Bahasa Albania: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{bahasa
|name = Albania
|nativename = ''Shqip''<br/>''gjuha shqipe''<br>''Әлбания тілі''
|states = [[Albania]] dan [[Kosovo]]
|region = [[Eropa Tenggara]] ([[Balkan]])
|speakers = 6.169.000 jiwa (''[[Ethnologue]]'', 2000)
|familycolor = Indo-Eropa
|protoname = [[Bahasa Proto-Albania|Proto-Albania]]
|nation = {{ALB}}<br>{{KOS}}{{efn|name=status}}
|minority = {{CRO}}<br>{{MKD}}<br>{{MNE}}<br>{{ITA}}<br>{{ROM}}<br>{{SRB}}
|agency = [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Albania]] <br> [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Kesenian Kosovo]]
|iso1 = sq
|iso2b = alb
|iso2t = sqi
|lingua = 55-AAA-aaa to 55-AAA-ahe (25 ragam)
|iso3 = sqi
|lc1 = aae
|ld1 = [[Bahasa Arbëresh|Arbëresh]]
|lc2 = aat
|ld2 = [[Arvanitika]]
|lc3 = aln
|ld3 = [[Bahasa Albania Gheg|Gheg]]
|lc4 = als
|ld4 = [[Bahasa Albania Tosk|Tosk]]
|glotto = alba1267
|glottorefname = Albanian
|map = Albanian dialects.svg
|mapcaption = {{center|Peta [[dialek-dialek bahasa Albania]].<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Prendergast|first=Eric|date=2017|title=The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area|type=Ph.D|publisher=UC Berkeley|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nk454x6|page=87}}</ref><br/>{{small|(Peta tidak menunjukkan dialek-dialek ini mayoritas atau minoritas.)}}}}
|notice = IPA
<!-- teks -->
|pranala_HAM= http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=aln
|HAM = ya
|contoh_teks= {{lang|sq|'''Neni 1'''<br /> Të gjithë njerëzit lindin të lirë dhe të barabartë në dinjitet dhe në të drejta. Ata kanë arsye dhe ndërgjegje dhe duhet të sillen ndaj njëri tjetrit me frymë vëllazërimi.}}
}}
{{Topik Indo-Eropa}}
'''Bahasa Albania'''
Mayoritas penutur bahasa Albania ini adalah pemeluk [[Islam]], sedang sisanya beragama [[Kristen Ortodoks]] dan [[Katolik Roma]].
Dokumen tertulis pertama yang menyebutkan adanya bahasa Albania berasal dari akhir abad ke-13 tentang sebuah laporan kriminal. Bahasa ini pertama kali direkam pada tanggal 4 April 1914 di [[Wina]], [[Austria]].
== Penggolongan ==
[[Berkas:IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Letak penggolongan bahasa Albania dalam silsilah [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]] berdasarkan "''Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages''" oleh Chang et al. (Januari 2015).<ref name=chang>{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Will |last2=Chundra |first2=Cathcart |date=January 2015 |title=Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/news/ChangEtAlPreprint.pdf |journal=Language |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=194–244 |doi=10.1353/lan.2015.0005 |s2cid=143978664 |access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>]]
Bahasa Albania merupakan salah satu dari sebelas cabang utama [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]],<ref name="Schumacher2020"/> di mana bahasa ini menempati posisi tersendiri.<ref name=Fortson390>{{cite book |title=Indo-European language and culture: an introduction |last= Fortson |first= Benjamin W |year=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=1-4051-0315-9|page=390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hOtPBF6XWwC&q='Indo-European+Language+and+Culture:++An+Introduction' |access-date=28 May 2010}} ''Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records''</ref> Pada tahun 1854, bahasa Albania mulai dikenal sebagai bahasa Indo-Eropa oleh [[Linguistik historis|filolog]] bernama [[Franz Bopp]]. Bahasa Albania sebelumnya dibandingkan oleh beberapa ahli bahasa Indo-Eropa dengan [[Rumpun bahasa Jermanik|Jermanik]] dan [[Rumpun bahasa Balto-Slavia|Balto-Slavia]], yang semuanya berbagi beberapa [[kata kerabat]] dan [[isoglosa]].<ref>Watkins, Calvert. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in The Indo-European Languages, Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998.</ref> Ahli bahasa lain menghubungkan bahasa Albania dengan [[Bahasa Latin|Latin]], [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], dan [[Bahasa Armenia|Armenia]], sementara menempatkan bahasa Jerman dan Balto-Slavia pada cabang lain dalam rumpun Indo-Eropa.<ref name = mallory>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yfZZX1qjpvkC&printsec=frontcover#PPA111,M1 Google Books], [[J. P. Mallory|Mallory, J. P.]] and Adams, D. Q.: The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</ref><ref name = holm>[http://www.hjholm.de/SLRD.pdf JHholm.