Ukiyo-e: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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== Gaya ==
<!-- [[Image:Jiezi_yuan_huazhuan_Lotus_Flowers%2C_Leaf_from_the_Mustard_Seed_Garden_Painting_Manual.jpg|thumb|right|Buku panduan lukisan Tiongkok {{transl|zh|[[Jieziyuan Huazhuan]]}} (''Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden'') digunakan oleh banyak seniman Jepang dan menjadi elemen penting dalam pelatihan seniman serta perkembangan seni lukis zaman Edo.]] -->
[[File:Suzuki Harunobu - Woman Visiting the Shrine in the Night - Google Art Project crop.jpg|thumb|alt=Colour print of a Japanese woman's face. The colours are bold and flat, and the contours are outlined in black.|''Woman Visiting the Shrine in the Night (Wanita yang Mengunjungi Kuil di Malam Hari)'', [[Suzuki Harunobu|Harunobu]], abad ke-17. Garis-garis tegas dan datar membentuk dan mengisi area warna datar.]]
Baris 216:
[[File:Black Raku tea bowl Amadera.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Photo of a tea bowl, dark-coloured, humble, and asymmetric|Estetika {{transl|ja|[[wabi-sabi]]}} pada mangkuk teh abad ke-16.]]
Warna yang cerah, pola yang mencolok dan kompleks, perhatian terhadap mode yang berubah, serta pose dan komposisi yang dinamis dalam ukiyo-e sangat kontras dengan [[Japanese aesthetics|estetika tradisional Jepang]]. Misalnya, {{transl|ja|[[wabi-sabi]]}} mengutamakan kesederhanaan, asimetri, dan ketidaksempurnaan, serta bukti perjalanan waktu;{{sfn|Bell|2004|pp=50–52}} sedangkan {{transl|ja|[[shibui]]}} menekankan kelembutan, kerendahan hati, dan kehalusan.{{sfn|Bell|2004|pp=53–54}} Namun, ukiyo-e lebih sesuai dengan konsep estetika seperti ''{{transl|ja|[[iki (
Pendekatan ukiyo-e terhadap perspektif grafis berbeda dengan perspektif normal di Eropa pada zaman yang sama. Perspektif geometris ala Barat sudah dikenal di Jepang dan dipraktikkan oleh pelukis [[Akita ranga]] pada 1770-an—seperti halnya metode Tiongkok yang menciptakan kedalaman melalui garis-garis paralel. Teknik ini kadang digunakan bersamaan dalam ukiyo-e, dengan perspektif geometris untuk latar belakang dan perspektif ala Tiongkok yang lebih ekspresif untuk latar depan.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=57–60}} Teknik-teknik ini kemungkinan dipelajari melalui lukisan Tiongkok bergaya Barat, bukan langsung dari karya Barat.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=62–63}} Meskipun telah mengenal teknik tersebut, seniman tetap mengharmonisasikannya dengan metode tradisional sesuai kebutuhan komposisi dan ekspresi.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=106–107}} Cara lain untuk menunjukkan kedalaman adalah metode komposisi tripartit ala Tiongkok<!-- 三部構図法 --> yang digunakan dalam lukisan Buddha,<!-- 仏画 --> di mana bentuk besar ditempatkan di latar depan, bentuk yang lebih kecil di tengah, dan bentuk yang paling kecil di latar belakang; contoh penerapannya terlihat pada ''Great Wave'' karya Hokusai, dengan perahu besar di latar depan, perahu yang lebih kecil di belakangnya, dan Gunung Fuji yang kecil di latar belakang.{{sfn|Suwa|1998|pp=108–109}}
Baris 248:
Utagawa Yoshitora (1860) English Couple (crop).jpg|''English Couple (Pasangan Inggris)''{{pb}}{{transl|ja|[[Yokohama-e]]}} karya [[Utagawa Yoshitora]], 1860
</gallery>
==Produksi==
Baris 330 ⟶ 328:
Pasar cetak ukiyo-e memiliki beragam pelanggan dari berbagai lapisan masyarakat, mulai dari pekerja harian hingga pedagang kaya.{{sfn|Bell|2004|p=140}} Namun, informasi yang konkret tentang produksi dan konsumsi ukiyo-e sangat sedikit. Tidak ada catatan yang terkait dengan ukiyo-e yang masih ada atau mungkin tidak pernah ada. Sulit untuk menentukan demografi konsumsi ''ukiyo-e'' karena harus menggunakan metode tidak langsung.{{sfn|Hockley|2003|pp=7–8}}
