Perang Korea: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Abhiseka Nareswara (bicara | kontrib)
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Dwinug (bicara | kontrib)
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(47 revisi perantara oleh 25 pengguna tidak ditampilkan)
Baris 1:
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict= Perang Korea
|partof= [[Perang Dingin]] dan [[Konflik Korea]]
|image= [[Berkas:Lopez scaling seawall.jpg|250px]]
|caption= Marinir Amerika Serikat menyerbu pantai di [[Incheon]].
|date= 25 Juni 1950 – 27 Juli 1953. Berakhirnya konflik fisik dan penandatanganan gencatan senjata. Secara de jure, Korea Utara dan Korea Selatan masih berperang.<br />{{small|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=6|day1=25|year1=1950|month2=7|day2=27|year2=1953}})}}
|date= [[25 Juni]] [[1950]] sampai gencatan senjata [[27 Juli]] [[1953]]. Karena belum ada perjanjian perdamaian, secara teknis konflik ini masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.
|place= [[Semenanjung Korea]], [[Laut Kuning]], [[Laut Jepang]], [[Selat Korea]], [[Perbatasan Tiongkok–Korea Utara]]
|casus=Invasi [[Korea Utara]] ke [[Korea Selatan]]
| territory = [[Zona Demiliterisasi Korea]] didirikan
* Korea Utara memperoleh kota [[Kaesong]], namun kehilangan total wilayah seluas {{Convert|1506|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}}, termasuk kota [[Sokcho]], ke Korea Selatan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birtle |first=Andrew J. |url=https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-stale/stale.htm |title=The Korean War: Years of Stalemate |date=2000 |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |page=34 |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724211722/https://history.army.mil/brochures/kw-stale/stale.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|result=[[Gencatan senjata]]; dibuatnya [[Zona Demiliterisasi Korea]]
|result=Tidak meyakinkan
|combatant1='''{{flag|PBB}}''':{{br}}
|combatant1={{Flagcountry|Republik Korea Pertama|1949|size=23px}}
{{flag|Korea Selatan}}{{br}}{{flag|Australia}}{{br}}{{flag|Belgia}}{{br}}{{flag|Kanada|1921}}{{br}}{{flag|Kolombia}}{{br}}{{flag|Etiopia|1897}}{{br}}{{flag|Prancis}}{{br}}{{flag|Yunani|old}}{{br}}{{flag|Belanda}}{{br}}{{flag|Selandia Baru}}{{br}}{{flag|Filipina}}{{br}}{{flag|Afrika Selatan|1928}}{{br}}{{flag|Thailand}} ([[Thailand dalam Perang Korea|detail]]){{br}}{{flag|Turki}}{{br}}{{flag|Britania Raya}}{{br}}{{flag|Amerika Serikat|1912}}
| combatant1a = {{Plainlist |
 
