Kurt Gödel: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox scientist

|name = Kurt Gödel

|image_size =

|birth_name=Kurt Friedrich Gödel

|birth_date = {{birth date|1906|4|28}}

|footnotes =

}}

 

Gödel mempublikasikan [[teorema ketaklengkapan Gödel|kedua teorema ketidaklengkapan hasil pemikirannya]] pada tahun 1931 ketika ia berusia 25 tahun, setahun setelah meraih gelar doktor pada [[:en:University of Vienna|University of Vienna]].<!-- The first incompleteness theorem states that for any self-consistent [[recursive set|recursive]] [[axiomatic system]] powerful enough to describe the arithmetic of the [[natural number]]s (for example [[Peano arithmetic]]), there are true propositions about the naturals that cannot be proved from the [[axioms]]. To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as [[Gödel numbering]], which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.

 

Gödel menyelesaikan [[:en:habilitation|habilitasinya]] di Vienna pada tahun 1932, dan pada tahun 1933 ia menjadi seorang ''[[:en:Privatdozent|Privatdozent]]'' (dosen tanpa bayaran) di sana. Pada tahun 1933 [[Adolf Hitler]] mulai berkuasa di Jerman, dan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, Nazi mulai naik pengaruhnya di Austria, dan di kalangan ahli matematika Vienna.

|last1 = Casti|first1 = John L.

|last2 = Depauli|first2 = Werner

[[Albert Einstein]] juga tinggal di Princeton pada waktu itu. Gödel dan Einstein menjadi sahabat karib, dan dikenal sering berjalan jauh bersama dari dan ke Institute for Advanced Study. Isi percakapan mereka merupakan misteri bagi anggota institut yang lain. Ahli ekonomi [[:en:Oskar Morgenstern|Oskar Morgenstern]] mengenang bahwa di akhir hidupnya Einstein mengakui "pekerjaannya sendiri tidak lagi berarti banyak, dan ia datang ke institut hanya ... untuk mendapatkan kesempatan berjalan pulang bersama Gödel".<ref>Goldstein (2005), p.&nbsp;33.</ref>

 

 

Pada tanggal 5 Desember 5, 1947, Einstein dan Morgenstern menemani Gödel ke tempat ujian kewarganegaraan Amerika Serikat, di mana mereka menjadi saksi-saksi. Gödel telah mengatakan kepada mereka bahwa ia menemukan suatu inkonsistensi dalam [[:en:U.S. Constitution|Konstitusi Amerika Serikat]] yang dapat menjadi Amerika Serikat suatu negara diktator. Einstein dan Morgenstern kuatir tingkah laku teman mereka yang tidak dapat diramalkan itu akan menyebabkan aplikasi warganegara itu gagal. Untungnya, hakim penguji ternyata adalah [[:en:Phillip Forman|Phillip Forman]], yang mengenal Einstein, bahkan memimpin penyumpahan warganegara Einstein sendiri. Semua berjalan lancar sampai Forman kebetulan bertanya kepada Gödel apakah ia berpikir suatu diktatorial seperti [[Nazi]] dapat terjadi di Amerika Serikat. Gödel kemudian mulai menjelaskan penemuannya kepada Forman. Forman mengerti apa yang terjadi, memotong perkataan Gödel, meneruskan dengan pertanyaan lain dan kesimpulan rutin.<ref>Dawson 1997, pp. 179–180. The story of Gödel's citizenship hearing is repeated in many versions. Dawson's account is the most carefully researched, but was written before the rediscovery of Morgenstern's written account. Most other accounts appear to be based on Dawson, hearsay or speculation.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://robert.accettura.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Morgenstern_onGoedelcitizenship.pdf|title = History of the Naturalization of Kurt Gödel|author = Oskar Morgenstern|date = September 13, 1971|format = PDF|accessdate=June 20, 2012}}</ref>

