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'''Sayyid Qutb''' ({{IPA-arz|ˈsæjjed ˈʔotˤb}}, {{IPA-ar|ˈsæjjɪd ˈqʊtˤb|lang}}; juga Said, Syed, Seyyid, Sayid, atau Sayed; Koteb, Qutub, Kotb, atau Kutb) ({{lahirmati|Mūshā|9|10|1906|Mesir|29|8|1966}} adalah seorang [[penulis]], pendidik, [[ulama]], [[penyair]] [[Mesir]] dan anggota utama [[Ikhwanul Muslimin]] [[Mesir]] pada era 1950-an dan 1960-an. Pada tahun 1966 dia dituduh terlibat dalam rencana [[pembunuhan]] [[presiden Mesir]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] dan dieksekusi dengan [[hukuman gantung]].
|notability = Sayyid Qutb
|era = [[Modern era]]
|image = Qutb.jpg
|caption = Sayyid Qutb saat persidangan pada 1966, padamasa kekuasaan [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
|name =
|title =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1906|10|9|df=y}}, Mūshā, Mesir
|death_date = {{death date and age|1966|8|29|1906|10|9|df=y}}
|ethnicity = Mesir
|region = [[Timur Tengah]]
|Maddhab = [[Shafi'i]]
|school_tradition| = [[Islam Sunni]]
|main_interests = [[Islam]], [[Politik]], [[Quranic exegesis]] ([[tafsir]])
|notable_ideas = [[Jahiliyyah]], Ubudiyya
|works = Milestones, In the Shade of the Quran
|influences = [[Hassan al-Banna]], [[Ibn al-Qayyim]], [[Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]], [[Sheikh Usthaz M.A.M.Mansoor]]}}
'''Sayyid Qutb''' ({{IPA-arz|ˈsæjjed ˈʔotˤb}}, {{IPA-ar|ˈsæjjɪd ˈqʊtˤb|lang}}; juga Said, Syed, Seyyid, Sayid, atau Sayed; Koteb, Qutub, Kotb, atau Kutb) ({{lahirmati|Mūshā|||1906|||29|8|1966}} adalah seorang penulis, pendidik, teoris [[Islam]], [[penyair]] [[Mesir]] dan anggota utama [[Ikhwanul Muslimin]] Mesir pada era 1950s dan '60s. Pada tahun 1966 dia dituduh terlibat dalam rencana pembunuhan presiden Mesir [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] dan dieksekusi dengan cara digantung.
 
PenulisKarya tulis Sayyid Qutb sebanyak 24 [[buku]], termasukberupa [[novel]], kritik seni sastra dan buku [[pendidikan,]]. diaDia dikenal luas di [[dunia]] [[Muslim]] lewat karya-karyanya mengenai apa yang dia percaya sebagai peran sosial dan politik [[politik Islam]], terutama bukunya yang berjudul ''Keadilan Sosial'' dan ''[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq]]'' . Karya [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]], ''[[Fi Zilal al-Qur'an]]'' (''Dalam bayangan Al-Qur'an''), adalah 30 jilid komentar terhadap [[Quran|Al-Qur'an]].
 
Sebagian besar hidupnya, lingkaran dekat Qutb diisi oleh para [[politikus]] berpengaruh, kaum [[Cendekiawan|intelektual]], [[penyair]] dan figur [[sastrawan]], baik yang seumuran maupun generasi setelahnya. Di pertengahan 1940s1940an, banyak tulisannya yang menjadi acuan resmi di [[sekolah]], [[kampus]] dan [[universitas]].<ref>The Political Thoughts of Sayyed Qutb, Ch. 3, p. 56</ref>
 