* {{Flagdeco|PBB|size=23px}} [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
|combatant2= '''[[Negara komunis]]''':{{br}}
* {{Flag|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}}
{{flag|Korea Utara}}{{br}}{{flagcountry|Tiongkok}}{{br}}{{flag|Uni Soviet}} {{br}}
* {{Flag|Britania Raya}}
|commander1={{flagicon|Korea Selatan}} [[Syngman Rhee]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Korea Selatan}} [[Chung Il-kwon]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912}} [[Douglas MacArthur]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912}} [[Mark Wayne Clark|Mark W. Clark]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912}} [[Matthew Ridgway]]
* {{Flag|Kanada|1921|size=23px}}
|commander2={{flagicon|Uni Soviet}} [[Josef Stalin]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Korea Utara}} [[Kim Il-sung]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Korea Utara}} [[Choe Yong-gon]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Korea Utara}} [[Pak Hon-yong]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Korea Utara}} [[Kim Chaek]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Tiongkok}} [[Mao Zedong]]{{br}}{{flagicon|Tiongkok}} [[Peng Dehuai]]
* {{Flag|Turki|size=23px}}
* {{Flag|Australia|size=23px}}
* {{Flagcountry|Filipina|1936|size=23px}}
* {{Flag|Selandia Baru|size=23px}}
* {{Flagdeco|Thailand|1917|size=23px}} [[Thailand]]
* {{Flagcountry|Kekaisaran Etiopia|size=23px}}
* {{Flagcountry|Kerajaan Yunani|state|size=23px}}
* {{Flag|Republik Prancis Keempat|name=Prancis|size=23px}}
* {{Flag|Kolombia|size=23px}}
* {{Flag|Belgia|size=23px}}
* {{Flagcountry|Uni Afrika Selatan|size=23px}}
* {{Flag|Belanda|size=23px}}
* {{Flag|Luksemburg|size=23px}}
}}
{{Collapsible list
|title= Dukungan medis:<ref name="medical">{{Cite news |last=임 |first=성호 |date=2020-06-19 |title=[6.25전쟁 70년] 이역만리 한국서 수백만명 살리고 의술 전파까지 |work=[[Yeonhap News]] |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200618138900004?input=1195m |access-date=2021-04-04 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412053612/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200618138900004?input=1195m |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Flag|Swedia|size=23px}}
| {{Flag|India|size=23px}}
| {{Flag|Denmark|size=23px}}
| {{Flag|Norwegia|size=23px}}
| {{Flag|Italia|1946}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-26 |title=6.25전쟁 당시 대한민국에 도움의 손길 내밀었던 이탈리아 |work=[[Newsis]] |url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/003/0007432874?sid=102 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 April 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162021/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/003/0007432874?sid=102 }}</ref>
| {{Flag|Jerman Barat|size=23px}}<ref name="Germany">{{Cite news |date=2018-06-22 |title=독일, 62년만에 6.25 전쟁 의료지원국에 포함…총 6개국으로 늘어 |work=헤럴드경제 |url=http://news.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20180622000293 |access-date=2021-04-04 |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004081516/http://news.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20180622000293 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = Dukungan lainnya:
| {{Flag|Israel|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Sam Ma |date=2010 |title=Israel's Role in the UN during the Korean War |url=http://www.israelcfr.com/documents/4-3/4-3-6-YoungSamMa.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1080/23739770.2010.11446616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824212403/http://www.israelcfr.com/documents/4-3/4-3-6-YoungSamMa.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2015 |s2cid=219293462 |issn = 2373-9789 }}</ref>
| {{Flag|Taiwan}}
| {{Flag|Jepang|1947}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Morris-Suzuki |first=Tessa |author-link=Tessa Morris-Suzuki |date=29 July 2012 |title=Post-War Warriors: Japanese Combatants in the Korean War |url=https://apjjf.org/2012/10/31/Tessa-Morris-Suzuki/3803/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |volume=10 |issue=31 |access-date=24 February 2018 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518035219/https://apjjf.org/2012/10/31/Tessa-Morris-Suzuki/3803/article.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Flagdeco|Pakistan|size=23px}} [[Dominion Pakistan|Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whan-woo |first=Yi |date=16 September 2019 |title=Pakistan's Defense Day rekindles Korean War relief aid |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/09/176_275587.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127113137/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2019/09/176_275587.html |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=[[The Korea Times]]}}</ref>
| {{Flag|Uruguay|size=23px}}<ref name="Uruguay">{{Cite news |date=2022-02-10 |title=Uruguay's little-known but important role in the Korean War |work=[[Korea.net]] |url=https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/HonoraryReporters/view?articleId=210531#:~:text=Through%20the%20U.N.%2C%20Uruguay%20donated,and%20after%20the%20Korean%20War |access-date=2022-09-04 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409144830/https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/HonoraryReporters/view?articleId=210531#:~:text=Through%20the%20U.N.%2C%20Uruguay%20donated,and%20after%20the%20Korean%20War |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Flagcountry|Spanyol di bawah Francisco Franco|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edles |first=Laura Desfor |url=https://archive.org/details/symbolritualnews00edle |title=Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain: the transition to democracy after Franco |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521628853 |location=Cambridge, UK |page=[https://archive.org/details/symbolritualnews00edle/page/n45 32] |url-access=limited}}</ref>
}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagdeco|Korea Utara|1948|size=23px}} [[Korea Utara]]
| combatant2a = {{Plainlist |
* {{Flag|Tiongkok|size=23px}}
* {{Flag|Uni Soviet|1936|size=23px}}
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = Didukung oleh:
| [[File:Flag of Albania 1946.svg|23px]] [[Republik Rakyat Sosialis Albania|Albania]]
| {{Flagcountry|Republik Rakyat Bulgaria|1948|size=23px}}
| {{Nowrap|{{Flagcountry|Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia|size=23px}}}}
| {{Flagcountry|Jerman Timur|1949|size=23px}}<ref name="528KWA">{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Paul M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gYCm0bM68sC&pg=PA528 |title=Korean War Almanac |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0816074679 |series=Almanacs of American wars |location=New York |page=528 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704225317/https://books.google.com/books?id=5gYCm0bM68sC&pg=PA528 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{Flagcountry|Republik Rakyat Hungaria|1949}}<ref name="528KWA"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kocsis |first=Piroska |date=2005 |title=Magyar orvosok Koreában (1950–1957) |trans-title=Hungarian physicians in Korea (1950–1957) |url=http://www.archivnet.hu/politika/magyar_orvosok_koreaban_19501957.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510103932/http://www.archivnet.hu/politika/magyar_orvosok_koreaban_19501957.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=22 November 2016 |website=ArchivNet: XX. századi történeti források |publisher=Magyar Országos Levéltár |location=Budapest |language=hu}}</ref>
| {{Flagcountry|Republik Rakyat Mongolia}}
| {{Flagcountry|Republik Rakyat Polandia|size=23px}}
| {{Flagcountry|Republik Sosialis Rumania|1948|size=23px}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=Romania's "Fraternal Support" to North Korea during the Korean War, 1950–1953 |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/romania%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cfraternal-support%E2%80%9D-to-north-korea-during-the-korean-war-1950-1953 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221013614/http://wilsoncenter.org/event/romania%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cfraternal-support%E2%80%9D-to-north-korea-during-the-korean-war-1950-1953 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=24 January 2013 |publisher=Wilson Centre}}</ref>
}}
| commander1 = {{Plainlist |
* {{Flagicon|Republik Korea Pertama|1949|size=23px}} [[Syngman Rhee]]
* {{Flagicon|Republik Korea Pertama|1949|size=23px}} [[Chung Il-kwon]]
* {{Flagicon|Republik Korea Pertama|1949|size=23px}} [[Paik Sun-yup]]
* {{Flagicon|Republik Korea Pertama|1949|size=23px}} [[Lee Hyung-geun]]
* {{Flagicon|Republik Korea Pertama|1949|size=23px}} [[Shin Sung-mo]]
* {{Flagicon|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|size=23px}} [[Trygve Lie]]
* {{Flagicon|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|size=23px}} [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[Harry S. Truman]]
* {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]}}
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[George Marshall]]
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[Douglas MacArthur]]
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[Matthew Ridgway]]
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[Mark W. Clark]]
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[Walton Walker]]
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[James Van Fleet]]
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[George Stratemeyer]]
* {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} [[C. Turner Joy]]
* {{Flagicon|Britania Raya|size=23px}} [[Clement Attlee]]
* {{Flagicon|Britania Raya|size=23px}} [[Winston Churchill]]
}}
| commander2 = {{Plainlist |
* {{Flagicon|Korea Utara|1948|size=23px}} [[Kim Il Sung]]
* {{Flagicon|Korea Utara|1948|size=23px}} [[Kim Tu-bong]]
* {{Flagicon|Korea Utara|1948|size=23px}} [[Pak Hon-yong]]
* {{Flagicon|Korea Utara|1948|size=23px}} [[Choe Yong-gon (official)|Choe Yong-gon]]
* {{Flagicon|Korea Utara|1948|size=23px}} [[Kim Chaek]]{{KIA}}
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Mao Zedong]]
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Zhou Enlai]]
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Peng Dehuai]]
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Chen Geng]]
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Deng Hua]]
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Hong Xuezhi]]
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Song Shilun]]
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Han Xianchu]]
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|size=23px}} [[Liu Yalou]]
* {{Flagicon|Uni Soviet|1936|size=23px}} [[Joseph Stalin]]
* {{Flagicon|Uni Soviet|1936|size=23px}} [[Pavel Zhigarev]]
}}
|strength1=
{{Collapsible list
[[Korea Selatan]]: 590.911{{br}}
|title= '''Kekuatan puncak<br />(pasukan tempur):'''
[[Amerika Serikat]]: 480.000{{br}}
|{{Flagicon|Republik Korea Pertama|1948|size=23px}} 602,902<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JFvmnDiH-gC&pg=PA692 |title=The Korean War, Volume 3 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |others=Korea Institute of Military History |date=2001 |isbn=978-0803277960 |editor-last=Millett |editor-first=Allan Reed |page=692 |quote=Total Strength 602,902 troops |access-date=16 February 2013}}</ref>
[[Britania Raya]]: 63.000<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/29/newsid_3053000/3053107.stm On This Day 29 August 1950] from ''The BBC''</ref>{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} 326,863<ref>{{Multiref2
[[Kanada]]: 26.791<ref>[http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/general/sub.cfm?source=history/koreawar The Korean War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505080638/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/general/sub.cfm?source=history%2FKoreaWar |date=2007-05-05 }} at ''Veterans Affairs Canada''</ref>{{br}}
|1={{Cite web |last=Kane |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Kane |date=27 October 2004 |title=Global U.S. Troop Deployment, 1950–2003 |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/10/global-us-troop-deployment-1950-2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128071747/http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2004/10/global-us-troop-deployment-1950-2003 |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=15 February 2013 |department=Reports |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]}}
[[Australia]]: 17.000{{br}}
