Bahasa Albania: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k bot Menambah: kaa:Alban tili |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
| (31 revisi perantara oleh 18 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{bahasa
|name = Albania
|nativename = ''Shqip''<br/>''gjuha shqipe''<br>''Әлбания тілі''
|states = [[Albania]] dan [[Kosovo]]
|region = [[Eropa Tenggara]] ([[Balkan]])
|speakers = 6.169.000 jiwa (''[[Ethnologue]]'', 2000)
|familycolor = Indo-Eropa
|protoname = [[Bahasa Proto-Albania|Proto-Albania]]
|nation = {{ALB}}<br>{{KOS}}{{efn|name=status}}
|minority = {{CRO}}<br>{{MKD}}<br>{{MNE}}<br>{{ITA}}<br>{{ROM}}<br>{{SRB}}
|agency = [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Albania]] <br> [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Kesenian Kosovo]]
|iso1 = sq
|iso2b = alb
|iso2t = sqi
|lingua = 55-AAA-aaa to 55-AAA-ahe (25 ragam)
|iso3 = sqi
|lc1 = aae
|ld1 = [[Bahasa Arbëresh|Arbëresh]]
|lc2 = aat
|ld2 = [[Arvanitika]]
|lc3 = aln
|ld3 = [[Bahasa Albania Gheg|Gheg]]
|lc4 = als
|ld4 = [[Bahasa Albania Tosk|Tosk]]
|glotto = alba1267
|glottorefname = Albanian
|map = Albanian dialects.svg
|mapcaption = {{center|Peta [[dialek-dialek bahasa Albania]].<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Prendergast|first=Eric|date=2017|title=The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area|type=Ph.D|publisher=UC Berkeley|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nk454x6|page=87}}</ref><br/>{{small|(Peta tidak menunjukkan dialek-dialek ini mayoritas atau minoritas.)}}}}
|notice = IPA
<!-- teks -->
|pranala_HAM= http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=aln
|HAM = ya
|contoh_teks= {{lang|sq|'''Neni 1'''<br /> Të gjithë njerëzit lindin të lirë dhe të barabartë në dinjitet dhe në të drejta. Ata kanë arsye dhe ndërgjegje dhe duhet të sillen ndaj njëri tjetrit me frymë vëllazërimi.}}
}}
{{Topik Indo-Eropa}}
'''Bahasa Albania'''
Mayoritas penutur bahasa Albania ini adalah pemeluk [[Islam]], sedang sisanya beragama [[Kristen Ortodoks]] dan [[Katolik Roma]].
Dokumen tertulis pertama yang menyebutkan adanya bahasa Albania berasal dari akhir abad ke-13 tentang sebuah laporan kriminal. Bahasa ini pertama kali direkam pada tanggal 4 April 1914 di [[Wina]], [[Austria]].
== Penggolongan ==
[[Berkas:IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Letak penggolongan bahasa Albania dalam silsilah [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]] berdasarkan "''Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages''" oleh Chang et al. (Januari 2015).<ref name=chang>{{cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Will |last2=Chundra |first2=Cathcart |date=January 2015 |title=Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/news/ChangEtAlPreprint.pdf |journal=Language |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=194–244 |doi=10.1353/lan.2015.0005 |s2cid=143978664 |access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref>]]
Bahasa Albania merupakan salah satu dari sebelas cabang utama [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]],<ref name="Schumacher2020"/> di mana bahasa ini menempati posisi tersendiri.<ref name=Fortson390>{{cite book |title=Indo-European language and culture: an introduction |last= Fortson |first= Benjamin W |year=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=1-4051-0315-9|page=390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hOtPBF6XWwC&q='Indo-European+Language+and+Culture:++An+Introduction' |access-date=28 May 2010}} ''Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records''</ref> Pada tahun 1854, bahasa Albania mulai dikenal sebagai bahasa Indo-Eropa oleh [[Linguistik historis|filolog]] bernama [[Franz Bopp]]. Bahasa Albania sebelumnya dibandingkan oleh beberapa ahli bahasa Indo-Eropa dengan [[Rumpun bahasa Jermanik|Jermanik]] dan [[Rumpun bahasa Balto-Slavia|Balto-Slavia]], yang semuanya berbagi beberapa [[kata kerabat]] dan [[isoglosa]].<ref>Watkins, Calvert. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in The Indo-European Languages, Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998.</ref> Ahli bahasa lain menghubungkan bahasa Albania dengan [[Bahasa Latin|Latin]], [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], dan [[Bahasa Armenia|Armenia]], sementara menempatkan bahasa Jerman dan Balto-Slavia pada cabang lain dalam rumpun Indo-Eropa.