Kolangiokarsinoma: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Kolangiokarsinoma''' atau dikenal sebagai '''kanker saluran empedu''' adalah jenis kanker yang terbentuk di saluran empedu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-02|title=cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cholangiocarcinoma|website=cancer|language=en|access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref> Beberapa gejala yang timbul pada pengidap kolangiokarsinoma antara lain sakit perut, kulit kekuningan, penurunan berat badan, rasa gatal, dan demam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-08|title=Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version - National Cancer Institute|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/bile-duct-treatment-pdq|website=cancer|language=en|access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref> Perubahan warna tinja menjadi lebih terang atau urin menjadi lebih gelap juga dapat terjadi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-20|title=Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version - National Cancer Institute|url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/patient/bile-duct-treatment-pdq|website=www.cancer.gov|language=en|access-date=2022-02-10}}</ref> Kanker saluran empedu lainnya yaitu kanker [[Kantong empedu|kandung empedu]] dan kanker ampula vater.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benavides|first=M.|last2=Antón|first2=A.|last3=Gallego|first3=J.|last4=Gómez|first4=M. A.|last5=Jiménez-Gordo|first5=A.|last6=La Casta|first6=A.|last7=Laquente|first7=B.|last8=Macarulla|first8=T.|last9=Rodríguez-Mowbray|first9=J. R.|date=2015-12-01|title=Biliary tract cancers: SEOM clinical guidelines|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-015-1436-2|journal=Clinical and Translational Oncology|language=en|volume=17|issue=12|pages=982–987|doi=10.1007/s12094-015-1436-2|issn=1699-3055|pmc=PMC4689747|pmid=26607930}}</ref>

 

 

Setelah didiagnosis, kolangiokarsinoma biasanya tidak dapat disembuhkan. Oleh karena itu, deteksi dini sangat diperlukan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Tan|last2=Zhang|first2=Sina|last3=Jin|first3=Chen|last4=Lin|first4=Zixia|last5=Deng|first5=Tuo|last6=Xie|first6=Xiaozai|last7=Deng|first7=Liming|last8=Li|first8=Xueyan|last9=Ma|first9=Jun|date=2021-11-23|title=A Predictive Model Based on the Gut Microbiota Improves the Diagnostic Effect in Patients With Cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.751795/full|journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology|volume=11|pages=751795|doi=10.3389/fcimb.2021.751795|issn=2235-2988|pmc=PMC8650695|pmid=34888258}}</ref>Dalam kasus ini, [[perawatan paliatif]] yang dapat dilakukan antara lain adalah tindakan bedah, [[kemoterapi]], [[terapi radiasi]], dan prosedur pemasangan [[stent]].<ref name=":0" /> Pada sekitar sepertiga kasus yang melibatkan saluran empedu dan lebih jarang dengan lokasi lain, [[tumor]] dapat diangkat sepenuhnya melalui tindakan pembedahan yang memberikan kesempatan untuk sembuh.<ref name=":0" /> Bahkan ketika operasi pengangkatan berhasil, kemoterapi dan terapi radiasi umumnya akan tetap direkomendasikan sebagai terapi tambahan.<ref name=":0" />Dalam kasus tertentu, tindakan operasi termasuk transplantasi [[hati]] dapat dilakukan.<ref name=":2" /> Namun, ketika operasi berhasil, kelangsungan hidup 5 tahun biasanya kurang dari 50%.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bridgewater|first=John A.|last2=Goodman|first2=Karyn A.|last3=Kalyan|first3=Aparna|last4=Mulcahy|first4=Mary F.|date=2016-05-01|title=Biliary Tract Cancer: Epidemiology, Radiotherapy, and Molecular Profiling|url=https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/EDBK_160831|journal=American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book|issue=36|pages=e194–e203|doi=10.1200/EDBK_160831|issn=1548-8748}}</ref>