|2={{Cite news |last=Ashley Rowland |date=22 October 2008 |title=U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/u-s-to-keep-troop-levels-the-same-in-south-korea-1.84294 |url-status=live |access-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512203739/http://www.stripes.com/news/u-s-to-keep-troop-levels-the-same-in-south-korea-1.84294 |archive-date=12 May 2013}}<br />{{Cite web |last=Colonel Tommy R. Mize, United States Army |date=12 March 2012 |title=U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea, Anachronistic? |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA562829.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408133136/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA562829 |archive-date=8 April 2013 |access-date=16 February 2013 |website=[[United States Army War College]] |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center}}
[[Filipina]]: 7.000{{br}}
|3={{Cite web |last1=Louis H. Zanardi |last2=Barbara A. Schmitt |last3=Peter Konjevich |last4=M. Elizabeth Guran |last5=Susan E. Cohen |last6=Judith A. McCloskey |date=August 1991 |title=Military Presence: U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/150991.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615234749/http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/150991.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=15 February 2013 |website=Reports to Congressional Requesters |publisher=[[United States General Accounting Office]]}}}}</ref>
[[Turki]]: 5.455<ref>[http://www.koreanwar-educator.org/topics/brief/brief_account_of_the_korean_war.htm] at ''Korean-War.com''</ref>{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Britania Raya|1801|size=23px}} 14,198<ref name="UNC-USFK">{{Cite web |last=USFK Public Affairs Office |title=USFK United Nations Command |url=http://www.usfk.mil/About/United-Nations-Command/ |access-date=29 July 2016 |department=United States Forces Korea |publisher=United States Department of Defense |quote=Republic of Korea&nbsp;– 590,911<br />Colombia&nbsp;– 1,068<br />United States&nbsp;– 302,483<br />Belgium&nbsp;– 900<br />United Kingdom&nbsp;– 14,198<br />South Africa&nbsp;– 826<br />Canada&nbsp;– 6,146<br />Netherlands&nbsp;– 819<br />Turkey&nbsp;– 5,453<br />Luxembourg&nbsp;– 44<br />Australia&nbsp;– 2,282<br />Philippines&nbsp;– 1,496<br />New Zealand&nbsp;– 1,385<br />Thailand&nbsp;– 1,204{{Clarify|reason=Conflicts with data on [[Royal Thai Armed Forces]] article|date=December 2021}}<br />Ethiopia&nbsp;– 1,271<br />Greece&nbsp;– 1,263<br />France&nbsp;– 1,119|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711030514/http://www.usfk.mil/About/United-Nations-Command |archive-date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Multiref2
[[Kolombia]]: 4.314{{br}}
|1={{Cite book |last=Rottman |first=Gordon L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpOp2OO1-DAC&pg=PA126 |title=Korean War Order of Battle: United States, United Nations, and Communist Ground, Naval, and Air Forces, 1950–1953 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=2002 |isbn=978-0275978358 |page=126 |quote=A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952, with over 40,000 total serving in Korea. |access-date=16 February 2013 }}
[[Belanda]]: 3.972{{br}}
|2={{cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=9 February 2012 |title=UK-Korea Relations |url=http://ukindprk.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/working-with-dprk/uk-korea-relations |access-date=16 February 2013 |website=British Embassy Pyongyang |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |quote=When war came to Korea in June 1950, Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea. 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict, and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
[[Prancis]]: 3.421<ref name="frinvolvement">[http://www.info-france-usa.org/atoz/koreawar.asp French Participation in the Korean War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195348/http://www.info-france-usa.org/atoz/koreawar.asp |date=2007-09-27 }} ''Embassy of France'', Retrieved October 31, 2006</ref>{{br}}
|3={{Cite web |last=Jack D. Walker |title=A Brief Account of the Korean War |url=http://www.kwva.org/brief_account_of_the_korean_war.htm |access-date=17 February 2013 |website=Information |publisher=Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History |quote=Other countries to furnish combat troops, with their peak strength, were: United States (302,483), United Kingdom (14,198), Canada (6,146), Turkey (5,455), Australia (2,282), Thailand (2,274), Philippines (1,496), New Zealand (1,389), France (1,185), Colombia (1,068), Ethiopia (1,271), Greece (1,263), Belgium (900), Netherlands (819), Republic of South Africa (826), Luxembourg (44) |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519043212/http://www.kwva.org/brief_account_of_the_korean_war.htm |url-status=live }}
[[Selandia Baru]]: 1.389{{br}}
}}</ref>
[[Thailand]]: 1.294{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Kanada|1921|size=23px}} 8,123<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=7 January 2013 |title=Land of the Morning Calm: Canadians in Korea 1950–1953 |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/korea/didyouknow |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323093839/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/korea/didyouknow |archive-date=23 March 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013 |website=Veterans Affairs Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |quote=Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks.}}</ref>
[[Etiopia]]: 1.271{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Turki|size=23px}} 5,455<ref name="ROK Web"/>
[[Yunani]]: 1.263{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Australia|size=23px}} 2,282<ref name="UNC-USFK"/>
[[Belgia]]: 900{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Thailand|size=23px}} 2,274<ref name="ROK Web"/>
[[Afrika Selatan]]: 826{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Filipina|1936|size=23px}} 1,496<ref name="UNC-USFK"/>
[[Luksemburg]]: 44{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Selandia Baru|size=23px}} 1,389<ref name="ROK Web"/>
'''Total:''' 941.356–1.139,518
| {{Flagicon|Kekaisaran Etiopia|size=23px}} 1,271<ref name="517KWA"/>
|strength2=[[Korea Utara]]: 260.000{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Kerajaan Yunani|state|size=23px}} 1,263<ref name="UNC-USFK"/><ref name="517KWA"/>
[[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|RRT]]: 780.000{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Republik Prancis Keempat|size=23px}} 1,185<ref name="517KWA">{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Paul M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gYCm0bM68sC&pg=PA517 |title=Korean War Almanac |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-0816074679 |series=Almanacs of American wars |page=517 |access-date=22 February 2013}}</ref>
[[Uni Soviet]]: 26.000{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Kolombia|size=23px}} 1,068 <ref name="ROK Web"/>
'''Total:''' 1.066.000
| {{Flagicon|Belgia|size=23px}} 900<ref name="UNC-USFK"/>
|casualties1= '''Korban tewas:'''{{br}}AS: 50.000{{br}}Korsel: 673.000{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Uni Afrika Selatan|size=23px}} 826<ref name="UNC-USFK"/>
'''Korban luka:'''{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Belanda|size=23px}} 819<ref name="UNC-USFK"/>
AS: 103.000{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Luksemburg|size=23px}} 44<ref name="ROK Web"/>
'''Total:''' 1.271.244–1.818.410
| '''Dukungan medis dan lainnya:'''
|casualties2= '''Korban tewas:'''{{br}}RRT: 145.000{{br}}Uni Soviet: 315{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|India|size=23px}} 346<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=D. p |date=19 March 2017 |title=The doctor-heroes of war |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-doctor-heroes-of-war/article17529390.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122164250/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-doctor-heroes-of-war/article17529390.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
'''Korban luka:'''{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Swedia|size=23px}} 170<ref name="ROK Web"/>
RRT: 260.000{{br}}
| {{Flagicon|Jepang|1947|size=23px}} 120<ref name="auto"/>
'''Total:''' 1.858.000–3.822.000
| {{Flagicon|Norwegia|size=23px}} 109<ref name="ROK Web"/>
|casualties3='''Sipil tewas atau terluka (seluruh Korea)''' = jutaan
| {{Flagicon|Denmark|size=23px}} 100<ref name="ROK Web"/>
| {{Flagicon|Italia|size=23px}} 72<ref name="ROK Web"/>
|'''Bersama:''' 968,302
}}
{{Collapsible list
|title='''Kekuatan total<ref>[https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (E-BOOK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709114538/https://new.mnd.go.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn2/625_15/index.html |date=9 July 2023 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref><ref>[https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf The Statistics of the Korean War - ROK Ministry of National Defense Institute for Military History, 2014 (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111004201/https://www.imhc.mil.kr/user/imhc/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201408070704130850.pdf |date=11 January 2021 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref><br />(pasukan tempur):'''<br />
|{{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat|1912|size=23px}} 1,789,000<ref name="Fact Sheet: America's Wars">[https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf Fact Sheet: America's Wars".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127070133/https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |date=27 November 2019 }} U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Washington D.C., May 2017.</ref><br />
|{{Flagicon|Korea Selatan|size=23px}} 1,300,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mpva.go.kr/ycnc/selectBbsNttView.do?key=493&bbsNo=130&nttNo=215661&searchCtgry=&searchCnd=all&searchKrwd=&pageIndex=1&integrDeptCode= |title=19만7056명 첫 全數조사 "젊은사람들 내 뒤에서 '얼마나 죽였길래' 수군수군 이젠 훈장 안 달고 다녀…세상이 야속하고 나 스스로 비참할 뿐" |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714033626/https://www.mpva.go.kr/ycnc/selectBbsNttView.do?key=493&bbsNo=130&nttNo=215661&searchCtgry=&searchCnd=all&searchKrwd=&pageIndex=1&integrDeptCode= |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|{{Flagicon|Britania Raya|1801|size=23px}} 56,000<br />
|{{Flagicon|Kanada|1921|size=23px}} 26,791<br />
|{{Flagicon|Turki|size=23px}} 21,212<br />
|{{Flagicon|Australia|size=23px}} 17,164<br />
|{{Flagicon|Filipina|1936|size=23px}} 7,420<br />
|{{Flagicon|Thailand|size=23px}} 6,326<br />
|{{Flagicon|Belanda|size=23px}} 5,322<br />
|{{Flagicon|Kolombia|size=23px}} 5,100<br />
|{{Flagicon|Kerajaan Yunani|state|size=23px}} 4,992<br />
|{{Flagicon|Selandia Baru|size=23px}} 3,794<br />
|{{Flagicon|Kekaisaran Etiopia|size=23px}} 3,518<br />
|{{Flagicon|Belgia|size=23px}} 3,498<br />
|{{Flagicon|Republik Prancis Keempat|size=23px}} 3,421<br />
|{{Flagicon|Uni Afrika Selatan|size=23px}} 826<br />
|{{Flagicon|Luksemburg|size=23px}} 110<br />
'''Medical support and others:'''<br />
|{{Flagicon|Swedia|size=23px}} 1,124<br />
|{{Flagicon|Denmark|size=23px}} 630<br />
|{{Flagicon|India|size=23px}} 627<br />
|{{Flagicon|Norwegia|size=23px}} 623<br />
|{{Flagicon|Italia|size=23px}} 189<br />
|{{Flagicon|Jepang|1947|size=23px}} 120<br />'''Together:''' 3,257,797
}}
|strength2={{Plainlist | '''Kekuatan puncak<br />(pasukan tempur):'''
* {{Flagicon|Korea Utara|1948|size=23px}} 266,600<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrader |first=Charles R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcGs__qQCzgC&pg=PA90 |title=Communist Logistics in the Korean War |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=1995 |isbn=978-0313295096 |series=Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies |page=90 |quote=NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades. |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Tiongkok|1949|size=23px}} 1,450,000<ref name="zhang257">{{Harvnb|Zhang|1995|p=257}}.</ref><ref>Xiaobing, Li (2009). ''A History of the Modern Chinese Army'' Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 105: "By December 1952, the Chinese forces in Korea had reached a record high of 1.45 million men, including fifty-nine infantry divisions, ten artillery divisions, five antiaircraft divisions, and seven tank regiments. CPVF numbers remained stable until the armistice agreement was signed in July 1953."</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Uni Soviet|1936|size=23px}} 26,000<ref name="Whipped">{{Cite journal |last=Kolb |first=Richard K. |date=1999 |title=In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-43694886 |journal=VFW Magazine |volume=86 |issue=11 |access-date=17 February 2013 |quote=Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale. During the war, 72,000 Soviet troops (among them 5,000 pilots) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria. At least 12 air divisions rotated through. A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952. }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
'''Bersama:''' 1,742,000
}}
 