Meskipun sebagian besar observasi dan kritiknya mengenai dunia Muslim, Qutb juga dikenal atas ketidaksetujuannya terhadap [[masyarakat]] dan [[budaya]] [[Amerika Serikat]],<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_jihad.html PBS program America at the crossroads].</ref><ref name="A Lesson In Hate">David Von Drehle, [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/presence-feb06.html A Lesson In Hate] {{Webarchive|url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090419041809/http%3A//www.smithsonianmag.com/history%2Darchaeology/presence%2Dfeb06.html |date=2009-04-19 }} ''Smithsonian Magazine''</ref> yang dipandangnya sangat terobsesi dengan [[materialisme]], [[kekerasan]], dan hasrat [[Persetubuhan|seksual]].<ref name="beforeUS">[httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20070927235927/http://www.disinfo.com/site/displayarticle8626.html 'Qutb: Between Terror And Tragedy' by Hisham Sabrin] quoting Hourani, A. ''Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798–1939.'' Cambridge University Press, 1962. and Mitchell, Richard S. ''The Society of The Muslim Brotherhood''. Oxford University Press, 1969.</ref> Terdapat beragam pendapat mengenai pandangan Qutb. Dia umum dideksripsikan oleh sebagian sebagai seorang [[seniman]] luar biasa dan [[Shahid|martir untuk Islam]],<ref>[http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=3m245Q Interview with Dr Abdel Moneim Abul Fotouh – Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510151517/http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=3m245Q |date=2008-05-10 }} 8 May 2008</ref><ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.islam101.com/history/people/century20/syedQutb.htm |title=Sayyid Qutb by Ahmed El-Kadi, MD] |access-date=2013-02-23 |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926022903/http://www.islam101.com/history/people/century20/syedQutb.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> namun bagi banyak pengamat [[dunia Barat]], dia dianggap sebagai salah seorang pembentuk ide [[Islamisme]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=_5bmzlNx1iAC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=qutb+bin+laden&source=bl&ots=spQA79Znrx&sig=RDC6ldywAI6OeQuhlnE40JW-wnU&hl=en&ei=jux6SrejBIaKMpOV5P0C&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=qutb%20bin%20laden&f=false The Osama Bin Laden I Know By Peter L. Bergen] pp. 18–20</ref> dan terutama kelompok seperti [[Al QaedaQa'idah]].<ref name="Irwin">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3 Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"] ''The Guardian'' (1 November 2001).</ref><ref>[httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20031005151059/http://members.cox.net/slsturgi3/PhilosopherOfIslamicTerror.htm Paul Berman, "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror"], ''New York Times Magazine'' (23 March 2003).</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf Out of the Shadows: Getting ahead of prisoner radicalization]</ref><ref>[http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html The Evolution of Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]</ref> Sekarang, para pendukungnya diidentifikasian sebagai [[Qutbism|Qutbists]]<ref>[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm|date=2007-06-09}} by Dale C. Eikmeier. From ''[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]]'', Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.</ref> atau "Qutbi" (oleh para penentang mereka, bukan mereka sendiri).<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Bmz9y2osH1YC&pg=PA175&dq=qutbiyyun&hl=en&ei=SKN3TfyyGcXurAGn8qSJCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=qutbiyyun&f=false Pioneers of Islamic revival] By ʻAlī Rāhnamā, p. 175</ref>
 
== Kehidupan dan karier ==
=== Masa kanak-kanak ===
Qutb lahir pada 9 Oktober 1906.<ref>Beberapa sumber (seperti US Library of Congress) menyebut 1903.</ref> Dia tumbuh di sebuah [[desa]] [Mesir] [[Musha, Mesir|Musha]], berlokasi di [[Mesir AtasHulu]], Propinsi Asyut[[Asyuth]]. Ayahnya seorang [[Penguasaan tanah|tuan tanah]] dan pengawas tanah milik [[keluarga]], namun dia juga dikenal atas aktifitasaktivitas pilitiknyapolitiknya, secara rutin mengadakan pertemuan mingguan untuk mendiskusikan agenda politik dan [[pengajian]] Al-Qur'an. Sejak usian muda, Sayyid Qutb mulai belajar mengenai pembacaan Al-Qur'an secara melodis, yang nantinya akan membentuk sisi artistik karakternya. Masa remajanya[[remaja]]<nowiki/>nya, Qutb sangat kritis terhadap institusi keagamaan yang ditemuinya, dimana dia menunjukkan ketidaksukaannya terhadap cara institusi tersebut digunakan untuk membentuk opini publik. Dia kurang mengganggap penting sekolah yang khusus mengajarkan studi agama, dan berusaha membuktikan bahwa sekolah lokal yang menggunakan [[kurikulum]] gabungan [[pendidikan umum]] dan agama lebih bermanfaat dibandingkan yang khusus kelas agama. Pada masa tersebut, Qutb mengembangkan ketidaksetujuannya terhadap para [[imam]] dan pemahaman tradisional mereka atas pendidikan, yang di kemudian hari akan menjadi standar konfrontasi pemikirannya sepanjang hidup.<ref>Khalidy, Saleh. Sayyid Qutb: From Birth to Martydom. Dar Al-Qalam 3rd edition 1999.</ref>
 
Dia pindah ke [[Kairo]], di mana dia bisa mendapatkan pendidikan berbasis gaya pendidikan [[Inggris]], antara tahun 1929 dan 1933, sebelum memulai kariernya sebagai seorang [[guru]] di Kementerian Instruksi Publik. Sepanjang karier awalnya tersebut, Qutb mendedikasikan dirinya terhadap seni sastra dengan menjadi penulis dan kritikus, dia menulis novel seperti ''Ashwak'' (''Duri'') dan bahkan membantu mempopulerkan novelis Mesir [[Naguib Mahfouz]] yang awalnya tak dikenal [[publik]]. Pada tahun 1939, dia menjadi seorang fungsionaris Kementerian Pendidikan Mesir (''wizarat al-ma'arif'' ).
 
