Peradaban Lembah Indus: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k bot Menambah: cy:Gwareiddiad Dyffryn Indus |
k Daftar penuh Indus Script. |
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{{Infobox archaeological culture
|map = Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png
|mapalt = Situs-situs utama IVC
|region = [[Asia Selatan]]
|period = [[Zaman Perunggu]]
|dates = {{circa|3300|1700 BCE}}<ref name="indusmilleniumold"/><ref name="milleniumold"/>
|precededby =[[:en:Mehrgarh|Mehrgarh]]
|followedby = [[Periode Weda]]
}}
[[Berkas:indusvalleyexcavation.jpg|jmpl|350px|Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus berada sepanjang [[Sungai Indus]] di [[Pakistan]] sekarang ini. Puing [[Mohenjo-daro]] difoto di atas merupakan pusat dari masyarakat kuno ini.]]
[[Berkas:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|jmpl|Lokasi kota-kota kuno di [[Lembah]] [[Sungai Indus]]]]
[[Berkas:Alfabeto Harappa o Vallindo.jpg|jmpl|Daftar penuh Indus Script.]]
'''Peradaban Indus''',<ref>For example, in the titles of the works used to reference this article by Habib (2015), Marshall (ed., 1931 and 1996), Parpola (2015), Possehl (2002), and Sullivan (1964)</ref> [[abad ke-28 SM|2800 SM]]–[[abad ke-18 SM|1800 SM]], merupakan sebuah peradaban kuno yang hidup sepanjang [[Sungai Indus]] yang sekarang merupakan wilayah [[Pakistan]] dan [[India]] barat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Indus Valley Civilization|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Indus_Valley_Civilization/|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Peradaban ini juga dikenal peradaban yang berpusat di kota Mohenjo Daro dan Harrapa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sejarah Peradaban India Kuno|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/05/29/113000769/sejarah-peradaban-india-kuno|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2020-08-30|editor-last=Welianto|editor-first=Ari|first=Ari|last=Welianto}}</ref> Keruntuhan peradaban ini ditengarai disebabkan [[Sungai Saraswati Weda|Sungai Saraswati Veda]] yang mengalami kekeringan pada sekitar akhir 1900 SM akibat tingkat radiasi matahari yang cukup tinggi sehingga memengaruhi curah hujan di sekitar lembah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marris|first=Emma|title=Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.nature.com/news/two-hundred-year-drought-doomed-indus-valley-civilization-1.14800|journal=Nature News|language=en|doi=10.1038/nature.2014.14800}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate change led to collapse of ancient Indus civilization, study finds|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120528154943.htm|website=ScienceDaily|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Para arkeolog mengungkapkan peradaban Lembah Indus merupakan peradaban kuno paling luas yang ditemukan setelah situs peradaban Mesopotamia dan Mesir. Pada tahun 1980 peradaban Lembah Indus ditetapkan sebagai situs warisan dunia oleh UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indus civilization {{!}} History, Location, Map, Art, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref>
[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/indology/sarasvati-map-crop.jpg] <ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507143339/http://archaeologyonline.net/indology/sarasvati-map-crop.jpg |date=2006-05-07}}</ref>
[[Berkas:IVC-major-sites-2.jpg|jmpl|ka|350px|Sejumlah situs utama Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus]]
== Masyarakat ==
Orang-orang Dravida atau penutur bahasa Proto-Dravida (leluhur dari Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, dan Malayalam) yang diperkirakan merupakan pendiri kota kuno ini sendiri masih menjadi perdebatan dikalangan para arkeolog.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Tony|date=2017-12-23|title=Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-built-the-indus-valley-civilisation/article22261315.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Riwayat mereka tak dapat ditelusuri hingga sekarang. Bahasa dan aksara mereka dalam artefak-artefak yang ditemukan di sana masih sedikit yang dapat dipecahkan hingga sekarang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=M. A.|first=Anthropology|last2=B. Ed.|first2=Illinois State University|title=Archaeological Evidence for Indus Civilization Script and Seals|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/seals-and-the-indus-civilization-script-171330|website=ThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31|last3=Twitter|first3=Twitter}}</ref> Uniknya di kota tersebut tidak ditemukan bangunan untuk kegiatan religius dan tanda-tanda sistem kasta seperti kuil-kuil dan monumen besar yang megah.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Early Civilization in the Indus Valley [ushistory.org]|url=https://www.ushistory.org/civ/8a.asp|website=www.ushistory.org|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Hal ini mengakibatkan para peneliti berspekulasi kalau masyarakat Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa merupakan peradaban yang hidup bergantung sepenuhnya pada ilmu pengetahuan (sudah meninggalkan praktik keagamaan) dan memiliki filosofi hidup yang tinggi (terlihat dari ketiadaan sistem kasta dalam hierarki sosial).