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(13 revisi perantara oleh pengguna yang sama tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Short== description|Daftar Pustaka ([[Penjarahan Singapura]]) oleh Majapahit di 1398}}==
Pengepungan dan penjarahan Singapura terjadi pada tahun 1398. [[Majapahit]] menjarah, menghancurkan, dan membantai sebagian besar [[Kerajaan Singapura|Singapura]].
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Penjarahan Singapura
| date = 1398
| place = [[Singapura]]
| result = Kemenangan Majapahit<ref>{{harvnb|Tsang|Perera|2011|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Abshire|2011|p=19&24}}</ref>
| territory = [[Kerajaan Singapura]] ditaklukkan oleh [[Majapahit]]
| combatant1 = [[Majapahit]]<br>
| combatant2 = [[Kerajaan Singapura]]<br>
| commander1 = [[Wikramawardhana]]<br>Sang Rajuna Tapa
| commander2 = [[Parameswara]]
| strength1 = 200.000 prajurit<br>300 [[Djong (kapal)|djong]] dan ratusan kapal ([[kelulus]], [[pelang]], dan [[jongkong]]).<ref>Leyden, John (1821). ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n3/mode/2up?q= Malay Annals: Translated from the Malay language]''. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83132/page/n101/mode/2up?q= p. 86]: "The bitara immediately fitted out 300 junks together with the vessels calúlús, pelang, and jongkong in numbers beyond calculation, and embarked on board of them two Cati of Javans (200,000). Then having set sail, they arrived at Singhapura, and immediately engaged in battle."</ref>{{sfn|Keng|Ismail|1998|pp=118-119}}
| strength2 = Tidak diketahui
| casualties1 = Tidak diketahui
| casualties2 = Hampir semuanya dibantai. (termasuk warga sipil)<ref>{{harvnb|Windstedt|1938|p=32}}</ref>{{sfn|Ahmad|1979|pp=69–71}}{{sfn|Keng|Ismail|1998|pp=119}}
}}
Sebelum penjarahan terjadi, [[Parameswara]], raja terakhir [[kerajaan Singapura|Singapura]] dan para pengikutnya melarikan diri ke [[Semenanjung Melayu]] and mendirikan sebuah negara baru, yaitu [[Kesultanan Melaka]].
 
== Latar Belakang ==
[[File:Wall Mural at Fort Canning, Singapore (1475889305).jpg|thumb|Penggambaran prajurit Melayu Singapura kuno pada relief di Fort Canning Park, Singapura.]]
=== Upaya pertama untuk menaklukkan Singapura===
Pada tahun 1347, [[Sang Nila Utama]] digantikan oleh [[Sri Wikrama Wira]]. Kerajaan [[Majapahit]] yang semakin berkuasa mulai mengincar pengaruh kerajaan pulau kecil tersebut. Di bawah pimpinan panglima perangnya yang ambisius, [[Gajah Mada]], Majapahit mulai melancarkan ekspansi ke luar negeri terhadap semua kerajaan di [[Nusantara]]. Pada tahun 1350, [[Hayam Wuruk]] naik takhta Majapahit. Raja baru tersebut mengirim utusan ke Singapura menuntut penyerahan kerajaan tersebut. Wikrama Wira menolak untuk melakukannya dan bahkan mengirim pesan simbolis yang mengancam akan mencukur kepala raja Majapahit jika ia melanjutkan perjalanan ke [[Kerajaan Singapura|Singapura]].<ref name="Leyden 1821 52">{{harvnb|Leyden|1821|p=52}}</ref>
 
The furious Majapahit king ordered an invasion with a fleet of 100 main warships ([[Djong (ship)|jong]]) and many smaller vessels under the command of Damang Wiraja.<ref name="Leyden 1821 52"/><ref>Nugroho (2011), p. 271, 399–400, quoting ''Sejarah Melayu'', 5.4: 47: ''"Maka betara Majapahitpun menitahkan hulubalangnya berlengkap perahu akan menyerang Singapura itu, seratus buah jung; lain dari itu beberapa melangbing dan kelulus, jongkong, cerucuh, tongkang, tiada terhisabkan lagi banyaknya''." (So the king of Majapahit ordered his war commander to equip vessels for attacking Singapore, a hundred jong; other than that a few [[melangbing]] and [[kelulus]]; [[jongkong]], [[cerucuh]], [[tongkang]], all in uncountable numbers.)</ref> The fleet passed through the [[Bintan Island|island of Bintan]], from where the news spread to Singapura. The defenders immediately assembled 400 warboats to face the invasion. Both sides clashed on the coast of Singapura in a battle that took place over three days and three nights. Many were killed on both sides and in the evening of the third day, the Javanese were driven back to their ships.<ref>{{harvnb|Leyden|1821|p=53}}</ref>{{sfn|Ahmad|1979|p=47}}{{sfn|Keng|Ismail|1998|pp=94-95}}
 