'''Total:'''<br />{{Flagicon|Tiongkok|1949|size=23px}} 2,970,000<ref name="xu"/><br />{{Flagicon|Uni Soviet|1936|size=23px}} 72,000<ref name="Whipped"/><br /> '''Bersama:''' 3,042,000
|casualties3={{Plainlist |
* '''Jumlah korban sipil:''' 2–3 juta (diperkirakan)<ref name="Cumings p. 35"/><ref name="Lewy pp. 450-453"/>
* '''Orang Korea Selatan:'''<br />''990,968 jumlah korban''<ref name="ROK Web"/>
* '''Orang Korea Utara:''' <br />''1,550,000 jumlah korban'' (diperkirakan)<ref name="ROK Web"/>
}}
|notes=
}}
 
{{Sejarah Korea}}
'''Perang Korea''' ([[bahasa Korea]]: '''한국전쟁''') adalah sebuah konflik antara [[Korea Utara]] dan [[Korea Selatan]] yang terjadi sejak [[25 Juni]] [[1950]] sampai [[27 Juli]] [[1953]]. Perang ini juga disebut [[perang proksi]] ({{lang-en|proxy war}}) antara [[Amerika Serikat]] bersama sekutu [[PBB]]-nya dengan [[komunis]] [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] yang bekerja sama dengan [[Uni Soviet]] (juga anggota PBB). Peserta perang utama adalah [[Korea Utara]] dan [[Korea Selatan]]. Sekutu utama Korea Selatan adalah [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Kanada]], [[Australia]], dan [[Britania Raya]], meskipun banyak negara lain mengirimkan tentara di bawah bendera [[PBB]]. Sekutu Korea Utara, seperti [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] menyediakan kekuatan militer, sementara [[Uni Soviet]] menyediakan [[penasihat perang]], pilot pesawat, dan juga persenjataan untuk pasukan Tiongkok dan Korea Utara.
 