<ref>[http://www.merdeka.com/gaya/6-situs-misterius-dunia-yang-keberadaannya-nyaris-terlupakan/kota-kuno-mohenjo-daro-dan-harappa-india.html Kota kuno Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa, India]</ref> Berdasarkan dari peninggalan yang ditemukan, mereka merupakan salah satu peradaban yang sudah maju dengan adanya bukti timbangan dan ukuran yang sudah memiliki standar, ukiran cap, stempel perangko, tembikar dan telah mengenal teknik peleburan logam seperti tembaga, perunggu, dan timah.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indus River Valley civilizations (article)|url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations|website=Khan Academy|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Disamping itu Mohenjo Daro dan Harappa merupakan kota yang sangat berkembang, banyak rumah yang memiliki sumur dan kamar mandi serta sistem saluran air bawah tanah yang kompleks.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2009-10-09|title=Lost City of Mohenjo Daro Puzzles Archaeologists|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/mohenjo-daro/|website=Science|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan M|date=1991|title=The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India|url=https://www.harappa.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Kenoyer1991%20Indus%20Valley%20Tradition.pdf|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|volume=5|issue=4|pages=353|doi=}}</ref>
==
Keruntuhan peradaban ini diduga disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim pada masa itu menyebabkan [[zaman es kecil]] yang mengakibatkan musim kemarau menjadi lebih kering yang berdampak negatif terhadap pertanian. Hal inilah yang membuat masyarakat peradaban tersebut pindah ke desa-desa kecil di kaki bukit [[Himalaya]]. Selain itu pada saat yang sama datang peradaban Indo-Arya dengan membawa peralatan yang lebih canggih.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/131243316/peradaban-lembah-sungai-indus-di-himalaya-runtuh-ini-penyebabnya?|title= Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus di Himalaya Runtuh, Ini Penyebabnya|acces date= 6 Agustus 2020}}</ref> Bangsa Indo-Arya ini ditengarai menyerang masyarakat Lembah Sungai Indus karena di sekitar bekas kota ditemukan sisa kerangka yang seolah-olah menunjukkan bukti kuat adanya penyerbuan.<ref name="Welianto">{{Cite news|title=Peninggalan dan Runtuhnya Peradaban India Kuno|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/05/29/141500269/peninggalan-dan-runtuhnya-peradaban-india-kuno|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2020-08-30|editor-last=Welianto|editor-first=Ari|first=Ari|last=Welianto}}</ref> Dugaan lainnya dari keruntuhan peradaban ini adalah disebabkan oleh banjir karena kota ini tampaknya begitu padat penduduk dan banjir telah terjadi berulang kali,<ref name="Welianto"/> namun sayangnya bukti ini dirasa kurang kuat karena tidak seluruh kota hancur oleh banjir.<ref name=":2" /> Dugaan lainnya adalah karena perkembangan sosial budaya dari pertanian ke bidang lainnya sehingga kota ini kemudian ditinggalkan.<ref name=":2" />
==
* [[Daftar lokasi Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus]]
* [[Daftar penemuan Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus]]
* [[Mohenjo-daro]]
* [[:en:Meluhha|Meluhha]]
* [[Harappa]]
* [[:En:Chanhudaro|Chanhudaro]]
* [[Sindh]]
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="indusmilleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists|title=Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed, Jason Overdorf, Globalpost, 28 November 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="milleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|title=Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought|access-date=2018-06-13|archive-date=2015-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909090345/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
}}
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* {{cite book|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|authorlink=Gregory Possehl|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154|date=11 November 2002|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9|ref=harv}}
* {{Citation | last =Poznik | year =2016 | title =Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences | journal =Nature Genetics |doi =10.1038/ng.3559 | volume=48 | pages=593–599 | pmid=27111036 | pmc=4884158}}
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* {{Citation | last1 =Sarkar | first1 =Anindya | year =2016 | title =Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization | journal =Scientific Reports | url =http://www.nature.com/articles/srep26555 | doi =10.1038/srep26555 }}