=== Palembang rebellion ===
According to the Portuguese accounts, [[Parameswara of Malacca|Parameswara]] was a prince from Palembang who attempted to challenge Javanese rule over [[Palembang]] sometime after 1360. The Javanese then attacked and drove Parameswara out of Palembang. Parameswara escaped to Singapura, and was welcomed by its ruler of with the title Sang Aji named Sangesinga. Parameswara assassinated the local ruler after 8 days, then ruled Singapura for five years with the help of the ''Çelates'' or [[Orang Laut]].<ref name="Miksic 2013 356">{{harvnb|Miksic|2013|p=356}}</ref>
 
== Siege ==
As mentioned in the ''[[Malay Annals]]'', the story of the fall of Singapura and the flight of its last king begins with Parameswara's accusing one of his [[concubine]]s of adultery. As punishment, the king had her stripped naked in public. In revenge, the concubine's father, Sang Rajuna Tapa who was also an official in Parameswara's court, secretly sent a message to the king of Majapahit, pledging his support should the king choose to invade Singapura. In 1398, Majapahit dispatched a fleet of 300 jong and hundreds of smaller vessels (of [[kelulus]], [[pelang]], and [[jongkong]]), carrying no fewer than 200,000 men.<ref name=":10">Nugroho (2011), p. 271, 399–400, quoting ''Sejarah Melayu'', 10.4: 77: "... ''maka bagindapun segera menyuruh berlengkap tiga ratus buah jung, lain dari pada itu kelulus, pelang, jongkong, tiada terbilang lagi''." (then His Majesty immediately ordered to equip three hundred jong, other than that kelulus, pelang, jongkong in uncountable numbers.)</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Leyden|1821|p=86}}</ref>{{sfn|Keng|Ismail|1998|pp=118-119}}
 
The Javanese soldiers engaged with the defenders in a battle outside the fortress, before forcing them to retreat behind the walls. The invasion force laid siege to the city and repeatedly tried to attack the fortress. However the fortress proved to be impregnable.<ref>{{harvnb|Tsang|Perera|2011|p=120}}</ref><ref name="harvnb|Sabrizain">{{harvnb|Sabrizain}}</ref>{{sfn|Ahmad|1979|pp=69–70}} After about a month passed, the food in the fortress began to run low and the defenders were on the verge of starvation. Sang Rajuna Tapa was then asked to distribute whatever grain left to the people from the royal store. Seeing this opportunity for revenge, the minister lied to the King, saying the stores were empty. The grain was not distributed and the people eventually starved. The final assault came when the gates were finally opened under the order of the minister. Knowing that defeat was imminent, Parameswara and his followers fled the island. The Majapahit soldiers rushed into the fortress and a terrible massacre ensued.{{sfn|Ahmad|1979|pp=69–71}} According to the ''Malay Annals'', "blood flowed like a river" and the red stains on the laterite soil of Singapore are said to be blood from that massacre.<ref>{{harvnb|Windstedt|1938|p=32}}</ref>{{sfn|Keng|Ismail|1998|pp=119}}
 
== Aftermath ==
Parameswara and his followers fled to the west coast of [[Malay Peninsula]]. After they arrived at [[Malacca River|Bertam River]], Parameswara establish a new city called ''[[Malacca City|Malaka]]''. He established Malacca as an international port by compelling passing ships to call there, and establishing fair and reliable facilities for warehousing and trade.<ref name="RICKLEFSp19">{{harvp|Ricklefs|1993|page=19}}</ref>
 
== References ==
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==Bibliography==
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Baris 77 ⟶ 37:
| last = Leyden
| first = John
| author-link = John Leyden
| title = Malay Annals (translated from the Malay language)
| publisher = Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown
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