== Latar belakang ==
=== Terminologi ===
Di [[Amerika Serikat]], perang ini secara resmi dideskripsikan sebagai [[aksi polisional]] karena tidak adanya [[Deklarasi perang oleh Amerika Serikat|deklarasi perang resmi dari [[Kongres ASAmerika Serikat]]. Dalam bahasa sehari-hari, perang ini juga sering disebut "perang yang terlupakan" atau "perang yang tidak diketahui", karena dianggap sebagai urusan [[PBBPerserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] yang berakhir dengan kebuntuan. Selain (''stalemate'')itu, sedikitnya korban dari pihak AS,Amerika danSerikat kurangsangat jelasnyasedikit dan isu-isu penyebab perang ini kurang jelas bila dibandingkan dengan [[Perang Vietnam]] dan [[Perang Dunia II]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Remembering the Forgotten War: Korea, 1950-1953 | publisher =Naval Historical Center | url =http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/korea/korea1.htm | accessdate =2007-08-16 | archive-date =2007-08-19 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070819014820/http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/korea/korea1.htm | dead-url =yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= [[The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War]]|last= Halberstam|first= David|authorlink= David Halberstam|year= 2007|publisher= [[Disney Hyperion]]|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-4013-0052-4|page= [https://archive.org/details/coldestwinterame00halb_0/page/n5 2]|quote= Over half a century later, the war still remained largely outside American political and cultural consciousness. ''The Forgotten War'' was the apt title of one of the bestbooks on it. Korea was a war that sometimes seemed to have been orphaned by history.}}</ref>
 
Di Korea Selatan, perang ini biasa disebut sebagai Perang 6-2-5 (''yuk-i-o jeonjaeng'') yang mencerminkan tanggal dimulainya perang pada 25 Juni.<ref name="Hoare1999">{{cite book|last1=Pratt|first1=Keith L.|last2=Rutt|first2=Richard|last3=Hoare|first3=James|year=1999|title=Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary|location=Richmond, Surrey|publisher=Curzon|isbn=978-0700704644|page=239}}</ref> Sementara itu, di Korea Utara, perang ini secara resmi disebut ''choguk haebang chǒnjaeng'' ("perang pembebasan tanah air"). Perang Korea juga disebut ''[[Joseon|Chosǒn]] chǒnjaeng'' ("Perang Joseon", Joseon adalah sebutan Korea Utara untuk tanah Korea).<ref name="Kim2003">{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Ilpyong J.|year=2003|title=Historical Dictionary of North Korea|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810843318|page=79}}</ref>
Baris 65 ⟶ 197:
=== Pendudukan Jepang (1910–1945) ===
{{Main|Penjajahan Jepang di Korea}}
Setelah mengalahkan [[Dinasti Qing]] Tiongkok pada [[Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Pertama]] (1894–96), [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] menduduki [[Kekaisaran Korea]] (1897–1910) yang dipimpin oleh [[Kaisar Gojong]].<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> Satu dekade kemudian, saat mengalahkan [[Kekaisaran Rusia]] pada [[Perang Rusia-Jepang]] (1904–05), [[Jepang]] menjadikan Korea sebagai [[protektorat]]-nya melalui [[Perjanjian Eulsa]] pada tahun [[1905]], kemudian menganeksasinya melalui [[Perjanjian Aneksasi Jepang-Korea]] pada tahun 1910.<ref name="FirstYear">{{cite web | last =James F | first =Schnabel | title = United States Army in the Korean War, Policy and Direction: The First Year | url =http://www.history.army.mil/books/P&D%26D.HTM | pages =3, 18 | accessdate = 2007-08-19 | archive-date =2011-05-17 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110517132751/http://www.history.army.mil/books/P%26D.HTM | dead-url =yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Treaty of Annexation (Annexation of Korea by Japan) | publisher = USC-UCLA Joint East Asian Studies Center | url = http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm | accessdate = 2007-08-19 | archive-date = 2007-02-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070211234114/http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/documents/kore1910.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref>
 
Sejak saat itu banyak kaum [[Nasionalis Korea|nasionalis]] dan [[intelektual]] yang melarikan diri. Beberapa dari mereka membentuk Pemerintahan Sementara Korea, dipimpin oleh [[Syngman Rhee]], di [[Shanghai]] pada tahun 1919, dan menjadi pemerintahan dalam pengasingan yang hanya diakui oleh sedikit negara. Antara tahun 1919 hingga 1925, kaum [[komunis]] Korea memulai pemberontakannya terhadap Jepang.<ref name="Stokesbury1990">{{cite book|title= A Short History of the Korean War|url= https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofko00unse|last=Stokesbury|first= James L|year= 1990|publisher=Harper Perennial|location= New York|isbn= 0688095135}}</ref><ref name="World War II 1995 p.516">''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' (1995) p. 516.</ref>
 
[[Penjajahan Jepang di Korea|Korea]] dianggap sebagai bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] bersama dengan Taiwan, yang merupakan bagian dari [[Kawasan Kemakmuran Bersama Asia Timur Raya]]. Pada tahun 1937, [[Gubernur-Jenderal]] [[Jirō Minami]] memerintahkan dilakukannya [[asimilasi budaya]] Jepang terhadap 23,5 juta penduduk koloni dengan melarang bahasa, sastra, dan budaya Korea, dan menggantinya dengan budaya Jepang, serta memerintahkan orang Korea mengganti nama mereka menjadi nama Jepang. Pada tahun 1938, pemerintahan kolonial menjalankan sistem [[kerja paksa]]; hingga 1939, 2,6 juta orang Korea bekerja di luar negeri sebagai [[tenaga kerja paksa]]; pada tahun 1942, pria-pria di Korea dipaksa menjadi tentara Jepang.
Baris 91 ⟶ 223:
 
