality_mission_2_61_mar2021.pdf\|title=United Nations peacekeeping\|at=Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 3/31/2021 11:59:59 pm\|website=peacekeeping.un.org\|accessdate=26 Mei 2022}}</ref>▼ \|title=Daftar lengkap: \|bullets=on ▲\| casualties1 = {{flagicon\|Timor Leste}} [[Timor Leste]] – 16 tewas (staf PBB lokal)<ref>https://data.humdata.org/dataset/4ce16b45-5526-471d-8918-2ed76082f1c8/resource/4cfc43b6-cc9c-403b-966f-fc37b8dd7d4b/download/odp_noticas.csv</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web\|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/stats_by_nationality_mission_2_61_mar2021.pdf\|title=United Nations peacekeeping\|at=Fatalities by Nationality and Mission up to 3/31/2021 11:59:59 pm\|website=peacekeeping.un.org\|accessdate=26 Mei 2022}}</ref> {{flagicon\|AUS}} [[Australia]] – 2 tewas secara tidak sengaja<ref>{{cite book\|last=Londey\|first=Peter\|year=2004\|title=Other People's Wars: A History of Australian Peacekeeping\|location=Crows Nest, New South Wales\| publisher=Allen & Unwin\|isbn=1-86508-651-7\|pages=256, 259}}</ref> {{flagicon\|Selandia Baru}} [[Selandia Baru]] – 5 tewas (4 karena kecelakaan)<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/indonesia-and-east-timor/news/article.cfm%3Fc_id%3D589%26objectid%3D2197691 \|author=Aronson, Cathy \|title=Fifth NZ soldier dies in East Timor \|date=28 Juli 2002 \|work=NZ Herald \|access-date=26 Mei 2022 }}{{Dead link\|date=Mei 2022 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baris 132 ⟶ 131: {{flagicon\|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]] – 1 tewas<ref name="auto"/> Total: 64 tewas *49 staf PBB dan LSM yang ditangkap kemudian dibebaskan<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/122568724/the-untold-story-of-the-daring-nz-sas-mission-to-rescue-un-personnel-in-west-timor\|title=The untold story of the daring NZ SAS mission to rescue UN personnel in West Timor\|date=5 September 2020\|website=Stuff}}</ref>}} \| casualties2 = {{Collapsible list \| casualties2 = 15–19 tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00275/\|title=Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past\|date=5 Desember 2016\|website=nippon.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.etan.org/et2005/november/07/10files.htm\|title=Files reveal East Timor clashes\|website=www.etan.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/documents-link-nz-forces-with-aussie-torture-probe/6SBFIMWEXPO4MR2J3HNU3OUV7I/\|title=Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe\|website=NZ Herald}}</ref>▼ \|title=Daftar lengkap: 301+ ditangkap<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5n-fTmJTBIC&q=portuguese+soldier+operation+cobra&pg=PA70\|title = Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence\|isbn = 9781588261427\|last1 = Alcott\|first1 = Louisa May\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Michael Geoffrey\|last3 = Dee\|first3 = Moreen\|year = 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/southeast/9909/28/e.timor.02/\|title=ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999\|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref>▼ \|bullets=on \| casualties3 = 1.400 warga sipil tewas<br>220.000+ pengungsi<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2020/9/5f59f0174/remembering-unhcr-colleagues-killed-in-atambua-west-timor-twenty-years.html \|title=Remembering UNHCR colleagues killed in Atambua, West Timor, twenty years on \|publisher= UNHCR \|date=10 September 2020 \|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>3 staf UNHCR tewas<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2000/9/3ae6b81733/unhcr-confirms-three-staff-killed-west-timor-attack.html \|title=UNHCR confirms three staff killed in West Timor attack \|date=6 September 2000 \|publisher=UNHCR \|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>2 jurnalis tewas<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-east-timor-formerly-indo/ \|title=Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor \|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists \|date= 22 Maret 2000\|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>1 tentara Indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nz-peacekeepers-kill-indonesian-soldier/Z2KOVXHV7QRQJKGOKODFE7W5OI/\|title=NZ peacekeepers kill Indonesian soldier\|website=NZ Herald}}</ref><br>1 polisi indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/interfet-fires-at-indonesian-police-near-frontier-post-1.237208?mode=amp\|title=Interfet fires at Indonesian police near frontier post\|website=www.irishtimes.com}}</ref>▼ ▲\| ~~casualties2 =~~ 15–19 tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00275/\|title=Japan Self-Defense Forces Participation in UN Peacekeeping: An Idea Whose Time is Past\|date=5 Desember 2016\|website=nippon.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.etan.org/et2005/november/07/10files.htm\|title=Files reveal East Timor clashes\|website=www.etan.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/documents-link-nz-forces-with-aussie-torture-probe/6SBFIMWEXPO4MR2J3HNU3OUV7I/\|title=Documents link NZ forces with Aussie torture probe\|website=NZ Herald}}</ref><br> \| strength1 = 11,000 militer dan polisi<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://etan.org/et99c/october/24-31/25unsc.htm \| title=UNSC Authorizes UN Troops for East Timor }}</ref>▼ ▲301+ ditangkap<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5n-fTmJTBIC&q=portuguese+soldier+operation+cobra&pg=PA70\|title = Peacekeeping in East Timor: The Path to Independence\|isbn = 9781588261427\|last1 = Alcott\|first1 = Louisa May\|last2 = Smith\|first2 = Michael Geoffrey\|last3 = Dee\|first3 = Moreen\|year = 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.cnn.com/ASIANOW/southeast/9909/28/e.timor.02/\|title=ASIANOW - Peacekeepers capture suspected elite forces in East Timor - September 28, 1999\|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref>}} \| strength2 = 13,000 milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/911810/former-east-timor-pro-integration-militias-demand-compensation \|title=Former East Timor Pro-Integration Militias Demand Compensation \|date=27 September 2017 \|publisher= Tempco.co \|access-date=12 November 2020 }}</ref>▼ ▲\| casualties3 = 1.400 warga sipil tewas<br>220.000+ pengungsi<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2020/9/5f59f0174/remembering-unhcr-colleagues-killed-in-atambua-west-timor-twenty-years.html \|title=Remembering UNHCR colleagues killed in Atambua, West Timor, twenty years on \|publisher= UNHCR \|date=10 September 2020 \|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>3 staf UNHCR tewas<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2000/9/3ae6b81733/unhcr-confirms-three-staff-killed-west-timor-attack.html \|title=UNHCR confirms three staff killed in West Timor attack \|date=6 September 2000 \|publisher=UNHCR \|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>2 jurnalis tewas<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-east-timor-formerly-indo/ \|title=Attacks on the Press 1999: East Timor \|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists \|date= 22 Maret 2000\|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref><br>1 tentara Indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nz-peacekeepers-kill-indonesian-soldier/Z2KOVXHV7QRQJKGOKODFE7W5OI/\|title=NZ peacekeepers kill Indonesian soldier\|website=NZ Herald}}</ref><br>1 polisi indonesia tewas<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/interfet-fires-at-indonesian-police-near-frontier-post-1.237208?mode=amp\|title=Interfet