Dari tahun 1948 sampai 1950, dia pergi ke [[Amerika Serikat]] lewat [[beasiswa]] untuk mempelajari sistem pendidikan, menghabiskan beberapa bulan dia Colorado State College of Education (Sekarang [[University of Northern Colorado]]) di [[Greeley, Colorado]]. Karya teoritisteoretis pertama Qutb di bidang kritik sosial keagamaan, ''Al-'adala al-Ijtima'iyya fi-l-Islam'' (''Keadilan Sosial Dalam Islam''), diterbitkan pada tahun 1949, ketika dia masih tinggal di Barat.
 
Meskipun Islam memberinya kedamaian dan kepuasan,<ref>Sayyed mengatakan mengenai Qur'an: "Allah telah menganugerahiku dengan kehidupan di bawah bayang Qur'an dalam masa ini, Aku telah merasakan anugerah dan kasih sayangNya, yang tidak pernah aku rasakan sepanjang hidupku." ''[[Fi Zilal al-Qur'an]]'', Pembukaan, Bab 1.</ref> dia menderita masalah pernapasan dan berbagai masalah kesehatan lainnya sepanjang hidup dan dikenal atas "sikap introvet, isolasi, depresi dan kepedulian." Penampilannya digambarkan, "pucat dengan mata terlihat mengantuk."<ref>Hamudah, Adil, ''Sayyid Qutb: min al-qarya ila al-mashnaqa '' (Cairo, Ruz al-Yusuf, 1987), pp. 60–61, quoted in Moussalli (1992), p. 35</ref> Qutb tidak pernah [[Pernikahan|menikah]], yang merupakan bagian dari keseriusannya dalam pendekatan keagamaan. Sementara masyarakat [[Kawasan perkotaan|urban]] Mesir tempat dia tinggal menjadi semakin terwesternisasiter[[westernisasi]], Qutb percaya bahwa 'ide yang ada mengenai masyarakat dan tradisi umum menjadi tekanan kuat - tekanan yang menghancurkan, terutama pada kasus perempuan; perempuan Muslim benar-benar berada dalam kondisi tekanan ekstrimekstrem dan opresif'.<ref>Milestones, Chapter 10, p. 85</ref> Qutb bercanda pada pembacanya bahwa dia tidak pernah berhasil menemukan [[Wanita|perempuan]] dan harus berdamai dengan dirinya sendiri dalam [[Bujangan|keperjakaan]].<ref>Qutb, Sayyid, ''Dan-bat al-tatawwur, Majallat al-Shu'un al-Ijtima`iyya fi al-Islam,'' 1940, 6, 43–46, quoted in Calvert (2000)</ref>
 
Terlihat sangat jelas sejak masa kanak-kanak, bahwa Qutb sangat menghargai pendidikan, menjalakan peran sebagai seotang guru bagi para perempuan di desanya:
 
== Ikhwanul Muslimin ==
<blockquote>Syed Qutb from a young age would save up his money for a man
Qutb bergabung dalam kelompok Ikhwanul Muslimin di Mesir. Keanggotaannya dilandasi oleh keinginan untuk mengembalikan pedoman hidup [[masyarakat]] Mesir ke sumber utama Islam yaitu Al-Qur'an dan [[Sunah]]. Pemikirannya selama bergabung menjadi anggota Ikhwanul Muslimin dikaitkan dengan inspirasi terorisme oleh beberapa pemikir setelah masa hidupnya.{{Sfn|Syukur|2017|p=63-64}} Sementara itu, Qutb tidak menyatakan [[gagasan]] serta tidak memberikan persetujuan terhadap tindakan [[Bom|pengeboman]] di negara Muslim.{{Sfn|Syukur|2017|p=62}} Sebaliknya, dalam kitab tafsir yang ditulisnya terdapat gagasan [[Damai|perdamaian]] dan [[gencatan senjata]].{{Sfn|Syukur|2017|p=61}}
called Amsaalih, who used to sell books around the local villages.
He would have a big collection of books, and another small
collection specifically for Syed Qutb. If Syed never had the money,
he would tell him that I don't have the money now, so let me
borrow it and I'll give it you next time you come around. And
Amsaalih would let him do that.
At the age of 12, he had his own library collection of 25 books,
even though books were really expensive during that time.
He would imitate the scholars by reading the books, and then give
lectures to the rest of the village. If any women needed any
information, they would wait till Syed Qutb came back from school,
and ask him to share the knowledge he had to them. In many
occasions he would be shy because he was a young man, but in
some occasions he would go and teach the knowledge he had to
the people who asked him.<ref>The Lives of Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb, p. 15</ref></blockquote>
 
===Visit toKarya America===
The turning point in Qutb's views resulted from his visit to the United States, where he aimed for further studies in educational administration. Over a two-year period, he worked in several different institutions including what was then Wilson Teachers' College in Washington, D.C., [[University of Northern Colorado|Colorado State College for Education]] in Greeley, as well as [[Stanford University]].<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404705757.html "Encyclopedia of World Biography", 2004]</ref> He also traveled extensively, visiting the major cities of the United States and spent time in Europe on the return journey to Egypt.
 
