Ukiyo-e: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

== Gaya ==

 

[[File:Suzuki Harunobu - Woman Visiting the Shrine in the Night - Google Art Project crop.jpg|thumb|alt=Colour print of a Japanese woman's face. The colours are bold and flat, and the contours are outlined in black.|''Woman Visiting the Shrine in the Night (Wanita yang Mengunjungi Kuil di Malam Hari)'', [[Suzuki Harunobu|Harunobu]], abad ke-17. Garis-garis tegas dan datar membentuk dan mengisi area warna datar.]]

[[File:Black Raku tea bowl Amadera.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photo of a tea bowl, dark-coloured, humble, and asymmetric|Estetika {{transl|ja|[[wabi-sabi]]}} pada mangkuk teh abad ke-16.]]

 

 

Pendekatan ukiyo-e terhadap perspektif grafis berbeda dengan perspektif normal di Eropa pada zaman yang sama. Perspektif geometris ala Barat sudah dikenal di Jepang dan dipraktikkan oleh pelukis [[Akita ranga]] pada 1770-an—seperti halnya metode Tiongkok yang menciptakan kedalaman melalui garis-garis paralel. Teknik ini kadang digunakan bersamaan dalam ukiyo-e, dengan perspektif geometris untuk latar belakang dan perspektif ala Tiongkok yang lebih ekspresif untuk latar depan.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=57–60}} Teknik-teknik ini kemungkinan dipelajari melalui lukisan Tiongkok bergaya Barat, bukan langsung dari karya Barat.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=62–63}} Meskipun telah mengenal teknik tersebut, seniman tetap mengharmonisasikannya dengan metode tradisional sesuai kebutuhan komposisi dan ekspresi.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=106–107}} Cara lain untuk menunjukkan kedalaman adalah metode komposisi tripartit ala Tiongkok<!-- 三部構図法 --> yang digunakan dalam lukisan Buddha,<!-- 仏画 --> di mana bentuk besar ditempatkan di latar depan, bentuk yang lebih kecil di tengah, dan bentuk yang paling kecil di latar belakang; contoh penerapannya terlihat pada ''Great Wave'' karya Hokusai, dengan perahu besar di latar depan, perahu yang lebih kecil di belakangnya, dan Gunung Fuji yang kecil di latar belakang.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=108–109}}

Utagawa Yoshitora (1860) English Couple (crop).jpg|''English Couple (Pasangan Inggris)''{{pb}}{{transl|ja|[[Yokohama-e]]}} karya [[Utagawa Yoshitora]], 1860

</gallery>

 

==Produksi==

[[File:Tagosaku to Mokube no Tokyo Kenbutsu.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white comic strip in Japanese|Sejarah [[manga]] sering kali menelusuri leluhurnya pada ''[[Hokusai Manga]]''.{{pb}}[[Rakuten Kitazawa]], {{transl|ja|Tagosaku to Mokube no Tōkyō Kenbutsu}},{{efn|{{nihongo3|''Tagosaku and Mokube Sightseeing in Tokyo''|田吾作と杢兵衛の東京見物|Tagosaku to Mokube no Tokyo Kenbutsu}}}} 1902]]

 

 

 

===Jurnal akademik===

{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}

* {{cite journal

|last = Hickman

|publisher = [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]

|jstor = 4171617

}}

* {{cite journal

|jstor = 1512790

|s2cid = 193121981

}}

* {{cite journal

|publisher = [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]

|jstor = 25159874

}}

* {{cite journal

|publisher = [[Archaeological Institute of America]]

|jstor = 41731745

}}

* {{cite journal

|doi = 10.2307/1483579

|jstor = 1483579

}}

* {{cite journal

|publisher = [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]

|jstor = 3795440

}}

* {{cite journal

|publisher = Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan

|jstor = 4629294

}}

* {{cite journal

|jstor = 312343

|doi = 10.1017/s0026749x00016371|s2cid = 145105044

}}

* {{cite journal

|publisher = [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]

|jstor = 25152585

}}

* {{cite journal

|doi = 10.2307/1503900

|jstor = 1503900

}}

{{Refend}}

 

