Sistem waktu kerja 996: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Sistem waktu kerja 996 ({{zh|c=996工作制}})''' adalah jadwal kerja yang umum diterapkan oleh beberapa perusahaan di [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]. Istilah tersebut berasal dari persyaratan seorang pegawai untuk bekerja dari pukul 9 pagi sampai dengan pukul 9 malam, 6 hari per minggu atau 72 jam per minggu.<ref name="sixthtone-9964">{{cite web|url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003771/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github|title=Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub|author=Xue Yujie|date=2019-03-28|editor=David Paulk|website=Sixth Tone|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331180416/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003771/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bbc_9962">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime|title=Young Chinese are sick of working long hours|author=Denise Hruby|date=2018-05-08|website=BBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402155418/http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime|archive-date=2019-04-02|access-date=2019-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="996_why2">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-06/03/c_1122929624.htm|title=不接受"996"是不能吃苦？媒体：合法权益应获保障|author=赵昂|date=2018-06-03|website=新华网|publisher=工人日报|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331172051/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-06/03/c_1122929624.htm|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scmp_whatis9962">{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/2183950/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact|title=China's work ethic stretches beyond '996' as tech companies feel the impact of slowdown|author=Sarah Dai|author2=Li Tao|date=2019-01-29|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331205709/https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/2183950/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact|archive-date=2019-03-31|access-date=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj9962">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/long-days-a-staple-at-chinese-tech-firms-1487787775|title=China's Grueling Formula for Success: 9-9-6|author=Li Yuan|date=2017-02-22|website=The Wall Street Journal|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331205726/https://www.wsj.com/articles/long-days-a-staple-at-chinese-tech-firms-1487787775|archive-date=2019-03-31|access-date=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cgtn_9962">{{cite web|url=https://america.cgtn.com/2017/01/05/chinas-996-working-hours-are-becoming-the-norm-for-many|title=China's "996" working hours are becoming the norm for many|author=Nathan King|date=2017-01-05|website=CGTN America|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402143116/https://america.cgtn.com/2017/01/05/chinas-996-working-hours-are-becoming-the-norm-for-many|archive-date=2019-04-02|access-date=2019-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-social/article/3002533/no-sleep-no-sex-no-life-tech-workers-chinas-silicon-valley-face|title=No sleep, no sex, no life: tech workers in China's Silicon Valley face burnout before they reach 30|author=Zheping Huang|date=2019-03-20|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405044201/https://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-social/article/3002533/no-sleep-no-sex-no-life-tech-workers-chinas-silicon-valley-face|archive-date=2019-04-05|access-date=2019-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref>. Banyak perusahaan internet asal Tiongkok yang mengadopsi sistem ini sebagai jam kerja resmi. Kritikus berargumen bahwa sistem waktu kerja 996 merupakan pelanggaran mencolok hukum di Tiongkok.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pandaily.com/ep-42-to-996-or-not-to-996-that-is-the-question/|title=Ep. 42: To 996, or Not to 996, That Is the Question|last=Lu|first=Ying-Ying|date=2019-04-13|website=Pandaily|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429012310/https://pandaily.com/ep-42-to-996-or-not-to-996-that-is-the-question/|archive-date=2019-04-29|access-date=2019-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Pada Maret 2019, protes "anti-996" diluncurkan melalui [[GitHub]].<ref>{{web cite|url=https://www.ft.com/content/72754638-55d1-11e9-91f9-b6515a54c5b1|title=China tech worker protest against long working hours goes viral|author=Yuan Yang|date=2019-04-03|website=Financial Times|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190403100011/https://www.ft.com/content/72754638-55d1-11e9-91f9-b6515a54c5b1|archive-date=2019-04-03|access-date=2019-04-05|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="voa_chinese_protest_9962">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/china-tech-workers-protest-long-work-hours-in-online-campaign/4861553.html|title=China Tech Workers Protest Long Work Hours in Online Campaign|author=Bill Ide|date=2019-04-04|website=VOA News|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405033656/https://www.voanews.com/a/china-tech-workers-protest-long-work-hours-in-online-campaign/4861553.html|archive-date=2019-04-05|access-date=2019-04-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nytimes_996_is_hustle_culture2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/technology/china-996-jack-ma.html|title='996' Is China's Version of Hustle Culture. Tech Workers Are Sick of It.|author1=Lin Qiqing|author2=Raymond Zhong|date=2019-04-29|website=The New York Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503050703/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/technology/china-996-jack-ma.html|archive-date=2019-05-03|access-date=2019-05-03|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Budaya kerja lembur memiliki sejarah panjang di perusahaan-perusahaan [[teknologi informasi]] asal Tiongkok<ref name="jb_02">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/yuqing/2018-03/30/c_129840094.htm|title=50.7%受访者称所在企业有"加班文化"|author=王品芝|date=2018-03-30|website=新华网|publisher=中国青年报|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331172151/http://www.xinhuanet.com/yuqing/2018-03/30/c_129840094.htm|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref> dimana perusahaan tersebut berfokus pada kecepatan dan menurunkan biaya.<ref name="jb_bbc3">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160825-inside-the-high-pressure-world-of-chinas-overtime-dogs|title=Inside the high-pressure world of China's start-up workers|author=Justin Bergman|date=2016-08-26|website=BBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174218/http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160825-inside-the-high-pressure-world-of-chinas-overtime-dogs|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref>. Perusahaan menerapkan berbagai langkah seperti uang pengganti biaya taksi untuk karyawan yang tetap bekerja di kantor sampai larut malam untuk mendorong mereka bekerja lembur.<ref name="996_dycj2">{{cite web|url=https://www.yicai.com/news/100111346.html|title=默认996工作制背后：被撕掉的焦虑遮羞布|date=2019-01-31|editor=刘佳|website=第一财经|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331173237/https://www.yicai.com/news/100111346.html|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref>.

