Klonazepam: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Muhammad Anas Sidik memindahkan halaman Clonazepam ke Klonazepam: Judul salah eja Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
Moving from Category:Narkoba to Category:obat psikoaktif using Cat-a-lot |
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| (8 revisi perantara oleh 2 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
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{{narkoba}}
{{Infobox drug
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 458436513
| image = Clonazepam 200.svg
| width = 150
| alt =
| image2 = Clonazepam ball-and-stick model.png
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = <!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce = kləˈnazɪpam, kloe-NAZ-e-pam
| tradename = Klonopin, Rivotril, Paxam,<ref name="Paxam_Data_Sheet">{{Cite web |title=Paxam Data Sheet |date=October 18, 2023 |url=https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/p/Paxamtab.pdf |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=medsafe.govt.nz |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209033635/https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/p/Paxamtab.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Riklona, dll<ref name="Clonazepam International">{{cite news|title=Clonazepam International|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/clonazepam.html|newspaper=Drugs.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060941/https://www.drugs.com/international/clonazepam.html|archive-date=25 August 2017}}</ref>
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|clonazepam}}
| MedlinePlus = a682279
| DailyMedID = Clonazepam
| pregnancy_AU = B3
| pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">{{cite web | title=Clonazepam Use During Pregnancy | website=Drugs.com | date=4 May 2020 | url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clonazepam.html | access-date=17 May 2020 | archive-date=28 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728161048/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clonazepam.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| pregnancy_category =
| dependency_liability = Ketergantungan fisik: Sangat Tinggi [[Ketergantungan psikologis]]: Sedang
| addiction_liability = Moderate<ref name="longo2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Longo LP, Johnson B | title = Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines--side effects, abuse risk and alternatives | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 61 | issue = 7 | pages = 2121–2128 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10779253 | url = https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/0401/p2121.html | access-date = 11 December 2022 | archive-date = 12 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080512180747/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000401/2121.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hupp JR, Tucker MR, Ellis E |title=Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - E-Book |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=9780323226875 |page=679 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcbsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA679 }}</ref>
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral (rute pemberian obat)|oral]], [[Penyuntikan intraotot|intramuskular]], [[Infus|intravena]], [[sublingual]]
| class = [[Benzodiazepine]]
| ATC_prefix = N03
| ATC_suffix = AE01
| ATC_supplemental = <!-- Legal status -->
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_AU_comment =
| legal_BR = B1
| legal_BR_comment =
| legal_CA = Schedule IV
| legal_CA_comment =
| legal_DE = Rx-only/Anlage III
| legal_DE_comment =
| legal_NZ = Class C
| legal_NZ_comment =
| legal_UK = Class C
| legal_UK_comment =
| legal_US = Schedule IV
| legal_US_comment =
| legal_EU =
| legal_EU_comment =
| legal_UN = Psychotropic Schedule IV
| legal_UN_comment =
| legal_status = Rx-only
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->| bioavailability = 90%
| protein_bound = ≈85%
| metabolism = [[Hati]] ([[CYP3A]])<ref name="AHFS2015">{{cite web |title=Clonazepam |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=15 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085907/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html |archive-date=5 September 2015 }}</ref>
| metabolites = 7-aminoclonazepam<br>