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011121308/http://www.hjholm.de/SLRD.pdf |date=11 October 2017 }}, Holm, Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach, Hans Burkhardt, Lars Schmidt-Thieme, Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Applications. Proc. of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl), University of Freiburg, 7–9 March 2007. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin</ref><ref name = holm2>[http://www.hjholm.de/ HJholm.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220636/http://www.hjholm.de/ |date=5 September 2019 }} A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages And their Migrations in the Light of the Separation Level Recovery (SLRD) Method – Hans J. Holm</ref> Para ahli bahasa saat ini menunjukkan bukti bahwa bahasa Albania berhubungan dekat secara [[genealogi]] dengan bahasa Yunani dan Armenia, sedangkan bahwa Albania merupakan [[bahasa satem]] semakin kurang diterima.<ref name="Schumacher2020"/>
Hipotesis dari kesinambungan dialek "[[Bahasa-bahasa Paleo-Balkan|Indo-Eropa Balkan]]" mengemukakan periode umum koeksistensi prasejarah dari beberapa dialek Indo-Eropa di [[Balkans]] sebelum tahun 2000 SM. Dalam kelompok ini memasukkan bahasa Albania, [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Bahasa Armenia|Armenia]], [[Bahasa Frigia|Frigia]], bahasa-bahasa yang dibuktikan pada prasasti termasuk [[Bahasa Makedonia Kuno|Makedonia Kuno]], [[Bahasa Trakia|Trakia]], [[Bahasa Iliria|Iliria]], dan relatif memiliki bukti tertulis yang banyak seperti [[Bahasa Messapia|Messapia]] di Semenanjung Italia bagian selatan. Ciri-ciri umum kelompok ini tampak pada tataran [[fonologi]]s, [[Morfologi (linguistik)|morfologi]]s, dan [[Leksikon|leksikal]], diduga akibat [[Kontak bahasa|kontak antara berbagai bahasa]]. Konsep kelompok linguistik ini dijelaskan sebagai semacam liga pada [[Zaman Perunggu]] (fenomena [[Sprachbund|kawasan linguistik]] tertentu), meskipun juga terdiri dari bahasa-bahasa yang berhubungan satu sama lain.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sowa|first=Wojciech|title=Thracian ''Tracio''|journal=Palaeohispanica|issn=1578-5386|doi=10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.377|year=2020|pages=810–811|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sebuah prestage umum posterior untuk [[bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa]] yang menurunkan Albania, Yunani, dan Armenia, dianggap sebagai skenario yang mungkin. Dalam hal ini, karena banyaknya kemungkinan inovasi fonologis bersama antara bahasa Yunani dan Armenia, kemungkinan bahasa Albania adalah bahasa Indo-Eropa Balkan pertama yang terpisah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thorsø|first=Rasmus|chapter=Two Balkan Indo-European Loanwords|title=Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European|editor1=Matilde Serangeli|editor2=Thomas Olander|volume=19|series=Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics|publisher=Brill|year=2019|isbn=9789004416192|pages=251–262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHnEDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
Bahasa Albania mewakili salah satu bahasa inti dalam [[Sprachbund Balkan sprachbund|''Sprachbund'' Balkan]].<ref name="Schumacher2020">{{cite book|first=Stefan|last=Schumacher|title=Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond|date=2020|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-6090-1|language=en|chapter=The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety)|editor1=Robert Crellin|editor2=Thomas Jügel|volume=352|series=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zz6DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
== Dialek ==
Bahasa Albania secara umum dibagi menjadi 4 dialek, antara lain:
* [[Dialek Gheg]] yang dituturkan di bagian utara Albania
* [[Dialek Tosk]], dituturkan di bagian selatan Albania dan menjadi dialek baku bahasa Albania.
* [[Dialek Arvinitika]] yang dipakai komunitas Albania di [[Yunani]]
* [[Dialek Arbereshe]], yakni dialek Albania di wilayah selatan [[Italia]].
== Bentuk baku ==
Sebelum Perang Dunia II, bentuk yang digunakan secara resmi adalah dialek Gheg. Setelah Perang Dunia II, bentuk yang digunakan secara resmi adalah dialek Tosk. Pembakuan bahasa dilakukan oleh [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Albania]] dan [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Kesenian Kosovo]]. Bentuk ejaan yang baru dipublikasikan pada tahun 1967 dan 1973. Sedangkan, kamus terbaru Bahasa Albania diterbitkan pada tahun 1976 dan 1980 oleh Pemerintah Albania.