(1) Upah pekerja tidak kurang dari 150% dari upah mereka jika pekerja diminta untuk bekerja dipada waktu yang lebih panjang

(2) Menolak membayar remunerasi upah pekerja yang bekerja dipada waktu kerja yang lebih panjang.

Pada September 2016, situs web iklan baris [[:zh:58同城|58.com]] secara resmi menyatakan bahwa mengadopsi sistem waktu kerja 996,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://e27.co/leak-58-com-chinese-tech-companies-overtime-culture-20160905/|title=Leak from 58.com: Chinese tech companies' overtime culture|date=2016-09-05|website=e27|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428053251/https://e27.co/leak-58-com-chinese-tech-companies-overtime-culture-20160905/|archive-date=2019-04-28|access-date=2019-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref>, mengundang kritik dari pekerja dan pengamat sosial. Perusahaan merespon bahwa sistem 996 disarankan bukan praktik wajib.<ref name="58_12">{{cite web|url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20160903/49890940_0.shtml|title=58同城员工吐槽"996工作制"|author=赵蕾|author2=王煜|date=2016-09-03|website=凤凰资讯|publisher=新京报|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331172144/http://news.ifeng.com/a/20160903/49890940_0.shtml|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="economist_9962">{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2019/04/20/office-workers-in-china-organise-a-rare-online-labour-movement|title=Office workers in China organise a rare online labour movement|date=2019-04-17|website=The Economist|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190429010944/https://www.economist.com/china/2019/04/20/office-workers-in-china-organise-a-rare-online-labour-movement|archive-date=2019-04-29|access-date=2019-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Setelah sistem kerja 996 diumumkan diadopsi oleh 58.com diketahu publik, surel internal dari Wakil Presiden [[JD.com]] Gang He ({{zh|links=no|c=何剛}}) bocor ke publik, dimana surel tersebut memuat permintaan dari tim manajemen dari JD.com untuk mengimplementasikan sistem kerja 996 dalam "penerapan yang fleksibel".<ref name="jd_12">{{cite web|url=https://news.qudong.com/article/358861.shtml|title=不学好！曝京东云高管"以身作则"实行996工作制|author=宋涛|date=2016-09-02|website=驱动中国|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174634/https://news.qudong.com/article/358861.shtml|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Pada {{Date|2019-03-15|}}, seorang pegawai JD.com menuduh bahwa beberapa departemen mulai mengimplementasikan jadwal 995 (9 pagi sampai dengan 9 malam tetapi 5 hari kerja) sementar itu departemen lainnya telah selesai melakukan. Pasca laporan tersebut, Departemen [[hubungan masyarakat]] JD.com mengumumkan bahwa kerja lembur bukan merupakan kewajiban.<ref name="jd_22">{{cite web|url=https://www.guancha.cn/economy/2019_03_12_493302.shtml|title=京东回应"955工作制"：不强制，但要全情投入|author=徐乾昂|date=2019-03-12|website=观察网|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174634/https://www.guancha.cn/economy/2019_03_12_493302.shtml|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref>.