=== Pemisahan Korea (1945) ===
Pada [[Konferensi Potsdam]] (Juli—Agustus 1945), Sekutu secara sepihak memutuskan untuk membagi Korea tanpa melakukan konsultasi dengan pihak Korea sendiri. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan [[Konferensi Kairo]] (November 1943), ketika [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]], [[Chiang Kai-shek]], dan [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] mendeklarasikan bahwa Korea harus menjadi negara bebas dan merdeka.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/><ref name="Appleman" /><ref name="Cumings1">{{cite book|last =Cumings|first =Bruce|authorlink =Bruce Cumings|title =Origins of the Korean War|url =https://archive.org/details/originsofkoreanw0000cumi|publisher =Princeton University Press|year= 1981|pages =chapter 4|isbn =89-7696-612-0|nopp =true }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea|url= https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck|last=Becker|first= Jasper|year= 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location= New York|isbn= 019517044X|page= [https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck/page/52 52]}}</ref> Selain itu, sebelumnya, [[Konferensi Yalta]] (Februari 1945) mengizinkan Stalin membangun "zona penyangga" Eropa — [[negara satelit]] yang berada di bawah Moskow<ref name="Goulden17">{{cite book|last =Goulden|first =Joseph C|title = Korea: The Untold Story of the War|publisher =McGraw-Hill|year=1983|page =17|isbn =0070235805 }}</ref> — sebagai balasan karena telah membantu Amerika Serikat di [[Perang Pasifik]] melawan Jepang.<ref name="Goulden17" />
 
Pada tanggal 10 Agustus, [[Tentara Merah]] menguasai bagian utara semenanjung Korea, sebagaimana yang telah disepakati, dan pada tanggal 26 Agustus berhenti di [[paralel utara ke-38]] selama 3 minggu untuk menunggu kedatangan pasukan Amerika Serikat di Selatan.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> Pada hari itu pula, dengan semakin dekatnya jadwal [[kapitulasi Jepang]] (15 Agustus), Amerika Serikat ragu Uni Soviet akan mengakui peran mereka dalam "komisi bersama", perjanjian [[pendudukan Korea]] yang disponsori Amerika Serikat. Sebulan sebelumnya, untuk memenuhi persyaratan politik-militer Amerika Serikat, Kolonel [[Dean Rusk]] dan [[Charles Bonesteel III]] membagi semenanjung Korea menjadi dua di garis lintang 38 derajat setelah dengan terburu-buru (tiga puluh menit) memutuskan bahwa '''Daerah Pendudukan AS di Korea''' harus setidaknya memiliki dua pelabuhan.<ref name="Appleman"/><ref>{{Citation | last =McCune | first =Shannon C | title =Physical Basis for Korean Boundaries | journal =Far Eastern Quarterly | volume =May 1946 | issue = No. 5 | pages =286–7 |date=1946-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Grajdanzev | first =Andrew | title =Korean Divided | journal =Far Eastern Survey | volume =XIV | page =282 |date=1945-10 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last =Grajdanzev | first =Andrew | title =History of Occupation of Korea | volume =I | issue =ch. 4 | page =16 }}.</ref>
Baris 101 ⟶ 233:
Pada Desember 1945, Korea di bawah [[Komisi Bersama AS-Uni Soviet]] menyetujui [[Konferensi Menteri Luar Negeri Moskwa]] (Oktober 1945), lagi-lagi tanpa melibatkan pihak Korea. Komisi tersebut memutuskan bahwa negara tersebut akan merdeka setelah lima tahun di bawah kepemimpinan dewan perwalian.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/><ref>{{cite book|title= Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea|url= https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck|last=Becker|first= Jasper|year= 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|location= New York|isbn= 019517044X|page= [https://archive.org/details/rogueregimekimjo00beck/page/53 53]}}</ref> Rakyat Korea marah dan memulai revolusi di Selatan, beberapa hanya melakukan protes, sisanya mengangkat senjata;<ref name="FirstYear" /> untuk menahannya, USAMGIK melarang demonstrasi (8 Desember 1945) dan mencabut perlindungan hukum terhadap Pemerintahan Revolusioner dan Komite Rakyat Republik Rakyat Korea pada 12 Desember 1945.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jager|first=Sheila Miyoshi|year=2013|title=Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea|location=London|publisher=Profile Books|isbn=978-1846680670|pp=41–42|authorlink=Sheila Miyoshi Jager}}</ref>
 
Penindasan kedaulatan ini mengakibatkan 8.000 pekerja kereta api berunjuk rasa pada 23 September 1946 di [[Pusan]], yang kemudian menyebar ke seluruh wilayah Korea yang dikuasai AS; USAMGIK pun kehilangan kekuasaannya. Pada 1 Oktober 1946, [[polisi Korea]] membunuh tiga mahasiswa dalam "[[Pemberontakan Daegu]]"; rakyat menyerang balik dan membunuh 38 polisi. Demikian pula pada tanggal 3 Oktober, sekitar 10.000 orang menyerang kantor polisi [[Yeongcheon]], membunuh tiga anggota polisi dan melukai 40 orang lainnya; di tempat lain, massa membunuh 20 tuan tanah dan pejabat Korea Selatan yang pro-Jepang.<ref name="Cumings1">{{cite book|last =Cumings|first =Bruce|authorlink =Bruce Cumings|title =Origins of the Korean War|publisher =Princeton University Press|year= 1981|pages =ch. 3, 4|isbn =89-7696-612-0 }}</ref> USAMGIK mendeklarasikan [[hukum perang]] untuk mengontrol Korea Selatan.
 