On his return to Egypt, Qutb published an article entitled "The America that I Have Seen." He was critical of many things he had observed in the United States: its [[Economic materialism|materialism]], [[individual freedom]]s, economic system, [[racism]], brutal [[boxing]] matches, "poor" [[haircut]]s,<ref name="A Lesson In Hate"/> superficiality in conversations and friendships,<ref name="On the arts">[http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/said-qutb-on-the-arts-in-america Excerpt] from Qutb's article "Amrika allati Ra'aytu" (The America That I Have Seen)</ref> restrictions on [[divorce]], enthusiasm for [[sports]], lack of [[art]]istic feeling,<ref name="On the arts"/> "animal-like" [[Sex segregation and Islam|mixing of the sexes]] (which "went on even in churches"),<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones,'' p. 139</ref> and strong support for the new Israeli state.<ref>Calvert, John (2000), "`The World is an Undutiful Boy!`: Sayyid Qutb's American Experience," ''Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations'', Vol. II, No.1, pp. 87–103:98.</ref> Hisham Sabrin, noted that:
 
<blockquote>As a brown person in Greeley, Colorado in the late 40s, studying English he came across much prejudice. He also felt quite appalled by what he perceived as loose sexual openness of American men and women (a far cry by any measure, from Musha, Asyut where he grew up). But, in fact this American experience was not truly a
crisis for Qutb, but rather a moment of choice and fine-tuning of his already Islamic identity. He himself tells us on his boat trip over “Should I travel to America, and become flimsy, and ordinary, like those who are satisfied with idle talk and sleep. Or should I distinguish myself with values and spirit. Is there other than Islam that I should be steadfast to in its character and hold on to its instructions, in this life amidst deviant chaos, and the endless means of satisfying animalistic desires, pleasures, and awful sins? I wanted to be the latter man.”.</blockquote>
 
Qutb noted with disapproval the sexuality of American women:
<blockquote>the American girl is well acquainted with her body's seductive capacity. She knows it lies in the face, and in expressive eyes, and thirsty lips. She knows seductiveness lies in the round breasts, the full buttocks, and in the shapely thighs, sleek legs—and she shows all this and does not hide it.<ref name="A Lesson In Hate"/></blockquote>
He also commented on the American taste in arts:
<blockquote>The American is primitive in his artistic taste, both in what he enjoys as art and in his own artistic works.
 
“Jazz” music is his music of choice. This is that music that the Negroes invented to satisfy their primitive inclinations, as well as their desire to be noisy on the one hand and to excite bestial tendencies on the other. The American’s intoxication in “jazz” music does not reach its full completion until the music is accompanied by singing that is just as coarse and obnoxious as the music itself. Meanwhile, the noise of the instruments and the voices mounts, and it rings in the ears to an unbearable degree… The agitation of the multitude increases, and the voices of approval mount, and their palms ring out in vehement, continuous applause that all but deafens the ears.<ref name="On the arts"/></blockquote>
 