[[Richard Liu]], pendiri dari perusahaan JD.com menyatakan bahwa orang-orang yang keberatan dengan jadwal kerja tersebut sebagai "pemalas" .<ref name="reuters_richard_liu_slackers">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jd-com-labour-idUSKCN1RP06D|title=China's JD.com boss criticizes 'slackers' as company makes cuts|last=Josh Horwitz|last2=Brenda Goh|date=2019-04-13|website=Reuters|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429012355/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jd-com-labour-idUSKCN1RP06D|archive-date=2019-04-29|access-date=2019-04-29|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Pada 19 Januari 2019, platform sosial media Maimai memperlihatkan seorang pekerja dari Youzan menyatakan bahwa atasnya memaksa menerapkan sistem waktu kerja 996.<ref name="yz_32">{{cite web|url=https://36kr.com/p/5174571|title=有赞年会宣布996制度、鼓励员工离婚，为什么越来越多企业炫耀"扭曲"价值观？|author=三言财经|date=2019-01-28|website=36氪|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190331182045/https://36kr.com/p/5174571|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref>. Bai Ya, CEO dari Youzan menjawab dengan "akan baik untuk melihat hal tersebut beberapa tahun ke depan".<ref name="996_dycj2"/>. Beberapa media mengkritik jadwal kerja tersebut.<ref name="yz_12">{{cite web|url=http://www.njdaily.cn/2019/0129/1750899.shtml|title=强推"996"工作制 有赞做错了什么？|author=张瑜|date=2019-01-29|editor=尹淑琼|website=南报网|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190331181923/http://www.njdaily.cn/2019/0129/1750899.shtml|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Pada sore hari di 30 Januari 2019 Kelompok Pengawas Ketenagakerjaan dari [[Xihu District, Hangzhou]] mengumumkan bahwa Youzan sedang diselidiki.<ref name="yz_42">{{cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/292405890_115565|title=杭州劳动监察部门回应有赞"996"工作制：已介入调查|author=尹莉娜|date=2019-01-31|website=搜狐|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331175506/http://www.sohu.com/a/292405890_115565|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Dua hari kemudian, pada 28 Maret 2019, repositori telah menerima 50.000 bintang, dan 100.000 bintang pada 30 Maret 2019 yang membuatnya populer di GitHub.<ref name="icu_12">{{cite web|url=https://36kr.com/p/5189654|title=用代码抗议996加班：集结在github上的程序员，正在进行一场社会实验|author=橙皮书|date=2019-03-28|website=36氪|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190331181456/https://36kr.com/p/5189654|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref>. Repositori mencapai 120.000 bintang pada 31 Maret 2019, dan 200.000 bintang pada 9 April 2019, membuatnya menjadi repositori kedua dengan bintang terbanyak di Github. Aktivitas yang tinggi menyebabkan halaman "masalah" repositori dibanjiri dengan spam dan ditutup, yang kemudian dibahas dengan hangat di [[Zhihu]], [[Sina Weibo]], dan [[WeChat]].<ref name="sixthtone-9964"/><ref name="icu_52">{{cite web|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3219454|title=数据解读｜都是哪些程序员在GitHub上反对996？|author=Alfred数据室|date=2019-03-29|website=澎湃新闻|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190331181152/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_3219454|archive-date=2019-03-31|accessdate=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Pada 18 April 2019, karyawan dari Microsoft dan GitHub menciptakan Github repository bernama "support.996.ICU" untuk mendukung kampanye 996.ICU, yang dipercaya dalam ancaman penyensoran dari pemerintah Tiongkok.<ref name="verge_ms_workers_support3">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/22/18511088/microsoft-github-tech-censorship-996-repository-china|title=Microsoft workers pressure company to stand by embattled Chinese GitHub repo|author=Shannon Liao|date=2019-04-22|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423112803/https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/22/18511088/microsoft-github-tech-censorship-996-repository-china|archive-date=2019-04-23|access-date=2019-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cnbc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign3">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/23/microsoft-google-and-facebook-staff-protest-against-grueling-work-culture-of-chinese-tech-engineers.html|title=Microsoft employees add support to Chinese tech workers protesting 'grueling' overtime culture|author=David Reid|date=2019-04-23|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423132859/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/23/microsoft-google-and-facebook-staff-protest-against-grueling-work-culture-of-chinese-tech-engineers.html|archive-date=2019-04-23|access-date=2019-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign3">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/microsoft-workers-join-chinas-debate-grueling-workweek-62557182|title=Microsoft workers join China's debate over grueling workweek|date=2019-04-22|website=ABC News|publisher=Associated Press|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423131519/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/microsoft-workers-join-chinas-debate-grueling-workweek-62557182|archive-date=2019-04-23|access-date=2019-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bi_ms_anti9963">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-github-employees-stand-up-censorship-china-996-work-schedule-2019-4|title=A group of Microsoft and GitHub employees have come out in support of Chinese tech workers protesting the infamous '996' work hours|author=Rosalie Chan|date=2019-04-23|website=Business Insider|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423134923/https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-github-employees-stand-up-censorship-china-996-work-schedule-2019-4|archive-date=2019-04-23|access-date=2019-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="motherboard_ms_anti9962">{{cite web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3k3n3v/microsoft-employees-support-chinese-developers-fighting-for-fair-labor-practices|title=Microsoft Employees Support Chinese Developers Fighting for Fair Labor Practices|author=Sarah Emerson|date=2019-04-23|website=Motherboard|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423135654/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/3k3n3v/microsoft-employees-support-chinese-developers-fighting-for-fair-labor-practices|archive-date=2019-04-23|access-date=2019-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bfn_ms_anti9963">{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/microsoft-petition-996-icu-workweek-china|title=A Post About China's "996" Workweek Went Viral On GitHub. Now Microsoft Employees Want To Protect It From Censorship.|author=Caroline O'Donovan|date=2019-04-22|website=BuzzFeed News|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423140031/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/carolineodonovan/microsoft-petition-996-icu-workweek-china|archive-date=2019-04-23|access-date=2019-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref>.