<ref name = mallory>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yfZZX1qjpvkC&printsec=frontcover#PPA111,M1 Google Books], [[J. P. Mallory|Mallory, J. P.]] and Adams, D. Q.: The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</ref><ref name = holm>[http://www.hjholm.de/SLRD.pdf JHholm.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011121308/http://www.hjholm.de/SLRD.pdf |date=11 October 2017 }}, Holm, Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach, Hans Burkhardt, Lars Schmidt-Thieme, Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Applications. Proc. of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl), University of Freiburg, 7–9 March 2007. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin</ref><ref name = holm2>[http://www.hjholm.de/ HJholm.de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220636/http://www.hjholm.de/ |date=5 September 2019 }} A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages And their Migrations in the Light of the Separation Level Recovery (SLRD) Method – Hans J. Holm</ref> Para ahli bahasa saat ini menunjukkan bukti bahwa bahasa Albania berhubungan dekat secara [[genealogi]] dengan bahasa Yunani dan Armenia, sedangkan bahwa Albania merupakan [[bahasa satem]] semakin kurang diterima.<ref name="Schumacher2020"/>
Hipotesis dari kesinambungan dialek "[[Bahasa-bahasa Paleo-Balkan|Indo-Eropa Balkan]]" mengemukakan periode umum koeksistensi prasejarah dari beberapa dialek Indo-Eropa di [[Balkans]] sebelum tahun 2000 SM. Dalam kelompok ini memasukkan bahasa Albania, [[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]], [[Bahasa Armenia|Armenia]], [[Bahasa Frigia|Frigia]], bahasa-bahasa yang dibuktikan pada prasasti termasuk [[Bahasa Makedonia Kuno|Makedonia Kuno]], [[Bahasa Trakia|Trakia]], [[Bahasa Iliria|Iliria]], dan relatif memiliki bukti tertulis yang banyak seperti [[Bahasa Messapia|Messapia]] di Semenanjung Italia bagian selatan. Ciri-ciri umum kelompok ini tampak pada tataran [[fonologi]]s, [[Morfologi (linguistik)|morfologi]]s, dan [[Leksikon|leksikal]], diduga akibat [[Kontak bahasa|kontak antara berbagai bahasa]]. Konsep kelompok linguistik ini dijelaskan sebagai semacam liga pada [[Zaman Perunggu]] (fenomena [[Sprachbund|kawasan linguistik]] tertentu), meskipun juga terdiri dari bahasa-bahasa yang berhubungan satu sama lain.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sowa|first=Wojciech|title=Thracian ''Tracio''|journal=Palaeohispanica|issn=1578-5386|doi=10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.377|year=2020|pages=810–811|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sebuah prestage umum posterior untuk [[bahasa Proto-Indo-Eropa]] yang menurunkan Albania, Yunani, dan Armenia, dianggap sebagai skenario yang mungkin. Dalam hal ini, karena banyaknya kemungkinan inovasi fonologis bersama antara bahasa Yunani dan Armenia, kemungkinan bahasa Albania adalah bahasa Indo-Eropa Balkan pertama yang terpisah.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thorsø|first=Rasmus|chapter=Two Balkan Indo-European Loanwords|title=Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European|editor1=Matilde Serangeli|editor2=Thomas Olander|volume=19|series=Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics|publisher=Brill|year=2019|isbn=9789004416192|pages=251–262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHnEDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
Bahasa Albania mewakili salah satu bahasa inti dalam [[Sprachbund Balkan sprachbund|''Sprachbund'' Balkan]].<ref name="Schumacher2020">{{cite book|first=Stefan|last=Schumacher|title=Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond|date=2020|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-6090-1|language=en|chapter=The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety)|editor1=Robert Crellin|editor2=Thomas Jügel|volume=352|series=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zz6DwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
== Dialek ==
Bahasa Albania secara umum dibagi menjadi 4 dialek, antara lain:
* [[Dialek Gheg]] yang dituturkan di bagian utara Albania
* [[Dialek Tosk]], dituturkan di bagian selatan Albania dan menjadi dialek baku bahasa Albania.