===Return to Egypt===
Qutb concluded that major aspects of American life were primitive and "shocking", a people who were "numb to faith in religion, faith in art, and faith in spiritual values altogether". His experience in the U.S. is believed to have formed in part the impetus for his rejection of Western values and his move towards [[Islamism]] upon returning to Egypt. Resigning from the civil service, he joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in the early 1950s<ref>1953 according to Calvert (2000), 1951 according Kepel (1985)</ref> and became editor-in-chief of the Brothers' weekly ''Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin,'' and later head of its [[propaganda]]<ref>"Qutb, a one-time literary critic, was not a religious fundamentalist, but a Goebbels-style propagandist for a new totalitarianism to stand side-by-side with fascism and communism." [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/DK08Ak03.html Islamism, fascism and terrorism (Part 2)] by Marc Erikson; 8 November 2002, ''[[Asia Times Online]]''</ref><ref>"Others, such as Sayyid Qutb, the Muslim Brotherhood’s leading intellectual, or bin Laden’s first theological mentor, Abdallah Azzam, a Palestinian Sheikh who first conceptualised global jihad, have laid out the theological tenets of jihadist terrorism better than he [Osama bin Laden]." [http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091226/MAGAZINE/712259994/1284 "People of the decade: From Osama to Obama"], 25 December 2009, ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]''</ref><ref>"About that time Sayyid Qutb accepted an appointment to head the Muslim Brothers' propaganda department, called the Propagation of the Message Section." "Sayyid Qutb: The Karl Marx of the Islamic Revolution"</ref><ref>"It is evidence of ideological continuity with the radical Islamist propaganda coming from wartime Berlin. Qutb fused the radical anti-Semitism of modern European history with a radical anti-Semitism rooted in a detailed reading of the Koran. Qutb continued and expanded on the project of cultural fusion and selective appropriation of the traditions of Islam that Husseini and his associates in wartime Berlin had performed." [http://books.google.com/books?id=YzQNSTvHv-sC 2009 ''Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World''] 2009, Jeffrey Herf</ref><ref>"Upon his return to Egypt, he formally joined the Muslim Brotherhood and became the head of its propaganda (''tabligh'') department." [http://books.google.com/books?id=5-KAZxxE6oIC ''Cultural transitions in the Middle East''] (1994), Şerif Mardin</ref><ref>"Sayyid Qutb (1906–66) of Egypt provides another example. He became the intellectual spokesman for the Muslim Brotherhood." [http://books.google.com/books?id=4TQ5yvnpwBAC ''Muslims: their religious beliefs and practices''] (2005), Andrew Rippi</ref><ref>"The basic texts of the Muslim Brotherhood and allied movements contain openly anti-Jewish rather than anti-Zionist propaganda....Texts such as the books of Sayyid Qutb – often called the father of radical militant jihad, who was executed in Egypt in the days of Gamal Abdel Nasser – targeted Judaism." [http://books.google.com/books?id=xMGeXXBSY8wC ''The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day''] (2006), Walter Laqueur</ref><ref>"In 1953 he formalized his Islamist leanings by joining the Muslim Brotherhood. He was appointed head of its propaganda department and used his position to try to convince 'Abd al-Nasser and the officers to implement Islamic law in Egypt." [http://books.google.com/books?id=2gAjMuLivlQC ''Islamism: a documentary and reference guide''] (2008), John Calvert</ref><ref>"In their propaganda, they increasingly refer to ''Jahiliyah'', a term used most often to reference the pagan time before the rise of Islam literally 'ignorance'—to signify the modern era. This application of the term ''Jahiliyah'' to modern government and situations was made popular by Sayyid Qutb, a key ideologue of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt..." [http://books.google.com/books?id=obSuQIatubEC ''Islamic radicalism and global jihad''] (2009) Devin R. Springer, James L. Regens, David N. Edger</ref><ref>"Foreign visitors to Syria reported...that textbooks and religious propaganda were offered for sale or distribution in the streets to all seekers; it was said that the works of Sayyid Qutb were available." [http://books.google.com/books?id=LS5w7HQtuGIC ''Asad's legacy: Syria in transition''] (2001), Eyal Ziser</ref> section, as well as an appointed member of the working committee and of its guidance council, the highest branch in the organization.<ref>Moussalli, ''Radical Islamic Fundamentalism,'' (1992), pp. 31–32</ref>
 
===Nasser and Qutb===
In July 1952, Egypt's pro-Western government was overthrown by the nationalist [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]] headed by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. Both Qutb and the Muslim Brotherhood welcomed the coup against the [[Farouk of Egypt|monarchist]] government — which they saw as un-Islamic and subservient to [[British Empire|British imperialism]] — and enjoyed a close relationship with the movement prior to and immediately following the coup. Nasser would go the house of Syed Qutb and ask him for ideas about the Revolution.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Many members of the Brotherhood expected Nasser to establish an Islamic government. However, the cooperation between the Brotherhood and Free Officers which marked the revolution's success soon soured as it became clear the secular nationalist ideology of [[Nasserism]] was incompatible with the Islamism of the Brotherhood.
 
Nasser had secretly set up an organisation that would sufficiently oppose the Muslim Brotherhood once he came to power. This organisation was called "Tahreer' ("freedom" in Arabic). It was well known that
the Brotherhood were made popular by their extensive social programs in Egypt, and Nasser wanted to be ready once he had taken over. At this time, Qutb did not realize Nasser's alternate plans, and would continue to meet with him, sometimes for 12 hours a day,<ref>The Life of Syed Qutb, The Revolution Happens, p.24</ref> to discuss a post monarch Egypt. Once Qutb realized that Nasser had taken advantage of the secrecy between the Free Officers and the Brotherhood, he promptly quit. Nasser then tried to persuade Qutb by offering him any position he wanted in Egypt except its Kingship, saying:
 
<blockquote> "We will give you whatever position you want in the government, whether it's the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Arts, etc."<ref>Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb,p.24</ref></blockquote>
 