* [[Jack Ma]] menyatakan bahwa pekerja seharusnya mempertimbangkan jam kerja 996 sebagai "berkah yang besar" terhadap "pencapaian kesuksesan tanpa membayar usaha dan waktu yang lebih.<ref name="economist_9962"/><ref name="verge_ms_workers_support3"/><ref name="cnbc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign3"/><ref name="abc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign3"/><ref name="bi_ms_anti9963"/><ref name="bfn_ms_anti9963"/>.

* {{H:title|Xinhua News Agency news editorial|Xin Shi Ping}} dari [[Xinhua News Agency]]: "Sistem kerja 996 merupakan pelanggaran hukum perburuhan. Mencederai kesehatan dan masa depan. Hal ini melukai pekerja yang bekerja keras dan kesalahapahaman dari semangat kerja keras".<ref name="xinshiping_9962">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-04/15/c_1124370790.htm|title=辛识平：奋斗应提倡，996当退场|author=辛识平|date=2019-04-15|website=新华网|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416153657/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-04/15/c_1124370790.htm|archive-date=2019-04-16|access-date=2019-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref>.

* [[China News Service|China News Service:]] "Tidak dibutuhkan untuk menukar hidup dengan uang". Artikel ini kemudian diterbitkan ulang oleh [[Harian Rakyat (Tiongkok)]].<ref name="zhongxin_rather_no_marriage_than_liferisk2">{{cite web|url=http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0416/c345459-32846731.html|title=逃离996：我宁可不婚不育不买房，也不要拼命|date=2019-04-16|website=人民网|publisher=中国新闻网|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416083001/http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0416/c345459-32846731.html|archive-date=2019-04-16|access-date=2019-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref>.

* [[Beijing Daily]]: "Jack Ma dan Richard Liu "membanggakan"jam kerja 966 untuk menyamarkan pengurangan gaji atau phk". Artikel ini diterbitkan ulang di [[Harian Rakyat (Tiongkok)]].<ref name="beijingribao_disguised_layoff2">{{cite web|url=http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0415/c82840-32841638.html|title=马云强东争相鼓吹"996"背后是变相降薪或裁员|author=董禹含|date=2019-04-15|website=人民网|publisher=北京日报|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416082939/http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0415/c82840-32841638.html|archive-date=2019-04-16|access-date=2019-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref>.

* Wang Xinya, menulis di ''[[Banyuetan]]'' menyatakan bahwa beberapa pengusaha mengabaikan hukum dan mengasosiasikan sistem kerja 996 dengan kerja keras, menyebutnya dengan sup ayam "beracun". Dia menyatakan bahwa sistem 996 tidak ada hubungannya dengan ketekunan karyawan tetapi hanya terkait dengan kepentingan perusahaan.<ref name="banyuetan_996_is_not_hardworking_but_benefits3">{{cite web|url=http://www.banyuetan.org/dyp/detail/20190415/1000200033134991555306789054254821_1.html|title=半月谈评论：996与奋斗无关，与利益有关|author=王新亚|date=2019-04-15|editor=孔德明|website=半月谈|language=zh-hans|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416182410/http://www.banyuetan.org/dyp/detail/20190415/1000200033134991555306789054254821_1.html|archive-date=2019-04-16|access-date=2019-04-16|url-status=live}}</ref>.

== PralanaPranala Luarluar ==

[[Kategori:Hak-hak buruh]]