== Letak persebaran ==
Bahasa Albania dituturkan oleh kurang lebih 7,4 juta penutur, yang kebanyakan berada di [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], [[Turki]], [[Makedonia Utara]], [[Yunani]], Italia (Arbereshe) dan oleh komunitas imigran di berbagai negara.
== Catatan ==
{{notes
|notes =
{{efn
|name = status
|{{Kosovo-note}}
}}
}}
== Referensi ==
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
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* [[Gustav Meyer|Meyer, Gustav]]. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=E-IGAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Albanesische+Studien&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Albanesische Studien I. Die Pluralbildungen der albanesischen Nomina]", in ''Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften'' 104 (1883): 257–362.
* [[Franz Miklosich|Miklosich, Franz]]. ''Albanische Forschungen''. 2 vols., vol. 1: ''Die slavischen Elemente im Albanischen''; vol. 2: ''Die romanischen Elemente im Albanischen''. Vienna: Karl Gerold's Sohn, 1870.
* {{cite journal |last=Mihăescu |first= Haralambie |title=Les éléments latins de la langue albanaise |journal=Révue des études sud-est européennes |volume= 4 |year=1966 |pages= 5–33, 323–53}}
* {{cite book |last=Mihăescu |first= Haralambie |title=La langue latine dans le sud-est de l'Europe |location= Bucharest and Paris |publisher= Editura Academiei and Les Belles Lettres |year= 1978}}
* Newmark, Leonard, Philip Hubbard, & Peter Prifti. ''Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982.
* Ölberg, Hermann. "Einige Uberlegungen zur Autochtonie der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel", in ''Akten der internationalen albanologischen Kolloquiums, Innsbruck, 1972, zum Gedächtnis an Norbert Jokl''. Edited by Hermann M. Ölberg. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1977.
* Ölberg, Hermann. "Kontributi i gjuhësisë për çështjen e atdheut ballkanik të shqiptarëve", ''Studime Filologjike'' 3 (1982).
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* [[Vladimir Orel|Orel, Vladimir]]. ''Albanian Etymological Dictionary''. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
* {{cite book |last=Orel |first= Vladimir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvKH56aT5mEC |title= A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian |location= Leiden |publisher=Brill |year= 2000|isbn= 9004116478 }}
* Riza, Selman. ''Studime albanistike''. Pristina 1979.
* {{cite book|title=The Indo-European Languages|last=Rusakov|first=Alexander|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781317391531|editor1-last=Kapović|editor1-first=Mate|chapter=Albanian|editor2-last=Giacalone Ramat|editor2-first=Anna|editor3-last=Ramat|editor3-first=Paolo|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ}}
* Schumacher, Stefan & Joachim Matzinger. ''Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2013.
* Svane, Gunnar. ''Slavische Lehnwörter im Albanischen''. Århus: Aarhus University Press, 1992.
* Tagliavini, Carlo. ''La stratificazione del lessico albanese: Elementi indoeuropei''. Bologna: Casa editrice Prof. Riccardo Pàtron, 1965.
* Thumb, Albert. "Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen", ''[[Indogermanische Forschungen]]'' 26 (1909): 1–20.
* von Hahn, Johann Georg. ''Albanesische Studien''. 3 vols. Jena: F. Mauko, 1854.
* [[Calvert Watkins|Watkins, Calvert]]. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in ''The Indo-European Languages''. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat & Paolo Ramat. London-NY: Routledge, 1998, pp. 25–73.
* Ylli, Xhelal. ''Das slawische Lehngut im Albanischen''. 2 vols., vol. 1: ''Lehnwörter''; vol. 2: ''Ortsnamen''. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1997/2000.
* Ylli, Xhelal & Andrej N. Sobolev. ''Albanskii gegskii govor sela Muhurr''. Munich: Biblion Verlag, 2003. {{ISBN|3-932331-36-2}}
{{Refend}}
=== Pustaka lanjutan ===
* Станишић, Вања [STANISIC, Vanja]. "[https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/4458 Two types of ancient Indo-European isoglosses in the Albanian language]". In: ''Balcanica'', 1998, 29, pp. 321–338. {{ISSN|0350-7653}}.
== Pranala luar ==
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* [https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/albol Albanian Online] oleh Brian Joseph, Angelo Costanzo, dan Jonathan Slocum, pelajaran daring gratis di [https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc Pusat Penelitian Linguistika] oleh [[Universitas Texas di Austin]].
* [https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-sqi.html glottothèque - Ancient Indo-European Grammars online], kumpulan daring video pengantar bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropa Kuno yang diproduksi oleh [[Universitas Göttingen]].
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