Menentukan harga cetakan juga sulit bagi para ahli karena sedikit catatan angka yang pasti dan variasi dalam kualitas produksi, ukuran,{{sfn|Kobayashi|Ōkubo|1994|p=216}} penawaran dan permintaan,{{sfn|Ōkubo|2013|p=31}} serta metode yang berubah seiring waktu.{{sfn|Ōkubo|2013|p=32}} Pada abad ke-19, terdapat catatan bahwa harga cetakan mulai dari 16 {{transl|ja|[[
{{Clear}}
Baris 364 ⟶ 362:
===Jurnal akademik===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
* {{cite journal|title = A Pigment Census of Ukiyo-E Paintings in the Freer Gallery of Art|first = Elisabeth West|last = Fitzhugh <!-- [http://www.bcin.ca/Interface/bcin.cgi?Search=Search&Browse=browse&Authorindex=FITZHUGH%2C%20ELISABETH%20WEST&Language=] lists "Fitzhugh, Elisabeth West" rather than "West Fitzhugh, Elisabeth". I hope this is correct -->|journal = Ars Orientalis|volume = 11|year = 1979|pages = 27–38|publisher = Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan|jstor = 4629295|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last= Fleming|first = Stuart|title= Ukiyo-e Painting: An Art Tradition under Stress|journal = Archaeology|volume= 38|issue = 6|date= November–December 1985|pages= 60–61, 75|publisher = [[Archaeological Institute of America]]|jstor = 41730275|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal
|last = Hickman
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|publisher = [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]
|jstor = 4171617
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|jstor = 1512790
|s2cid = 193121981
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|publisher = [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]
|jstor = 25159874
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|publisher = [[Archaeological Institute of America]]
|jstor = 41731745
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|doi = 10.2307/1483579
|jstor = 1483579
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|publisher = [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]
|jstor = 3795440
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|publisher = Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan
|jstor = 4629294
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|jstor = 312343
|doi = 10.1017/s0026749x00016371|s2cid = 145105044
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|publisher = [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]
|jstor = 25152585
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
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|doi = 10.2307/1503900
|jstor = 1503900
|ref = harv
}}
{{Refend}}
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{{Refend}}
===Web===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
* {{cite web |author = AFP–Jiji staff |title = Utamaro woodblock print fetches world-record €745,000 in Paris |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/23/national/18th-century-utamaro-woodblock-print-fetches-world-record-e745000-paris/#.WEZ_8jcSjNM |work= [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]–[[Jiji Press]] |date = 2016-06-23 |access-date = 2016-12-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160624142226/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/23/national/18th-century-utamaro-woodblock-print-fetches-world-record-e745000-paris/ |archive-date = 24 June 2016 |url-status = dead|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web|last= Fiorillo|first= John|title= Kindai Hanga|work= Viewing Japanese Prints<!-- formerly hosted by Berkeley at http://spectacle.berkeley.edu/~fiorillo/ -->|url= http://viewingjapaneseprints.net/texts/kindai_hanga/intro_kindai.html|access-date = 2013-12-07|ref= {{SfnRef|Fiorillo|1999}} }}
* {{cite web|last = Fiorillo|first= John|title= FAQ: Care and Repair of Japanese Prints|work= Viewing Japanese Prints|url=http://www.viewingjapaneseprints.net/texts/topics_faq/faq_care_and_repair.html|access-date = 2013-12-17|ref= {{SfnRef|Fiorillo|1999–2001}} }}
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