* [[Dialek Arvinitika]] yang dipakai komunitas Albania di [[Yunani]]
* [[Dialek Arbereshe]], yakni dialek Albania di wilayah selatan [[Italia]].
== Bentuk baku ==
Sebelum Perang Dunia II, bentuk yang digunakan secara resmi adalah dialek Gheg. Setelah Perang Dunia II, bentuk yang digunakan secara resmi adalah dialek Tosk. Pembakuan bahasa dilakukan oleh [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Albania]] dan [[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Kesenian Kosovo]]. Bentuk ejaan yang baru dipublikasikan pada tahun 1967 dan 1973. Sedangkan, kamus terbaru Bahasa Albania diterbitkan pada tahun 1976 dan 1980 oleh Pemerintah Albania.
== Letak persebaran ==
Bahasa Albania dituturkan oleh kurang lebih 7,4 juta penutur, yang kebanyakan berada di [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], [[Turki]], [[Makedonia Utara]], [[Yunani]], Italia (Arbereshe) dan oleh komunitas imigran di berbagai negara.
== Catatan ==
{{notes
|notes =
{{efn
|name = status
|{{Kosovo-note}}
}}
}}
== Referensi ==
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* Ajeti, Idriz. "La présence de l'albanais dans les parlers des populations slaves de la Péninsule balkanique à la lumière de la langue et de la toponymie", ''[[Studia Albanica]]'' 2 (1968): 131–6.
* Ajeti, Idriz. "Për historinë e marrëdhënieve të hershme gjuhësore shqiptare-sllave", ''[[Studime Filologjike]]'' 4 (1972): 83–94 (reprint in ''Gjurmime albanologjike – Seria e shkencave filologjike II – 1972''. Pristina: 1974, pp. 33–44).
* Arapi, Inna. ''Der Gebrauch von Infinitiv und Konjunktiv im Altalbanischen mit Ausblick auf das Rumänische''. Hamburg: Kovač, 2010.
* Banfi, Emanuele. ''Linguistica balcanica''. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1985.
* Banfi, Emanuele. ''Storia linguistica del sud-est europeo: Crisi della Romània balcanica tra alto e basso medioevo''. Milan: Franco Angeli, 1991.
* Bonnet, Guillaume. ''Les mots latins de l'albanais''. Paris–Montréal: L'Harmattan, 1998.
* [[Franz Bopp|Bopp, Franz]]. "Über das Albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen", in ''Königliche Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historischen Klasse''. Berlin: J. Stargardt, 1855, pp. 459–549.
* Boretzky, Norbert. ''Der türkische Einfluss auf das Albanische''. 2 vols. vol. 1: ''Phonologie und Morphologie der albanischen Turzismen''; vol. 2: ''Wörterbuch der albanischen Turzismen''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1975.
* Buchholz, Oda & Wilfried Fiedler. ''Albanische Grammatik''. Leipzig: [[VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie]], 1987.
* [[Eqrem Çabej|Çabej, Eqrem]]. "Disa probleme themelore të historisë së vjetër të gjuhës shqipe", ''Buletin i Universitetit Shtetëror të Tiranës. Seria e Shkencave Shoqërore'' 4 (1962): 117–148 (In German ''Studia Albanica'' 1 (1964))
* Çabej, Eqrem. "Zur Charakteristik der lateinischen Lehnwörter im Albanischen", ''Revue roumaine de linguistique'' 7, vol. 1 (1962): 161–99 (In Albanian "Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe", ''Studime Filologjike'' 2 (1974): 14–51)
* Çabej, Eqrem. "Rreth disa çështjeve të historisë së gjuhës shqipe", ''Buletin i Universitetit Shtetëror të Tiranës. Seria e Shkencave Shoqërore'' 3 (1963): 69–101. (In Romanian ''Studii și cercetări lingvistiche'' 4 (1954))
* Çabej, Eqrem. "Mbi disa rregulla të fonetikës historike të shqipes", ''Studime Filologjike'' 2 (1970): 77–95 (In German "Über einige Lautregeln des Albanischen", ''[[Die Sprache]]'' 18 (1972): 132–54)
* Çabej, Eqrem. "L'ancien nom national des albanais", ''Studia Albanica'' 1 (1972): 1–40.