Qutb refused every offer, having understood the reality of Nasser's plans. After the attempted assassination of Nasser in 1954, the Egyptian government used the incident to justify a crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood, imprisoning Qutb and many others for their vocal opposition to various government policies. During his first three years in prison, conditions were bad and Qutb was tortured. In later years he was allowed more mobility, including the opportunity to write.<ref>Berman, ''Terror and Liberalism,'' (2003), p.63</ref>
 
This period saw the composition of his two most important works: a commentary of the [[Qur'an]] ''[[Fi Zilal al-Qur'an]]'' (''In the Shade of the Qur'an''), and a manifesto of political Islam called ''[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq]]'' (''Milestones''). These works represent the final form of Qutb's thought, encompassing his radically anti-secular and [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]] claims based on his interpretations of the Qur'an, Islamic history, and the social and political problems of Egypt. The school of thought he inspired has become known as [[Qutbism]].
 
Qutb was let out of prison at the end of 1964 at the behest of the Prime Minister of [[Iraq]], [[Abdul Salam Arif]], for only 8 months before being rearrested in August 1965. He was accused of plotting to overthrow the state and subjected to what some consider a show trial.<ref name="ReferenceA">Hasan, S. Badrul, ''Syed Qutb Shaheed'', Islamic Publications International, 2nd ed. 1982</ref> Many of the charges placed against Qutb in court were taken directly from ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq'' and he adamantly supported his written statements. The trial culminated in a death sentence for Qutb and six other members of the Muslim Brotherhood. He was sentenced to death as the leader of a group planning to assassinate the President and other Egyptian officials and personalities, though he was not the instigator or leader of the actual plot.<ref>Sivan (1985) p. 93.</ref><ref>Fouad Ajami, "In the Pharaoh's Shadow: Religion and Authority in Egypt," ''Islam in the Political Process,'' editor James P. Piscatori, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 25–26.</ref> On 29 August 1966, he was executed by hanging.
 
==Evolution of thought, views and statements==
===Theological stances===
Qutb held that belief in matters that cannot be seen (or are imperceptible) was an important sign of man's ability to accept knowledge from fields outside of science:
 
<blockquote>
The concept of the imperceptible is a decisive factor in distinguishing man from animal. Materialist thinking, ancient as well as modern, has tended to drag man back to an irrational existence, with no room for the spiritual, where everything is determined by sensory means alone. What is peddled as 'progressive thought' is no more than dismal regression.<ref>Fi Dhalal al Qur'an, vol. 1, p 35</ref></blockquote>
 
===Secularism===
Different theories have been advanced as to why Qutb turned away from his secularist tendencies towards Islamic Sharia. One common explanation is that the conditions he witnessed in prison from 1954–1964, including the [[torture]] and [[murder]] of Muslim Brothers, convinced him that only a government bound by [[Sharia|Islamic law]] could prevent such abuses. Another is that Qutb's experiences in America as a darker-skinned person and the insufficiently anti-Western policies of Nasser demonstrated to him the powerful and dangerous allure of ignorance (''[[jahiliyyah]]'') — a threat unimaginable, in Qutb's estimation, to the secular mind. Two excerpts of the opening of his book Milestones contain the following view:
 
{{quote|It is necessary for the new leadership to preserve and develop the material fruits of the creative genius of Europe, and also to provide mankind with such high ideals and values as have so far remained undiscovered by mankind, and which will also acquaint humanity with a way of life which is harmonious with human nature, which is positive and constructive, and which is practicable.<ref name="Milestones 1964, page 1">[Milestones, 1964, Syed Qutb, page 1.</ref>}}
 
{{quote|Democracy in the West has become infertile to such an extent that it is borrowing from the systems of the Eastern bloc, especially in the economic system, under the name of socialism. It is the same with the Eastern bloc. Its social theories, foremost among which is Marxism, in the beginning attracted not only a large number of people from the East but also from the West, as it was a way of life based on a creed. But now Marxism is defeated on the plane of thought, and if it is stated that not a single nation in the world is truly Marxist, it will not be an exaggeration. On the whole this theory conflicts with man's nature and its needs. This ideology prospers only in a degenerate society or in a society which has become cowed as a result of some form of prolonged dictatorship. But now, even under these circumstances, its materialistic economic system is failing, although this was the only foundation on which its structure was based. Russia, which is the leader of the communist countries, is itself suffering from shortages of food. Although during the times of the Tsars Russia used to produce surplus food, it now has to import food from abroad and has to sell its reserves of gold for this purpose. The main reason for this is the failure of the system of [[collective farming]], or, one can say, the failure of a system which is against human nature.<ref name="Milestones 1964, page 1"/>}}
 