Kelompok [[sayap-kanan]] ''[[Representative Democratic Council]]'', yang dipimpin oleh nasionalis [[Syngman Rhee]], menentang perwalian Soviet-Amerika di Korea, berpendapat bahwa setelah tiga puluh lima tahun (1910–45) dikuasai pemerintah kolonial Jepang (pemerintah asing), rakyat Korea menolak dipimpin pemerintahan asing lainnya, termasuk AS dan Soviet. Untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dari memanasnya suhu perpolitikan, AS keluar dari [[Persetujuan Moskwa]]—dan membentuk pemerintahan sipil [[anti-komunis]] di Korea Selatan. AS juga melakukan pemilu yang kemudian ditentang, dan diboikot oleh Uni Soviet untuk memaksa AS mematuhi Persetujuan Moskwa.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/><ref>{{cite news|first= |last= |coauthors= |title= For Freedom|curly= y|work= TIME|page= |date= 20 May 1946|accessdate= 2008-12-10|quote= Rightist groups in the American zone, loosely amalgamated in the Representative Democratic Council under elder statesman Syngman Rhee, protested heatedly ...|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792877-1,00.html|archive-date= 2012-01-06|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120106193407/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C792877-1%2C00.html|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://myhome.shinbiro.com/~mss1/failure.html|title= The Failure of Trusteeship|accessdate= 2008-12-10|work= infoKorea|publisher= |date= |archive-date= 2009-01-13|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090113083804/http://myhome.shinbiro.com/~mss1/failure.html|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mcn.org/e/iii/politics/asian_war/korea_truman_notes.html|title= Korea Notes from Memoirs by Harry S. Truman|accessdate= 2008-12-10|work= The US War Against Asia (notes)|publisher= III Publishing|date= |quote= U.S. proposed general elections (U.S. style) but Russia insisted on Moscow Agreement.}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Baris 146 ⟶ 278:
=== Aksi Polisional: Intervensi Amerika Serikat ===
[[Berkas:IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg|jmpl|kiri|Jenderal MacArthur, UN Command CiC (duduk), mengamati penembakan laut di Incheon dari ''USS Mt. McKinley'', 15 September 1950.]]
[[Berkas:WarkoreaU.S. AmericanArmy Soldiersmachine gun team near the Chongchon River in North Korea (November 1950).jpg|jmpl|ka|Infantri AS mengambil posisi, 1950–53.]]
[[Berkas:KoreanWarRefugeeWithBaby.jpg|jmpl|ka|Seorang anak Korea melintasi tank [[M46 Patton|M-46]].]]
[[Berkas:KoreanWarFallenSoldier1.jpg|jmpl|ka|Seorang infantri menghibur tentara lainnya.]]
Baris 211 ⟶ 343:
Pengintaian udara AS mengalami kesulitan menemukan unit PVA di siang hari karena disiplin yang mereka miliki.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> PVA bergerak dari "malam-ke-malam" (19.00-03.00) dan membuat kamuflase agar tak terlihat dari udara pada jam 05.30. Di siang hari, mereka mengirim tim untuk mencari lokasi istirahat dan mendirikan bivak. Bila pesawat melintas, mereka diharuskan untuk diam tak bergerak hingga pesawat tersebut menghilang. Perwira PVA diperbolehkan menembak pasukannya yang dianggap dapat mengancam keamanan pasukan.<ref name="Appleman" /> Disiplin yang keras seperti itu membuat tiga divisi pasukan berjalan sejauh 286 mil (460&nbsp;km) dari An-tung, Manchuria, ke medan pertempuran dalam 19 hari; divisi lain yang melewati daerah pegunungan berliku mampu berjalan rata 18 mil (29&nbsp;km) setiap harinya selama 18 hari.
 
Pada 10 Oktober 1950, Batalion Tank ke-89 digabungkan dengan Divisi Kavaleri Pertama, menambah jumlah kendaraan baja yang tersedia untuk menyerang ke Utara. Pada 15 Oktober, setelah menghadapi perlawanan Korut, Resimen Kavaleri ke-7 dan Kompi Charlie, Batalion Tank ke-70 berhasil menguasai kota [[Namchonjam]]. Pada 17 Oktober, mereka menyerang lewat arah kanan, menjauhi jalan utama, untuk menguasai [[Hwangju]]. Dua hari kemudian, Divisi Pertama Kavaleri menguasai [[Pyongyang]], ibu kota Korea Utara, sehingga pada 19 Oktober 1950 tentara AS sepenuhnya menguasai Korea Utara.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stokesbury|first=James L|year=1990|title=A Short History of the Korean War|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofko00unse|location=New York|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0688095130}}</ref>
 
Di tempat lain, 15 Oktober 1950, Presiden Truman dan Jen. MacArthur bertemu di [[Wake Island]] di tengah Samudera Pasifik.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> Kepada Presiden Truman, Jen. MacArthur berspekulasi bahwa kecil risiko Tiongkok akan mengintervensi di Korea;<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> bahwa kesempatan tentara Tiongkok membantu Korut telah hilang; bahwa Tiongkok memiliki 300.000 tentara di Manchuria, dan sekitar 100.000-125.000 tentara di Sungai Yalu; dan menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun setengah dari seluruh tentara menyebrang ke Selatan, mereka dapat dengan mudah dihancurkan karena tidak memiliki perlindungan udara.<ref name="Schnabel" /><ref>{{cite book|last =Donovan|first =Robert J|title = Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman 1949-1953|publisher =University of Missouri Press|year=1996|page =[https://archive.org/details/tumultuousyearsp0000dono/page/285 285]|url =https://archive.org/details/tumultuousyearsp0000dono|isbn =0826210856 }}</ref>
Baris 217 ⟶ 349:
[[Berkas:Chosin-Battle.png|jmpl|ka|Peta [[Pertempuran Waduk Chosin]]]]
 
Setelah menghadapi dua pertempuran kecil pada 25 Oktober, pertempuran besar pertama antara Tiongkok-Amerika terjadi pada 1 November 1950; jauh di wilayah Korea Utara, ribuan tentara Tiongkok mengepung dan menyerang unit Komando PBB dalam [[Pertempuran Unsan]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm | title = The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention | publisher = US Army | access-date = 2009-12-09 | archive-date = 2011-12-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111203234437/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/kw-chinter/chinter.htm | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Di Barat, akhir November, di sepanjang [[Sungai Chongchon]], tentara Tiongkok menyerang dan mengalahkan beberapa divisi Korea Selatan, dan menghabisi tentara PBB yang tersisa.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> Pasukan PBB dan tentara ke-8 AS berhasil bergerak mundur<ref>{{cite book|last =Cohen|first =Eliot A|coauthors = Gooch, John|title =Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War|publisher =Free Press|year=2005|pages =165–195|url =|isbn =0743280822 }}</ref> karena mendapat dukungan Brigade Turki yang menahan serangan Tiongkok selama 4 hari (26-30 November). Di Timur, pada [[Pertempuran Waduk Chosin]], dan Regimental Combat Team Divisi Infantri ke-7 (3000 tentara) dan divisi marinir (12.000—15.000 marinir) juga mundur setelah dikepung, dengan total tewas secara keseluruhan 15.000 orang.<ref>{{cite book|last =Hopkins|first =William|title =One Bugle No Drums: The Marines at Chosin Reservoir|publisher =Algonquin|year=1986|location =|pages =|url =https://archive.org/details/onebuglenodrumsm0000hopk|isbn = }}</ref>
 
Awalnya, infantri tentara Tiongkok di garis depan tidak memiliki persenjataan berat maupun ''crew-served light infantry weapons'', namun dengan cepat mereka menutupi kelemahan yang mereka miliki; dalam ''How Wars Are Won: The 13 Rules of War from Ancient Greece to the War on Terror'' (2003), [[Bevin Alexander]] melaporkan:
Baris 248 ⟶ 380:
 