* Çabej, Eqrem. "Problemi i vendit të formimit të gjuhës shqipe", ''Studime Filologjike'' 4 (1972): 3–27.
* Çabej, Eqrem. ''Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes''. 7 vols. Tirana: Akademia et Shkencave e Republikës Popullore të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, 1976–2014.
* Camaj, Martin. ''Albanische Wortbildung''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966.
* Camaj, Martin. ''Albanian Grammar''. Trans. Leonard Fox. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1984.
* Camarda, Demetrio. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YWQCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Saggio+di+grammatologia+comparata+sulla+lingua+albanese&cd=2#v=onepage&q&f=false Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese]''. Livorno: Successore di Egisto Vignozzi, 1864.
* Camarda, Demetrio. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=syYTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT238&dq=Appendice+al+Saggio+di+grammatologia+sulla+lingua+albanese&cd=2#v=onepage&q&f=false Appendice al saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese]''. Prato, 1866.
* Campbell, George L., ed. ''Compendium of the World's Languages'', 2nd edn. Vol. 1: ''Abaza to Kurdish'', s.v. "Albanian". London–NY: Routledge, 2000, pp. 50–7.
* [[Wacław Cimochowski|Cimochowski, Wacław]]. "Recherches sur l'histoire du sandhi dans la langue albanaise", ''Lingua Posnaniensis'' 2 (1950): 220–55.
* Cimochowski, Wacław. "Des recherches sur la toponomastique de l'Albanie", ''Lingua Posnaniensis'' 8 (1960): 133–45.
* Cimochowski, Wacław. "Pozicioni gjuhësor i ilirishtes ballkanike në rrethin e gjuhëve indoevropiane", ''Studime Filologjike'' 2 (1973).
* Demiraj, Bardhyl. ''Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz''. Amsterdam–Atlanta: Rodopi, 1997.
* [[Shaban Demiraj|Demiraj, Shaban]]. "Albanian", in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vwUMNCYbLL0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Indo-European+Languages,+Anna+Giacalone+Ramat+and+Paolo+Ramat&hl=en&ei=RoLuS4jZL4T78Ab9x9D9Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Indo-European Languages]''. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat & Paolo Ramat. London-NY: Routledge, 1998, pp. 480–501.
* Demiraj, Shaban. ''Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe''. Tirana: 8 Nëntori, 1986.
* Demiraj, Shaban. ''Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj''. Tirana: Shtëpia botuese e librit universitar, 1988.
* Demiraj, Shaban. ''Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe''. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise). Tirana: TOENA, 1996.
* Demiraj, Shaban. ''Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe''. Tirana: Shkenca, 1999.
*{{cite book|last=Demiraj|first=Shaban|title=The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|location=Tirana|publisher=Academy of Sciences of Albania|isbn=978-99943-817-1-5}}
*{{cite book|last1=Demiraj|first1=B.|last2=Esposito|first2=A.|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869|url-access=limited|publisher=Elsevier|year=2009|chapter=Albanian|isbn=978-0-08-087774-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Demiraj|first=Bardhyl|author-link=Bardhyl Demiraj|chapter=Gli insediamenti degli albanesi nell'alto medioevo|title=Scritti in onore di Eric Pratt Hamp per il suo 90 compleanno|editor1=Gianni Belluscio|editor2=Antonino Mendicino|publisher=Università della Calabria|place=Rende|year=2010|pages=73–83|chapter-url=https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/publikationen-demiraj/bearbeitet_gli-insediamenti.pdf}}
* [[Carlo De Simone (linguist)|De Simone, Carlo]]. "Gli illiri del Sud. Tentativo di una definizione", ''Iliria'' 1 (1986).