fires at Indonesian police near frontier post\|website=www.irishtimes.com}}</ref> ▲\| strength1 = 11,000 militer dan polisi<ref>{{cite web \| url=https://etan.org/et99c/october/24-31/25unsc.htm \| title=UNSC Authorizes UN Troops for East Timor }}</ref> ▲\| strength2 = 13,000 milisi pro-Indonesia<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/911810/former-east-timor-pro-integration-militias-demand-compensation \|title=Former East Timor Pro-Integration Militias Demand Compensation \|date=27 September 2017 \|publisher= Tempco.co \|access-date=12 November 2020 }}</ref> }} {{Sejarah Timor Leste}} '''Krisis Timor Timur 1999''' atau '''Operasi Guntur''' adalah tindakan pembalasan oleh ~~militer Indonesia (TNI) dan~~ [[milisi pro-Indonesia]] terhadap rakyat Timor Timur dalam rangka hasil positif referendum kemerdekaan di Timor Timur pada tanggal 30 Agustus 1999. Dimulai dengan serangan militan anti-kemerdekaan terhadap warga sipil, dan meluas menjadi kerusuhan di seluruh Timor Timur, berpusat di ibu kota [[Dili]]. Kerusuhan meletus setelah mayoritas pemilih referendum Timor Timur memilih merdeka dari [[Indonesia]]. Sekitar 1.400 penduduk tewas. Tentara yang beraliansi dengan PBB ([[INTERFET]]), yang terdiri sebagian besar dari [[Angkatan Bersenjata Australia]] dikirim ke Timor Timur untuk mengembalikan stabilitas dan menjaga perdamaian. == Latar belakang == Baris 171 ⟶ 173: == Penarikan pasukan Indonesia dan pasukan penjaga perdamaian == {{main\|INTERFET}} Kekerasan tersebut disambut dengan kemarahan publik yang meluas di Australia, Portugal dan di tempat lain dan para aktivis di Portugal, Australia, Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara lain menekan pemerintah mereka untuk mengambil tindakan. [[Perdana Menteri Australia]] [[John Howard]] berkonsultasi dengan Sekjen PBB [[Kofi Annan]] dan melobi [[Presiden Amerika Serikat\|Presiden AS]] [[Bill Clinton]] untuk mendukung pasukan penjaga perdamaian internasional yang dipimpin Australia untuk memasuki Timor Timur guna mengakhiri kekerasan. Amerika Serikat menawarkan sumber daya logistik dan intelijen yang penting dan kehadiran pencegah "di luar cakrawala", tetapi tidak mengerahkan pasukan untuk operasi tersebut. Akhirnya, pada 11 September, Bill Clinton mengumumkan:<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite web \|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/howardyears/content/s2422684.htm \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923201217/http://www.abc.net.au/news/howardyears/content/s2422684.htm \|title=The Howard Years: Episode 2: "Whatever It Takes" \|work=Program Transcript \|date=24 November 2008 \|archive-date=26 Mei 2022 \|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission \|access-date=26 Mei 2022}}</ref> Baris 177 ⟶ 178: }} Indonesia, dalam [[Krisis finansial Asia 1997\|kesulitan ekonomi yang parah]], mengalah. President [[B.J. Habibie]] mengumumkan pada 12 September bahwa Indonesia akan menarik tentaranya dan mengizinkan pasukan penjaga perdamaian internasional yang dipimpin Australia untuk memasuki Timor Timur.<ref>Nevins, p. 108.</ref> [[Garnisun]] Indonesia di timur pulau itu adalah [[Batalyon Infanteri 745\|~~Batalyon~~Yonif 745]], yang sebagian besar ditarik melalui jalur laut, tetapi satu [[kompi]], mengambil kendaraan batalyon dan alat berat, mundur ke barat sepanjang jalan pantai utara, menuju Dili dan perbatasan Indonesia, meninggalkan kematian dan kehancuran saat mereka pergi. Mereka membunuh lusinan penduduk desa yang tidak bersalah dan tidak bersenjata di sepanjang jalan dan, di dekat Dili, membunuh seorang [[:en:Sander Thoenes\|jurnalis]] dan berusaha membunuh [[:en:Jon Swain\|dua]] lagi. Pada tanggal 15 September 1999, [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa\|DK