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* {{Cite journal|ref={{harvid|Underhill|2009}}|last1=Underhill|first1=Peter A|last2=Myres|year=2009|first2=Natalie M|last3=Rootsi|first3=Siiri|last4=Metspalu|first4=Mait|last5=Zhivotovsky|first5=Lev A|last6=King|issue=4|first6=Roy J|last7=Lin|first7=Alice A|last8=Chow|first8=Cheryl-Emiliane T|last9=Semino|first9=Ornella|last10=Battaglia|first10=Vincenza|last11=Kutuev|first11=Ildus|last12=Järve|first12=Mari|last13=Chaubey|first13=Gyaneshwer|last14=Ayub|first14=Qasim|last15=Mohyuddin|first15=Aisha|last16=Mehdi|first16=S Qasim|last17=Sengupta|first17=Sanghamitra|last18=Rogaev|first18=Evgeny I|last19=Khusnutdinova|first19=Elza K|last20=Pshenichnov|first20=Andrey|last21=Balanovsky|first21=Oleg|last22=Balanovska|first22=Elena|last23=Jeran|first23=Nina|last24=Augustin|first24=Dubravka Havas|last25=Baldovic|first25=Marian|last26=Herrera|first26=Rene J|last27=Thangaraj|first27=Kumarasamy|last28=Singh|first28=Vijay|last29=Singh|first29=Lalji|last30=Majumder|first30=Partha|title=Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a|volume=18|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2009.194|pmid=19888303|pmc=2987245|pages=479–84|display-authors=8}}
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* {{Citation | last =Underhill | first =Peter A. | display-authors =etal | year =2015 | title =The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a | journal =European Journal of Human Genetics | volume =23 | pages =124–131 | url =http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v23/n1/pdf/ejhg201450a.pdf | doi =10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 | pmid =24667786 | pmc =4266736 }}
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* {{Citation | last =Wells | first =R.S. | year =2001 | title =The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity | journal =Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=10244–10249 | doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098| bibcode =2001PNAS...9810244W | pmid=11526236 | pmc=56946}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Willey| last2 =Phillips | year=1958 | title =Method and Theory in American Archaeology}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|authorlink=Michael Witzel|last=Witzel|first=Michael|title=The Languages of Harappa|date=February 2000|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/IndusLang.pdf|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|last=Wright|first=Rita P.|authorlink=Rita P. Wright|title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ|accessdate=29 September 2013|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57219-4}}
{{Refend}}
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* {{Citation | last1 =Coningham | first1 =Robin | last2 =Young | first2 =Ruth | year =2015 | title =The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Wikivoyage|Mohenjo-daro}}
{{Commons category|Indus Valley Civilization}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125125109/http://pubweb.cc.u-tokai.ac.jp/indus/english/index.html An invitation to the Indus Civilization (Tokyo Metropolitan Museum)]
* [http://www.upenn.edu/researchatpenn/article.php?674&soc Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629091226/http://www.upenn.edu/researchatpenn/article.php?674&soc |date=2011-06-29 }}
* [http://www.harappa.com/ Photos and descriptions of archaeological excavations — 90 page intro to Indus] (Harappa and Indus Valley Civilization at harappa.com)
* [http://www.harappa.com/script/ The Indus Script] (harappa.com)
* http://www.safarmer.com/fsw2.pdf 'Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis' by Farmer, Sproat, and Witzel (2004)
* [http://www.flonnet.com/fl1720/17200040.htm Horseplay in Harappa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050620073752/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1720/17200040.htm |date=2005-06-20 }} article debunking claims of decipherment of the "Indus script"
** [http://micheldanino.voiceofdharma.com/frontline.html A reply to Frontline’s cover story by Michael Danino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305121336/http://micheldanino.voiceofdharma.com/frontline.html |date=2005-03-05 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1272010.stm Prehistoric dentistry evidence found in Indus - BBC News]
* [http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/artefacts.htm Indus artefacts]
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101164930/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html |date=2007-01-01 }}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus| ]]
[[Kategori:Peradaban kuno]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah India]]
[[Kategori:Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO di Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Sejarah Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Situs arkeologi di Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:India Kuno]]
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