* Desnickaja, Agnija. ''Albanskij jazyk i ego dialekty''. Leningrad: Nauka, 1968.
* Desnickaja, Agnija. "Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology", ''Linguistics'' 113 (1973): 41–57.
* Desnickaja, Agnija. ''Osnovy balkanskogo jazykoznanija''. Leningrad: Nauka, 1990.
* [[Michiel de Vaan|de Vaan, Michiel]]. "The Phonology of Albanian", in ''Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics'', vol. 3. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2018, pp. 1732–49.
* [[Mahir Domi|Domi, Mahir]]. "Prapashtesa ilire dhe shqipe, përkime dhe paralelizma", ''Studime Filologjike'' 4 (1974).
* Domi, Mahir. "Considérations sur les traits communs ou parallèles de l'albanais avec les autres langues balkaniques et sur leur étude", ''Studia Albanica'' 1 (1975).
* Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "Albanian", in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5hOtPBF6XWwC&printsec=frontcover&dq='Indo-European+Language+and+Culture:++An+Introduction'&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction]'', 2nd edn. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, pp. 446–58 (1st edn. 2004, pp. 390–9).
*{{cite book |last=Fortson IV |first=Benjamin W. |year=2011 |title=Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction |edition=2nd |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSxHgej4tKMC|isbn=978-1-4443-5968-8}}
* Genesin, Monica. "Albanian", in ''Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe''. Edited by Glanville Price. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 4–8.
* Gjinari, Jorgji. "Për historinë e dialekteve të gjuhës shqipe", ''Studime Filologjike'' 4 (1968).
* Gjinari, Jorgji. "Mbi vazhdimësinë e ilirishtes në gjuhën shqipe", ''Studime Filologjike'' 3 (1969).
* Gjinari, Jorgji. "Struktura dialektore e shqipes e parë në lidhje me historinë e popullit", ''Studime Filologjike'' 3 (1976).
* Gjinari, Jorgji. "Dëshmi të historisë së gjuhës shqipe për kohën dhe vendin e formimit të popullit shqiptar", ''Studime Filologjike'' 3 (1982).
* Gjinari, Jorgji. ''Dialektologjia shqiptare''. Pristina: Universiteti, 1970.
* Gjinari, Jorgji, Bahri Beci, Gjovalin Shkurtaj, & Xheladin Gosturani. ''Atlasi dialektologjik i gjuhës shqipe'', vol. 1. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientali, 2007.
* [[Eric P. Hamp|Hamp, Eric P.]] "Albanian", in ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics''. 2 vols. Edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon, 1994, pp. 1:65–7.
* Huld, Martin E. ''Basic Albanian Etymologies''. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers, 1984.
* Katičić, Radoslav. ''Ancient Languages of the Balkans''. 2 vols. The Hague–Paris: Mouton, 1976.
* Kocaqi, Altin. "Dokumente historiko-gjuhësore: vëndi i shqipes ndër gjuhët evropiane". Albania: Marin Barleti, 2013. {{ISBN|9995604701}}.
* {{cite journal |last=Kopitar |first= Jernej K. |title=Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache |journal=Jahrbücher der Literatur (Wien) |volume= 46 |year=1829 |pages= 59–106}}
* [[Paul Kretschmer|Kretschmer, Paul]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=f00TAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Einleitung+in+die+Geschichte+der+griechischen+Sprache&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache]''. Göttingen, 1896.
* Kretschmer, Paul. "Sprachliche Vorgeschichte des Balkans", ''Revue internationale des études balkaniques'' 2, no. 1 (1935): 41–8.
* Lloshi, Xhevat. "Substandard Albanian and Its Relation to Standard Albanian", in ''Sprachlicher Standard und Substandard in Südosteuropa und Osteuropa: Beiträge zum Symposium vom 12.-16. Oktober 1992 in Berlin''. Edited by Norbert Reiter, Uwe Hinrichs & Jirina van Leeuwen-Turnovcova. Berlin: Otto Harrassowitz, 1994, pp. 184–94.