=== Kebuntuan (Juli 1951—Juli 1953) ===
Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, tentara PBB dan Tiongkok tetap berperang, namun perubahan wilayah kekuasaan tidak banyak berubah dan terjadi kebuntuan. Sementara pengeboman wilayah Korea Utara terus berlangsung, perundingan gencatan senjata dimulai tanggal 10 Juli 1951 di [[Kaesong]].<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/><ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> Pertempuran juga terus berlangsung meskipun perundingan tengah berjalan; tujuan Korsel-PBB adalah untuk merebut kembali seluruh Korea Selatan dan menghindari kehilangan wilayah.<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> Tentara Tiongkok dan Korut juga melakukan operasi serupa serta melakukan operasi-operasi psikologikal. Pertempuran-pertempuran utama dalam fase ini antara lain [[Pertempuran Bloody Ridge]](18 Agustus—15 September 1951)<ref name="Stokesbury1990"/> dan [[Pertempuran Heartbreak Ridge]] (13 September—15 Oktober 1951),<ref>{{cite book|last=Stokesbury|first=James L|year=1990|title=A Short History of the Korean War|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofko00unse|location=New York|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0688095130|pp=161–162[https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofko00unse/page/161 161]–162}}</ref> [[Pertempuran Old Baldy]] (26 Juni—4 Agustus 1952), [[Pertempuran White Horse]] (6–15 Oktober 1952), [[Pertempuran Triangle Hill]] (14 Oktober—25 November 1952), dan [[Pertempuran Hill Eerie]](21 Maret—21 Juni 1952), pengepungan [[Outpost Harry]] (10—18 Juni 1953), Pertempuran Hook (28—29 Mei 1953), dan Pertempuran Pork Chop Hill (23 Maret—16 Juli 1953).
 
[[Berkas:Korean war 1950-1953.gif|jmpl|kiri|Pergolakan dan perubahan wilayah kekuasaan hingga mengalami kebuntuan.]]
Baris 257 ⟶ 389:
 
=== Buntut Pertempuran Chosin: ''Operasi Glory'' ===
Setelah perang, pasukan PBB menguburkan pasukannya yang tewas di pemakaman sementara di Hŭngnam. Dengan ''Operasi Glory'' (Juli-November 1954), masing-masing pihak saling bertukar mayat pasukannya. Mayat 4.167 angkatan darat dan Korps Marinir AS ditukar dengan 13.528 mayat tentara Tiongkok dan Korut. Sebanyak 546 penduduk sipil yang tewas di kamp tahanan perang PBB diserahkan kepada pemerintahan Korsel.<ref name=OperationGlory>{{cite web
|accessdate=2007-12-16
|url=http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/korea/op_glory.htm
|title=Operation Glory
|publisher=Army Quartermaster Museum, US Army
|5=location:Fort Lee, Virginia
|location:Fort Lee, Virginia}}</ref> Setelah ''Operasi Glory'', 416 "prajurit tak dikenal" dimakamkan di [[Punchbowl Cemetery]], Hawaii.<ref>[http://www.js.pentagon.mil/dpmo/news/010228_punch_bowl_239.htm DPMO White Paper - Punch Bowl 239] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605051822/http://www.js.pentagon.mil/dpmo/news/010228_punch_bowl_239.htm |date=2009-06-05 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.jpac.pacom.mil/index.php?page=wars_and_conflicts&exempt=3&ind=1 JPAC Wars And Conflicts<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111051740/http://www.jpac.pacom.mil/index.php?page=wars_and_conflicts&exempt=3&ind=1 |date=2013-11-11 }}.</ref>
|archive-date=2007-12-28
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228095437/http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/korea/op_glory.htm
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Setelah ''Operasi Glory'', 416 "prajurit tak dikenal" dimakamkan di [[Punchbowl Cemetery]], Hawaii.<ref>[http://www.js.pentagon.mil/dpmo/news/010228_punch_bowl_239.htm DPMO White Paper - Punch Bowl 239] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605051822/http://www.js.pentagon.mil/dpmo/news/010228_punch_bowl_239.htm |date=2009-06-05 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.jpac.pacom.mil/index.php?page=wars_and_conflicts&exempt=3&ind=1 JPAC Wars And Conflicts<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111051740/http://www.jpac.pacom.mil/index.php?page=wars_and_conflicts&exempt=3&ind=1 |date=2013-11-11 }}.</ref>
 
[[Berkas:South Africa-Korean War Memorial01.jpg|jmpl|150px|Memorial Perang Korea dapat ditemukan di setiap markas PBB di negara-negara yang terlibat dalam Perang Korea; pada gambar terlihat memorial yang terletak di [[Pretoria]], [[Afrika Selatan]].]]
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== Akhir perang ==
Perang ini berakhir pada [[27 Juli]] [[1953]] saat [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]], dan [[Korea Utara]] menandatangani persetujuan gencatan senjata. [[Presiden Korea Selatan]], [[Syngman Rhee]], menolak menandatanganinya namun berjanji menghormati kesepakatan gencatan senjata tersebut. Namun secara resmi, perang ini belum berakhir sampai dengan saat ini.
 
Tepat pada 15 Oktober 2024, Kepala Staf Gabungan (JCS) Korea Selatan mengatakan bahwa beberapa ruas jalan dan rel kereta di bagian utara yang terhubung hancur. Hal ini disebabkan Korea Utara yang membentengi daerah-daerah di sisi perbatasannya yang memberikan signal untuk membatalkan penyatuan dua Korea <ref>{{Cite web|last=Arbar|first=Thea Fathanah|title=Perang Korea Memanas! Korut Ledakkan Jalur Penghubung dengan Korsel|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20241016055604-4-580085/perang-korea-memanas-korut-ledakkan-jalur-penghubung-dengan-korsel|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2024-11-01}}</ref>. Ketegangan ini berawal dari Korea Utara yang menganggap bahwa Korea Selatan telah mengirim pesawat tanpa awak ke daerahnya. Kondisi ini menggambarkan kedua negara yang masih terjebak situasi perang karena perang sebelumnya pada tahun 1950-1953 berakhir dengan kesepakatan gencatan senjata, bukan persetujuan damai.
 
== Lihat pula ==
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== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links|Korean War}}
* {{en}} [http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?60th-anniversary-of-the-korean-war-armistice Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice: Truman on Acheson’s Crucial Role in Going to War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221204021/http://www.shapell.org/btl.aspx?60th-anniversary-of-the-korean-war-armistice |date=2015-02-21 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* {{en}} [http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/korean_war.html Korean War resources, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626024426/http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/korean_war.html |date=2014-06-26 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/north-korea-international-documentation-project North Korea International Documentation Project]