7-acetaminoclonazepam<br>3-hydroxy clonazepam<ref name="auto">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ebel S, Schütz H | title = [Studies on the detection of clonazepam and its main metabolites considering in particular thin-layer chromatography discrimination of nitrazepam and its major metabolic products (author's transl)] | journal = Arzneimittel-Forschung | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 325–337 | date = February 1977 | pmid = 577149 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steentoft A, Linnet K | title = Blood concentrations of clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam in forensic cases in Denmark for the period 2002-2007 | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 184 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 74–79 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19150586 | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.004 }}</ref>
| onset = Within an hour<ref name=Coop2007/>
| elimination_half-life = 19–60 jam<ref name="Riss-2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Collins S | title = Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics | journal = Acta Neurologica Scandinavica | volume = 118 | issue = 2 | pages = 69–86 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18384456 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x | s2cid = 24453988 | doi-access = }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| duration_of_action = 8–12 hours<ref name=Coop2007/><ref name="Paxam_Data_Sheet" />
| excretion = [[Ginjal]]
<!-- Identifiers -->| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 1622-61-3
| CAS_supplemental =
| PubChem = 2802
| IUPHAR_ligand = 6963
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB01068
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 2700
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 5PE9FDE8GB
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00280
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 3756
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 452
| NIAID_ChemDB =
| PDB_ligand =
| synonyms = <!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| IUPAC_name = 5-(2-Klorofenil)-7-nitro-1,3-dihidro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ona
| C = 15
| H = 10
| Cl = 1
| N = 3
| O = 3
| SMILES = O=C1CN=C(c2ccccc2Cl)c2cc([N+](=O)[O-])ccc2N1
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C15H10ClN3O3/c16-12-4-2-1-3-10(12)15-11-7-9(19(21)22)5-6-13(11)18-14(20)8-17-15/h1-7H,8H2,(H,18,20)
| StdInChI_comment =
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = DGBIGWXXNGSACT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| density =
| density_notes =
| melting_point =
| melting_high =
| melting_notes =
| boiling_point =
| boiling_notes =
| solubility =
| sol_units =
| specific_rotation =
}}
'''Klonazepam''', atau dikenal juga dengan nama dagangnya '''Klonopin'''<ref>[https://reference.medscape.com/drug/klonopin-clonazepam-342900 ''Klonopin/Clonazepan''.] dari situs medscape</ref> atau '''[[Riklona]]'''<ref>[https://www.klikdokter.com/obat/obat-gangguan-saraf-pusat/riklona ''Riklona''.] dari situs klikdokter</ref>, merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk mencegah dan mengobati kejang, gangguan panik, dan gangguan gerak yang dikenal dengan akathisia.<ref>[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html ''Clonazepam (monograph)''.] dari situs drugs.com</ref> Obat ini adalah jenis obat penenang dari kelas benzodiazepin.<ref name=alodokter>[https://www.alodokter.com/clonazepam#:~:text=Clonazepam%20merupakan%20obat%20antikejang%20golongan,aktivitas%20listrik%20otak%20yang%20berlebihan. ''Clonazepam''.] dari situs alodokter</ref> Konsumsinya dengan diminum.<ref>[https://www.halodoc.com/kesehatan/clonazepam ''Clonazepam''.] dari situs Halodoc.com</ref> Bioavailabilitas dari clonazepam adalah 90% dengan waktu menuju konsentrasi plasma puncak adalah 1-4 jam. Waktu paruh clonazepam diperkirakan sekitar 25 menit. Awitan clonazepam biasanya mulai dalam 20-60 menit sebagai antikejang, dengan durasi aksi 6-8 jam pada bayi dan anak serta hingga 12 jam pada dewasa.<ref>[https://www.alomedika.com/obat/antiepilepsi-antikonvulsi/benzodiazepin/clonazepam/farmakologi ''Farmakologi Clonazepam''.] dari situs alomedika</ref>
==Efek samping==
Efek samping yang umum terjadi adalah mengantuk, koordinasi gerak yang buruk, peningkatan produksi air liur, dan agitasi.<ref name=alodokter/> Penggunaan jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya sensitivitas terhadap obat ini, ketergantungan, dan gejala putus obat jika dihentikan secara tiba-tiba.<ref>[https://hellosehat.com/obat-suplemen/clonazepam-adalah/ ''Clonazepam''.] dari situs hellosehat</ref> Ketergantungan terjadi di sepertiga orang yang menggunakan clonazepam selama lebih dari empat minggu. Ada peningkatan risiko bunuh diri, terutama pada orang yang sudah mengalami depresi sebelumnya<ref name=alodokter/>. Jika digunakan selama kehamilan dapat membahayakan bayi. Clonazepam berikatan dengan reseptor GABA A, sehingga meningkatkan efek neurotransmitter penghambat utama asam γ-aminobutyric (GABA). <ref>[https://www.honestdocs.id/obat-clonazepam1 ''Obat Clonazepam''/] dari situs honestdocs</ref>
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==Referensi==
{{reflist|3}}
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