PBB]] menyatakan keprihatinannya atas situasi yang memburuk di Timor Timur, dan mengeluarkan [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20200117111425/http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/8437093.html Resolusi DK PBB 1264] yang menyerukan kekuatan multinasional untuk memulihkan perdamaian dan keamanan di Timor Timur, untuk melindungi dan mendukung misi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di sana, dan untuk memfasilitasi operasi bantuan kemanusiaan sampai pasukan penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dapat disetujui dan dikerahkan di daerah tersebut.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/447639.stm UN approves Timor force], ''BBC News'', 15 September 1999</ref> [[File:Arriving Dili '99-001.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[HMAS Jervis Bay (AKR 45)\|HMAS Jervis Bay]] di Dili pada Oktober 1999.]] [[INTERFET\|Pasukan Internasional untuk Timor Timur]], atau [[Pasukan Internasional Timor Timur\|INTERFET]], di bawah komando Mayjen [[Peter Cosgrove]], memasuki Dili pada tanggal 20 September dan pada tanggal 31 Oktober pasukan Indonesia terakhir telah meninggalkan Timor Timur.<ref name="interfet">Nevins, pp. 108–110.</ref> Kedatangan ribuan tentara internasional di Timor Timur menyebabkan milisi melarikan diri melintasi perbatasan ke Indonesia, dimana serangan lintas batas sporadis oleh milisi terhadap pasukan INTERFET dilakukan [[UNTAET\|Administrasi Sementara PBB di Timor Timur]] ([[Administrasi Sementara PBB di Timor Timur\|UNTAET]]) didirikan pada akhir Oktober dan mengatur wilayah itu selama dua tahun. Kontrol negara diserahkan kepada Pemerintah Timor Leste dan kemerdekaan dideklarasikan pada 20 Mei 2002.<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=3714&Cr=timor&Cr1= "New country, East Timor, is born; UN, which aided transition, vows continued help"] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710034213/http://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=3714&Cr=timor&Cr1= \|date=10 Juli 2011 }}. ''UN News Centre''. 19 Mei 2002. Diakses pada 26 Mei 2022.</ref> Pada tanggal 27 September di tahun yang sama, Timor Leste bergabung dengan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa sebagai anggota ke-191.<ref>[https://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=4863&Cr=Timor&Cr1= "UN General Assembly admits Timor-Leste as 191st member"] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218112646/http://www.un.org/apps/news/storyAr.asp?NewsID=4863&Cr=Timor&Cr1= \|date=18 Desember 2007 }}. ''UN News Centre''. 27 September 2002. Diakses pada 26 Mei 2022.</ref> Sebagian besar pasukan militer INTERFET berasal dari Australia—lebih dari 5.500 tentara pada puncaknya, termasuk [[infanteri]] [[brigade]], dengan dukungan lapis baja dan penerbangan—sementara 22 negara lain akhirnya berkontribusi membentuk kekuatan yang pada puncaknya berjumlah lebih dari 11.000 tentara.<ref>Horner 2001, p. 9.</ref> Amerika Serikat memberikan dukungan logistik dan diplomatik yang penting selama krisis, [[kapal penjelajah]] [[USS Mobile Bay\|USS ''Mobile Bay'']] beroperasi di laut lepas, sementara kapal Australia, Kanada, dan Inggris memasuki Dili. Sebuah [[batalyon]] infanteri Marinir AS yang terdiri dari 1.000 orang—ditambah baju besi dan artileri organik—juga ditempatkan di lepas pantai di atas [[USS Belleau Wood (LHA-3)\|USS ''Belleau Wood'']] untuk menyediakan cadangan strategis jika terjadi oposisi bersenjata yang signifikan.<ref>See Smith 2003, p. 47 and 56 and Martin 2002, p. 113.</ref> Baris 200 ⟶ 201: == Referensi == {{reflist}} {{Krisis Timor Leste 1999}} {{Bencana di Indonesia tahun 1990an}}{{Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie}} [[Kategori:Konflik dalam tahun 1999]] [[Kategori:Pendudukan Indonesia di Timor Timur]]