Penyakit [[hati]] yang disebabkan oleh [[parasit]] tertentu dapat juga menjadi faktor risiko dari kolangiokarsinoma. Kolonisasi dengan [[cacing hati]] ''[[Opisthorchis viverrini|Opisthorchis viverrine]]'' (ditemukan di [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], dan [[Vietnam]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watanapa|first=P|last2=Watanapa|first2=W B|date=2002-08-01|title=Liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02143.x|journal=British Journal of Surgery|volume=89|issue=8|pages=962–970|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02143.x|issn=0007-1323}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sripa|first=Banchob|last2=Kaewkes|first2=Sasithorn|last3=Sithithaworn|first3=Paiboon|last4=Mairiang|first4=Eimorn|last5=Laha|first5=Thewarach|last6=Smout|first6=Michael|last7=Pairojkul|first7=Chawalit|last8=Bhudhisawasdi|first8=Vajaraphongsa|last9=Tesana|first9=Smarn|date=2007-07-10|title=Liver Fluke Induces Cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040201&type=printable|journal=PLOS Medicine|language=en|volume=4|issue=7|pages=e201|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0040201|issn=1549-1676|pmc=PMC1913093|pmid=17622191}}</ref> atau ''[[:en:Clonorchis_sinensis|Clonorchis sinensis]]'' (ditemukan di [[Tiongkok|Cina]], [[Republik Tiongkok|Taiwan]], [[Rusia Timur Jauh|Rusia Timur]], [[Korea]], dan [[Vietnam]])<ref>{{Cite book|last=Locke|first=Victoria|last2=Kusnik|first2=Alexander|last3=Richardson|first3=Melissa S.|date=2022-01-09|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532892/|title=Clonorchis Sinensis|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|language=en|pmid=30422487}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Tong-Soo|last2=Pak|first2=Jhang Ho|last3=Kim|first3=Jong-Bo|last4=Bahk|first4=Young Yil|date=2016-11-30|title=Clonorchis sinensis, an oriental liver fluke, as a human biological agent of cholangiocarcinoma: a brief review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5346318/pdf/bmb-49-590.pdf|journal=BMB Reports|language=en|volume=49|issue=11|pages=590–597|doi=10.5483/BMBRep.2016.49.11.109|issn=1976-6696|pmc=PMC5346318|pmid=27418285}}</ref> telah dikaitkan dengan perkembangan kolangiokarsinoma. Program pengendalian (''Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program'') yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi konsumsi makanan mentah dan setengah matang telah berhasil menurunkan angka kejadian kolangiokarsinoma di beberapa negara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sripa|first=Banchob|last2=Tangkawattana|first2=Sirikachorn|last3=Sangnikul|first3=Thinnakorn|date=2017-08-01|title=The Lawa model: A sustainable, integrated opisthorchiasis control program using the EcoHealth approach in the Lawa Lake region of Thailand|url=https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5443708&blobtype=pdf|journal=Parasitology International|series=Special Issue: Opisthorchiasis: 100 Years of Discovery|language=en|volume=66|issue=4|pages=346–354|doi=10.1016/j.parint.2016.11.013|issn=1383-5769|pmc=PMC5443708|pmid=27890720}}</ref> Orang dengan penyakit hati kronis, baik berupa [[hepatitis]] akibat [[virus]] (misalnya [[hepatitis B]] atau [[hepatitis C]]),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kobayashi|first=Masahiro|last2=Ikeda|first2=Kenji|last3=Saitoh|first3=Satoshi|last4=Suzuki|first4=Fumitaka|last5=Tsubota|first5=Akihito|last6=Suzuki|first6=Yoshiyuki|last7=Arase|first7=Yasuji|last8=Murashima|first8=Naoya|last9=Chayama|first9=Kazuaki|date=2000|title=Incidence of primary cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus–related cirrhosis|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1097-0142%2820000601%2988%3A11%3C2471%3A%3AAID-CNCR7%3E3.0.CO%3B2-T|journal=Cancer|language=en|volume=88|issue=11|pages=2471–2477|doi=10.1002/1097-0142(20000601)88:11<2471::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-T|issn=1097-0142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yamamoto|first=Satoshi|last2=Kubo|first2=Shoji|last3=Hai|first3=Seikan|last4=Uenishi|first4=Takahiro|last5=Yamamoto|first5=Takatsugu|last6=Shuto|first6=Taichi|last7=Takemura|first7=Shigekazu|last8=Tanaka|first8=Hiromu|last9=Yamazaki|first9=Osamu|date=2004|title=Hepatitis C virus infection as a likely etiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02492.x|journal=Cancer Science|language=en|volume=95|issue=7|pages=592–595|doi=10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02492.x|issn=1349-7006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huiying|first=Lu|last2=Ye|first2=Michele Q.|last3=Thung|first3=Swan N.|last4=Dash|first4=Srikanta|last5=Gerber|first5=Michael A.|date=2000|title=Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in cholangiocarcinomas in Chinese and American patients|url=https://medcentral.net/doi/pdf/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2000.12.116|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=113|issue=12|pages=1138-1141|doi=https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2000.12.116}}</ref> penyakit hati pada [[alkoholik]], atau [[sirosis hati]], secara signifikan meningkatkan risiko kolangiokarsinoma.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Shaib|first=Yasser H.|last2=El-Serag|first2=Hashem B.|last3=Davila|first3=Jessica A.|last4=Morgan|first4=Robert|last5=McGlynn|first5=Katherine A.|date=2005-03-01|title=Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: A case-control study|url=https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(04)02351-0/abstract|journal=Gastroenterology|language=English|volume=128|issue=3|pages=620–626|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2004.12.048|issn=0016-5085|pmid=15765398}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sørensen|first=Henrik Toft|last2=Friis|first2=Søren|last3=Olsen|first3=Jørgen H.|last4=Thulstrup|first4=Ane Marie|last5=Mellemkjær|first5=Lene|last6=Linet|first6=Martha|last7=Trichopoulos|first7=Dimitrios|last8=Vilstrup|first8=Hendrik|last9=Olsen|first9=Jørn|date=1998|title=Risk of liver and other types of cancer in patients with cirrhosis: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hep.510280404|journal=Hepatology|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|pages=921–925|doi=10.1002/hep.510280404|issn=1527-3350}}</ref> Infeksi [[HIV]] juga teridentifikasi dalam satu penelitian sebagai faktor risiko potensial untuk kolangiokarsinoma, meskipun tidak jelas apakah penyebab utamanya adalah HIV itu sendiri atau terdapat faktor lain yang berkorelasi (misalnya infeksi [[hepatitis C]]).

 

 

== Patofisiologi ==