Finally, Qutb offered his own explanation in ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq'', arguing that anything non-Islamic was evil and corrupt, while following [[Sharia]] as a complete system extending into all aspects of life, would bring every kind of benefit to humanity, from personal and social peace, to the "treasures" of the universe.<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', pp. 90, 32</ref>
 
In general, Qutb's experiences as an Egyptian Muslim—his village childhood, professional career, and activism in the Muslim Brotherhood—left an unmistakable mark on his theoretical and religious works. Even Qutb's early, secular writing shows evidence of his later themes. For example, Qutb's autobiography of his childhood ''[[Tifl min al-Qarya]]'' (''A Child From the Village'') makes little mention of Islam or political theory and is typically classified as a secular, literary work. However, it is replete with references to village mysticism, superstition, the Qur'an, and incidences of injustice. Qutb's later work developed along similar themes, dealing with Qur'anic exegesis, social justice, and political Islam.
 
Qutb's career as a writer also heavily influenced his philosophy. In ''[[al-Taswiir al-Fanni fil-Quran]]'' (''Artistic Representation in the Qur'an''), Qutb developed a literary appreciation of the Qur'an and a complementary methodology for interpreting the text. His hermeneutics were applied in his extensive commentary on the Qur'an, ''[[Fi zilal al-Qur'an]]'' (''In the Shade of the Quran''), which served as the foundation for the declarations of ''Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq''.
 
Late in his life, Qutb synthesized his personal experiences and intellectual development in the famous ''[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq]],'' a religious and political manifesto for what he believed was a true Islamic system. It was also in this text that Qutb condemned Muslim governments, such as Abdul Nasser's regime in Egypt, as secular with their legitimacy based on human (and thus corrupt), rather than divine authority. This work, more than any other, established Qutb as one of, if not the premier Islamists of the 20th century.
 
===Events that led from secularism to Islam===
Qutb told people of his shift from secularism to Islam.
 
<blockquote>His journey started when he studied the Qur'an in a literal way, and he slowly began to understand the principles lined in the religion. Then something happened to him in America to remove his doubts. He says; that while he was going to America, he was on the boat (ferry), and he saw the way the boat he was travelling in - was rocking in the huge sea – all under the control of Allah without it sinking or capsizing. At that point he realized the power of Allah. He said [[Iman (concept)|Iman]] (belief) entered into his heart due to this. His second scenario was in San Francisco, when he went on top of a mountain, and he could see the whole of creation in front of him, and he realized the beauty and harmony that existed amongst the creation as a whole. He said that, the sweetness of Iman hit him.<ref>The Lives of Hassan elBanna & Syed Qutb, p. 18</ref></blockquote>
 
==Political philosophy==
{{Islamism sidebar}}
Sayyid Qutb's mature political views always centered on Islam — Islam as a complete system of morality, justice and governance, whose Sharia laws and principles should be the sole basis of governance and everything else in life - though his interpretation of it varied. Following the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|1952 coup]], he espoused a `just dictatorship` that would `grant political liberties to the virtuous alone.`<ref>Sivan, Emmanuel, ''Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics'', Yale University Press, c1985, p. 73</ref><ref>''al-Akhbar'', August 8, 1952</ref> Later he wrote that rule by ''[[Sharia]]'' law would require essentially no government at all.<ref name="Irwin"/> In an earlier work,<ref>Qutb, ''Social Justice in Islam''</ref> Qutb described military [[jihad]] as defensive, Islam's campaign to protect itself,<ref>Berman, ''Terror and Liberalism'' (2003), p. 98</ref> while later he believed [[jihad]] must be offensive.<ref>Stahl, A.E. "‘Offensive Jihad' in Sayyid Qutb's Ideology." International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. 24/03/2011.</ref>
 
On the issue of Islamic governance, Qutb differed with many modernist and reformist Muslims who claimed democracy was Islamic because the Quranic institution of ''[[Shura]]'' supported elections and democracy. Qutb pointed out that the Shura chapter of the Qur'an was revealed during the Mekkan period, and therefore, it does not deal with the problem of government. It makes no reference to elections and calls only for the ruler to consult some of the ruled, as a particular case of the general rule of ''[[Shura]].''<ref>Sivan, ''Radical Islam'', 1985, p. 73</ref>
 
Qutb also opposed the then popular ideology of [[Arab nationalism]], having become disillusioned with the [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|1952 Nasser Revolution]] after having been exposed to the regime's practices of arbitrary arrest, torture, and deadly violence during his imprisonment.
 
