Peradaban Lembah Indus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:indusvalleyexcavation.jpg|jmpl|350px|Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus berada sepanjang [[Sungai Indus]] di [[Pakistan]] sekarang ini. Puing [[Mohenjo-daro]] difoto di atas merupakan pusat dari masyarakat kuno ini.]]
[[Berkas:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|jmpl|Lokasi kota-kota kuno di [[Lembah]] [[Sungai Indus]]]]
[[Berkas:Alfabeto Harappa o Vallindo.jpg|jmpl|Daftar penuh Indus Script.]]
'''Peradaban
[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/indology/sarasvati-map-crop.jpg] <ref>{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507143339/http://archaeologyonline.net/indology/sarasvati-map-crop.jpg |date=2006-05-07
[[Berkas:IVC-major-sites-2.jpg|jmpl|ka|350px|Sejumlah situs utama Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus]]
== Masyarakat ==
Orang-orang Dravida atau penutur bahasa Proto-Dravida (leluhur dari Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, dan Malayalam) yang diperkirakan merupakan pendiri kota kuno ini sendiri masih menjadi perdebatan dikalangan para arkeolog.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Tony|date=2017-12-23|title=Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-built-the-indus-valley-civilisation/article22261315.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2020-08-31}}</ref> Riwayat mereka tak dapat ditelusuri hingga sekarang. Bahasa dan aksara mereka dalam artefak-artefak yang ditemukan di sana masih sedikit yang dapat dipecahkan hingga sekarang.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=M. A.|first=Anthropology|last2=B. Ed.|first2=Illinois State University|title=Archaeological Evidence for Indus Civilization Script and Seals|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/seals-and-the-indus-civilization-script-171330|website=ThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2020-08-31|last3=Twitter|first3=Twitter}}</ref> Uniknya di kota tersebut tidak ditemukan bangunan untuk kegiatan religius dan tanda-tanda sistem kasta seperti kuil-kuil dan monumen besar yang megah.<ref
== Keruntuhan ==
Keruntuhan peradaban ini diduga disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim. Perubahan iklim pada masa itu menyebabkan [[zaman es kecil]] yang mengakibatkan musim kemarau menjadi lebih kering yang berdampak negatif terhadap pertanian. Hal inilah yang membuat masyarakat peradaban tersebut pindah ke desa-desa kecil di kaki bukit [[Himalaya]]. Selain itu pada saat yang sama datang peradaban Indo-Arya dengan membawa peralatan yang lebih canggih.<ref>
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 30 ⟶ 33:
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="indusmilleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/121116/indus-civilization-2000-years-old-archaeologists|title=Archeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed, Jason Overdorf, Globalpost, 28 November 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="milleniumold">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|title=Indus Valley 2,000 years older than thought|access-date=2018-06-13|archive-date=2015-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909090345/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/indus-valley-2-000-years-older-than-thought/article1-954601.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
}}
== Bibliografi ==
Baris 42 ⟶ 45:
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* {{Citation | last1 =Cavalli-Sforza | first1 =Luigi Luca | last2 =Menozzi | first2 =Paolo | last3 =Piazza | first3 =Alberto | year =1994 | title =The History and Geography of Human Genes | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{cite book|first=D. K.|last=Chakrabarti|year=2004|title=Indus Civilization Sites in India: New Discoveries|url=https://archive.org/details/induscivilizatio0000unse|publisher=Marg Publications|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-85026-63-7|ref=harv}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Coningham | first1 =Robin |author1link=Robin Coningham | last2 =Young | first2 =Ruth | year =2015 | title =The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
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* {{cite journal | last =Kathiroli | year=2004|title=Recent Marine Archaeological Finds in Khambhat, Gujarat|journal=Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology|issue=1|pages=141–149|ref=harv|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book | authorlink=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark|year=1998|title=Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation| url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesofi0000keno|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-577940-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | authorlink=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark|title=The Indus Valley tradition of Pakistan and Western India|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|year=1991|volume=5|pages=1–64|doi=10.1007/BF00978474|ref=harv|issue=4}}
* {{cite book | authorlink=Jonathan Mark Kenoyer|last=Kenoyer|first=Jonathan Mark|author2=Heuston, Kimberly|year=2005|title=The Ancient South Asian World| url=https://archive.org/details/ancientsouthasia0000keno|location=Oxford/New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-517422-4|ref=harv}}
* {{Citation | last=Kivisild | year=1999 | title=Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages | journal=Curr. Biol. | volume=9 | pages=1331–1334 | url=http://jorde-lab.genetics.utah.edu/elibrary/Kivisild_1999.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030014804/http://jorde-lab.genetics.utah.edu/elibrary/Kivisild_1999.pdf | dead-url=yes | archive-date=2005-10-30 | display-authors=etal | doi=10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3 | pmid=10574762 }}
* {{Citation | last =Kumar | first =Dhavendra | year =2004 | title =Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent | publisher =Springer | accessdate =2008-11-25 | isbn =1-4020-1215-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC }}
Baris 104 ⟶ 107:
* {{cite journal|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris|title=The So-Called Proto-śiva Seal from Mohenjo-Daro: An Iconological Assessment|journal=Archives of Asian Art|year=1975 |volume=29|pages=47–58|authorlink=Doris Meth Srinivasan|jstor=20062578|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris Meth|title=Many Heads, Arms and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004107588|authorlink=Doris Meth Srinivasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sullivan|first=Herbert P.|title=A Re-Examination of the Religion of the Indus Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-religions_summer-1964_4_1/page/115|journal=History of Religions|year=1964|volume=4|issue=1|pages=115–125|jstor=1061875|doi=10.1086/462498|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|authorlink=Romila Thapar|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=FA85|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8|ref=harv}}
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1272010.stm Prehistoric dentistry evidence found in Indus - BBC News]
* [http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/artefacts.htm Indus artefacts]
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101164930/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html |date=2007-01-01 }}
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