{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-8248-2018-3

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Global Oriental]]

|isbn = 978-1-901903-41-6

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = Getty Publications

|isbn = 978-0-89236-510-4

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Random House]]

|isbn = 978-0-307-43227-8

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Chazen Museum of Art]]

|isbn = 978-0-932900-64-7

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Cengage Learning]]

|isbn = 978-0-534-64114-6

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Routledge]]

|isbn = 978-0-203-22183-9

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Kodansha International]]

|isbn = 978-4-7700-2387-2

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Harvard University Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-674-01753-5

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Alfred Music]]

|isbn = 978-1-4574-0504-4

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Psychology Press]]

|isbn = 978-3-7186-5687-5

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Tuttle Publishing]]

|isbn = 978-4-8053-1098-4

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Tuttle Publishing]]

|isbn = 978-0-8048-3464-3

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Phaidon Press]]

|oclc = 1439680

* {{cite book

|last = Hockley

|publisher = [[University of Washington Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-295-98301-1

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Laurence King Publishing]]

|isbn = 978-1-85669-451-3

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = Biblo & Tannen Publishers

|isbn = 978-0-8196-0282-4

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Kodansha International]]

|isbn = 978-0-87011-787-9

}}

* {{cite book

|oclc = 1009573

|url = http://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/The_Great_Wave_The_Influence_of_Japanese_Woodcuts_on_French_Prints.pdf

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group

|isbn = 978-0-8264-2938-4

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Manchester University Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-7190-4467-0

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Crown Publishing Group|Crown Publishers]]

|oclc = 21250

}}

* {{cite book

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cY0DAi1-GP4C

|year = 2010

|isbn = 978-3-0343-0317-0

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* {{cite book

|publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-8248-1826-5

}}

* {{cite book

|pages = 149–162

|chapter = Japanese Prints

}}

* {{cite book

|language = ja

|isbn = 978-4-7843-0150-8

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* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Kodansha International]]

|isbn = 978-4-7700-2182-3

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|year = 1962

|oclc = 185540172

* {{cite book

|last1 = Lewis

|publisher = [[Cengage Learning]]

|isbn = 978-0-534-64103-0

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* {{cite book

|publisher = Ōtsuka Kōgeisha

|oclc = 423972712

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* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-19-972965-4

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* {{cite book

|publisher = Tuttle Publishing

|isbn = 978-1-4629-0599-7

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* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Weatherhill]]

|isbn = 978-0-8348-0209-4

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-8248-1200-3

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-8248-0873-0

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]]

|oclc = 187406340

}}

* {{cite book

|year = 2010

|isbn = 978-4-905187-03-5

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]]

|isbn = 9780804800426

}}

* {{cite book

|language = ja

|isbn = 978-4-13-083071-3

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = Studio Editions

|isbn = 978-1-85170-620-4

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[Kodansha International]]

|isbn = 978-4-7700-2978-2

}}

* {{cite book

|language = ja

|isbn = 978-4-00-431163-8

}}

* {{cite book

|language = ja

|isbn = 978-4-642-07915-0

}}

* {{cite book

|url = http://dmr.bsu.edu/utils/getfile/collection/BSMngrph/id/11/filename/2.pdf

|oclc = 681751700

}}

* {{cite book

|title = Japanese Woodblock Prints

|year = 1978

* {{cite book

|last = Salter

|publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-8248-2553-9

}}

* {{cite book

|publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press]]

|isbn = 978-0-8248-3083-0

}}

{{Refend}}

 

===Web===

{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}

* {{cite web|last= Fiorillo|first= John|title= Kindai Hanga|work= Viewing Japanese Prints<!-- formerly hosted by Berkeley at http://spectacle.berkeley.edu/~fiorillo/ -->|url= http://viewingjapaneseprints.net/texts/kindai_hanga/intro_kindai.html|access-date = 2013-12-07|ref= {{SfnRef|Fiorillo|1999}} }}

* {{cite web|last = Fiorillo|first= John|title= FAQ: Care and Repair of Japanese Prints|work= Viewing Japanese Prints|url=http://www.viewingjapaneseprints.net/texts/topics_faq/faq_care_and_repair.html|access-date = 2013-12-17|ref= {{SfnRef|Fiorillo|1999–2001}} }}