He studied and admired the works of [[Gottfried Leibniz]], but came to believe that a hostile conspiracy had caused some of Leibniz's works to be suppressed.<ref>John W. Dawson, Jr. [http://books.google.com/books?id=gA8SucCU1AYC&pg=PA166&dq=godel+leibniz&lr= Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel.] A K Peters, Ltd., 2005. P. 166.</ref> To a lesser extent he studied [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Edmund Husserl]]. In the early 1970s, Gödel circulated among his friends an elaboration of Leibniz's version of [[Anselm of Canterbury]]'s [[ontological argument|ontological proof]] of God's existence. This is now known as [[Gödel's ontological proof]]. Gödel was awarded (with [[Julian Schwinger]]) the first [[Albert Einstein Award]] in 1951, and was also awarded the [[National Medal of Science]], in 1974.{{citation needed|date = January 2014}}

-->

Pada akhir hidupnya, Gödel mengalami beberapa kali [[gangguan mental]] dan penyakit. Ia menderita [[:en:persecutory delusions|ketakutan besar akan diracuni]]; ia hanya mau makan makanan yang disiapkan oleh istrinya, Adele. Pada akhir tahun 1977, istrinya masuk rumah sakit selama 6 bulan dan tidak mampu menyiapkan makanan untuk suaminya. Akibatnya, Gödel tidak mau makan, sehingga akhirnya meninggal karena kelaparan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v435/n7038/full/435019a.html|title=Gödel's universe|author=Davis, Martin|work=Nature|date=May 4, 2005}}</ref> Beratnya hanya 65 pound (sekitar 30&nbsp;kg) ketika meninggal. Pada akta kematian tertulis bahwa ia meninggal akibat "kekurangan gizi dan kelaparan karena gangguan kepribadian" pada [[:en:Princeton Hospital|Princeton Hospital]] tanggal 14 Januari 1978.<ref>{{cite book

|last = Toates

|author2=Olga Coschug Toates

|title = Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Practical Tried-and-Tested Strategies to Overcome OCD

|publisher=Class Publishing

|year = 2002

|isbn = 978-1-85959-069-0}}</ref> Adele meninggal tiga tahun kemudian pada tahun 1981.

 

He believed firmly in an afterlife, stating: "Of course this supposes that there are many relationships which today's science and received wisdom haven't any inkling of. But I am convinced of this [the afterlife], independently of any theology." It is "possible today to perceive, by pure reasoning" that it "is entirely consistent with known facts." "If the world is rationally constructed and has meaning, then there must be such a thing [as an afterlife]."<ref>Hao Wang, "A Logical Journey: From Gödel to Philosophy", 1996, pp. 104–105.</ref>

 

November 16 and December 7, 1975, which Wang found hard to classify under the main topics considered elsewhere in the book. </ref>

-->

 

Dalam terjemahan [[bahasa Inggris]]:

* [[:En:Jean van Heijenoort|Jean van Heijenoort]], 1967. ''A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931''. Harvard Univ. Press.

** 1930. "The completeness of the axioms of the functional calculus of logic," 582–91.

** 1931. "On formally undecidable propositions of ''Principia Mathematica'' and related systems," 596–616.

** 1931a. "On completeness and consistency," 616–17.

* ''Collected Works'': Oxford University Press: New York. Editor-in-chief: [[:en:Solomon Feferman|Solomon Feferman]].

** Volume I: Publications 1929–1936 ISBN 978-0-19-503964-1 / Paperback:ISBN 978-0-19-514720-9,

* [[:en:Raymond Smullyan|Raymond Smullyan]], 1992. ''Godel's Incompleteness Theorems''. Oxford University Press.

* [[:en:Olga Taussky-Todd|Olga Taussky-Todd]], 1983. [http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/605/02/Todd.pdf Remembrances of Kurt Gödel]. Engineering & Science, Winter 1988.

* Hao Wang, 1996. ''A Logical Journey: From Godel to Philosophy''. MIT Press.

* Yourgrau, Palle, 1999. ''Gödel Meets Einstein: Time Travel in the Gödel Universe.'' Chicago: Open Court.

 

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2006/1807626.htm Paul Davies and Freeman Dyson discuss Kurt Godel]

* [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/goldstein05/goldstein05_index.html "Gödel and the Nature of Mathematical Truth"] Edge: A Talk with Rebecca Goldstein on Kurt Gödel.

* {{Find a Grave|25996503}}

* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/gdel-kurt.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]

{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|math-stat-comp}}

 

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godel, Kurt}}

[[Kategori:Tokoh Austria]]