* Lloshi, Xhevat. "Albanian", in ''Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik''. Edited by Uwe Hinrichs. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1999, pp. 277–99.
* {{cite book |last=Lloshi |first= Xhevat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_gXTda0HS8C&q=gjuha+letrare+dhe+gjuha+standarde&pg=PA191 |title=Rreth alfabetit të shqipes: me rastin e 100-vjetorit të Kongresit të Manastirit |location= Skopje–Pristina–Tirana |publisher= Logos-A |year= 2008|isbn= 9789989582684 }}
* [[Maximilian Lambertz|Lambertz, Maximilian]]. ''Lehrgang des Albanischen''. 3 vols., vol. 1: ''Albanisch-deutsches Wörterbuch''; vol. 2: ''Albanische Chrestomathie''; vol. 3: ''Grammatik der albanischen Sprache''. Berlin: [[Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften]] 1954; Berlin 1955; Halle an der Saale 1959.
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-link=J. P. Mallory|last1=Mallory |first1= J.P. |author-link2=Douglas Q. Adams|first2=D. Q. |last2=Adams |title= Albanian language |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |location= London |publisher= Fitzroy Dearborn |year= 1997 |pages=8–11}}
* Matzinger, Joachim. "Die Albaner als Nachkommen der Illyrier aus der Sicht der historischen Sprachwissenschaft", in ''Albanische Geschichte: Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung''. Edited by Oliver Jens Schmitt & Eva Frantz. Munich: R. Oldenburg Verlag, 2009, pp. 13–35.
* Matzinger, Joachim. "Der lateinisch-albanische Sprachkontakt und seine Implikationen für Vorgeschichte des Albanischen und der Albaner", in ''Südosteuropäische Romania: Siedlungs-/Migrationsgeschichte und Sprachtypologie''. Edited by Wolfgang Dahmen et al. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, 2012, pp. 75–103.
* Mayer, Anton. ''Die Sprache der alten Illyrier''. 2 vols. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1957/1959.
* Mann, Stuart E. ''An Albanian Historical Grammar''. Hamburg: Helmut Buske, 1977.
* [[Gustav Meyer|Meyer, Gustav]]. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=E-IGAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Albanesische+Studien&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false Albanesische Studien I. Die Pluralbildungen der albanesischen Nomina]", in ''Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften'' 104 (1883): 257–362.
* [[Franz Miklosich|Miklosich, Franz]]. ''Albanische Forschungen''. 2 vols., vol. 1: ''Die slavischen Elemente im Albanischen''; vol. 2: ''Die romanischen Elemente im Albanischen''. Vienna: Karl Gerold's Sohn, 1870.
* {{cite journal |last=Mihăescu |first= Haralambie |title=Les éléments latins de la langue albanaise |journal=Révue des études sud-est européennes |volume= 4 |year=1966 |pages= 5–33, 323–53}}
* {{cite book |last=Mihăescu |first= Haralambie |title=La langue latine dans le sud-est de l'Europe |location= Bucharest and Paris |publisher= Editura Academiei and Les Belles Lettres |year= 1978}}
* Newmark, Leonard, Philip Hubbard, & Peter Prifti. ''Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982.
* Ölberg, Hermann. "Einige Uberlegungen zur Autochtonie der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel", in ''Akten der internationalen albanologischen Kolloquiums, Innsbruck, 1972, zum Gedächtnis an Norbert Jokl''. Edited by Hermann M. Ölberg. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1977.
* Ölberg, Hermann. "Kontributi i gjuhësisë për çështjen e atdheut ballkanik të shqiptarëve", ''Studime Filologjike'' 3 (1982).
* Pedersen, Holger. "Bidrag til den albanesiske Sproghistorie", in ''Festskrift til Vilhelm Tomsen''. Kopenhagen: Gyldendal, 1894, pp. 246–57.
* Pedersen, Holger. "Albanesisch", ''Kritischer Jahrbericht'' 9, vol. 1 (1905): 206–17. Erlangen (1909).
* Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. "I rapporti linguistici interadriatici e l'elemento latino dell'albanese", ''Abruzzo'' 19 (1980): 31–71.
* Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. "Disa vëzhgime mbi elementin Latin të shqipes" [Some observations on the Latin element of the Albanian language], ''Studime Filologjike'' 3 (1982); (in Italian) "Alcune osservazioni sull'elemento latino dell'albanese", ''Studia Albanica'' 1983: 63–83.
* Pellegrini, Giovan Battista. ''Avviamento alla linguistica albanese''. Edizione rinnovata. Rende: Università degli studi della Calabria, Centro editoriale e librario, 1997.
* Pisani, Vittore. "L'albanais et les autres langues indo-européennes", in ''Mélanges Henri Grégoire II''. Brussels, 1950, pp. 519–38; reprint in ''Saggi di linguistica storica: Scritti scelti''. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier, 1959, pp. 96–114.
* Pisani, Vittore. "Les origines de la langue albanaise, questions de principe et de méthode", ''Studia Albanica'' 1 (1964): 61–8.
* Pisani, Vittore. "Sulla genesi dell'albanese", in ''Akten der internationalen albanologischen Kolloquiums, Innsbruck, 1972, zum Gedächtnis an Norbert Jokl''. Edited by Hermann M. Ölberg. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1977, pp. 345–66.
* [[Vladimir Orel|Orel, Vladimir]]. ''Albanian Etymological Dictionary''. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
* {{cite book |last=Orel |first= Vladimir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvKH56aT5mEC |title= A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian |location= Leiden |publisher=Brill |year= 2000|isbn= 9004116478 }}
* Riza, Selman. ''Studime albanistike''. Pristina 1979.
* {{cite book|title=The Indo-European Languages|last=Rusakov|first=Alexander|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|isbn=9781317391531|editor1-last=Kapović|editor1-first=Mate|chapter=Albanian|editor2-last=Giacalone Ramat|editor2-first=Anna|editor3-last=Ramat|editor3-first=Paolo|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ}}
* Schumacher, Stefan & Joachim Matzinger. ''Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2013.
* Svane, Gunnar. ''Slavische Lehnwörter im Albanischen''. Århus: Aarhus University Press, 1992.
* Tagliavini, Carlo. ''La stratificazione del lessico albanese: Elementi indoeuropei''. Bologna: Casa editrice Prof. Riccardo Pàtron, 1965.
* Thumb, Albert. "Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen", ''[[Indogermanische Forschungen]]'' 26 (1909): 1–20.
* von Hahn, Johann Georg. ''Albanesische Studien''. 3 vols. Jena: F. Mauko, 1854.
* [[Calvert Watkins|Watkins, Calvert]]. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in ''The Indo-European Languages''. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat & Paolo Ramat. London-NY: Routledge, 1998, pp. 25–73.
* Ylli, Xhelal. ''Das slawische Lehngut im Albanischen''. 2 vols., vol. 1: ''Lehnwörter''; vol. 2: ''Ortsnamen''. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1997/2000.
* Ylli, Xhelal & Andrej N. Sobolev. ''Albanskii gegskii govor sela Muhurr''. Munich: Biblion Verlag, 2003. {{ISBN|3-932331-36-2}}
{{Refend}}
=== Pustaka lanjutan ===
* Станишић, Вања [STANISIC, Vanja]. "[https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/4458 Two types of ancient Indo-European isoglosses in the Albanian language]". In: ''Balcanica'', 1998, 29, pp. 321–338. {{ISSN|0350-7653}}.
== Pranala luar ==
{{InterWiki|code=sq}}
{{wiktionary}}
* [https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/albol Albanian Online] oleh Brian Joseph, Angelo Costanzo, dan Jonathan Slocum, pelajaran daring gratis di [https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc Pusat Penelitian Linguistika] oleh [[Universitas Texas di Austin]].
* [https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-sqi.html glottothèque - Ancient Indo-European Grammars online], kumpulan daring video pengantar bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropa Kuno yang diproduksi oleh [[Universitas Göttingen]].
{{
{{Rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Albania, bahasa}}
[[Kategori:Bahasa Albania| ]]
[[Kategori:Rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]]
[[Kategori:Bahasa di Albania]]
[[Kategori:Bahasa di Kosovo]]
| |||