===View on harmony of man===
Qutb felt strongly that the world was meant to serve man if understood properly. He wrote:
 
"Islam teaches that God created the physical world and all its forces for man's own use and benefit. Man is specifically taught and directed to study the world around him, discover its potential and utilize all his environment for his own good and the good of his fellow humans. Any harm that man suffers at the hands of nature is a result only of his ignorance or lack of understanding of it and of the laws governing it. The more man learns about nature, the more peaceful and harmonious his relationship with nature and the environment. Hence, the notion of "conquering nature" can readily be seen as cynical and negative. Its is alien to Islamic perceptions and betrays a shameless ignorance of the spirit in which the world has been created and the divine wisdom that underlies it."<ref>In the Shade of the Qur'an, Vol. 1, p. 6</ref>
 
===Jahiliyyah versus freedom===
This exposure to [[abuse of power]] undoubtedly contributed to the ideas in his famous prison-written Islamic manifesto ''[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq]]'' (Milestones), where he advocated a political system the opposite of dictatorship—i.e. one with no government. There Qutb argued:
* Much of the Muslim world approaches the Qur'an as a means to simply acquire culture and information, to participate in academic discussions and enjoyment. This evades the real purpose, for rather, it should be approached as a means to change society, to remove man from the enslavement of other men to the servitude of God.<ref>['Milestones'], Ch. 1, p. 7</ref>
* Rather than support rule by a pious few, (whether a dictator(s) or democratically elected<ref>"assemblies of men which have absolute power to legislate laws" is un-Islamic as well (''Milestones,'' p. 82)</ref>), Muslims should resist ''any'' system where men are in "servitude to other men"—i.e. obey other men—as un-Islamic and a violation of God's sovereignty (''Hakamiyya'') over all of creation. A truly Islamic polity would have no rulers—not even have theocratic ones—since Muslims would need neither judges nor police to obey divine law.<ref>[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq#Freedom|Freedom in Milestones]]</ref><ref>Qutb, ''Milestones'', pp. 85, 32</ref> It was what one observer has called "a kind of anarcho-Islam."<ref name="Irwin"/>
* The way to bring about this freedom was for a revolutionary vanguard.<ref>Though Qutb's program for a vanguard to lead a revolutionary bears some resemblance to [[Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin's]] Communist Party, he was strongly opposed to all Western ideologies, Communism included.</ref> to fight ''[[jahiliyyah]]'' with a twofold approach: preaching, and abolishing the organizations and authorities of the ''Jahili'' system by "physical power and [[Jihad]]."
*The vanguard movement would grow with [[Dawah|preaching]] and [[jihad]] until it formed a truly Islamic community, then spread throughout the Islamic homeland and finally throughout the entire world, attaining leadership of humanity. While those who had been "defeated by the attacks of the treacherous Orientalists!" might define jihad "narrowly" as defensive, Islamically correct Jihad (according to Qutb) was in fact offensive, not defensive.<ref>Qutb, ''Milestones,'' (2003) pp. 63, .69</ref>
 
Qutb emphasized this struggle would be anything but easy. True Islam would transform every aspect of society, eliminating everything non-Muslim.<ref>''Milestones'', pp. 130, 134</ref> True Muslims could look forward to lives of "poverty, difficulty, frustration, torment and sacrifice." ''Jahili'' ersatz-Muslims, Jews and Westerners would all fight and conspire against Islam and the elimination of ''jahiliyyah.''
 
==Criticisms==
Though greatly admired by many in the Muslim world,<ref>[http://web.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/freshlook.htm major architects and "strategists" of contemporary Islamic revival]</ref><ref>[http://web.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/remember.htm an Islamic intellectual and leader of rare insight and integrity]</ref> Qutb also has critics. Following the publication of ''Milestones'' and the aborted plot against the Nasser government, mainstream Muslims took issue with Qutb's contention that "physical power" and jihad had to be used to overthrow governments, and attack societies, "institutions and traditions" of the Muslim—but according to Qutb ''jahili''—world.<ref name="Qutbism#Takfir">[[Qutbism#Takfir]]</ref> The ulema of [[Al-Azhar University]] school took the unusual step following his death of putting Sayyid Qutb on their index of heresy, declaring him a "deviant" (''munharif'').<ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', 1986, p. 58</ref>
 
Reformist Muslims, on the other hand, questioned his understanding of ''[[sharia]],'' i.e. that it is not only perfect and complete, but completely accessible to people and thus the solution to any of their problems.<ref>[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq#Sharia]]</ref><ref>Abou El Fadl, ''The Great Theft'' (2005), p.1982</ref> Also criticized is his dismissal of not only all non-Muslim culture, but many centuries of Muslim learning, culture and beauty following the first four caliphs as un-Islamic and thus worthless.<ref>Meddeb, ''Malady of Islam'' (2003), p. 104</ref>
 
Conservative criticism went further, condemning Qutb's Islamist/reformist ideas—such as social justice and redistributive economics,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070223214453/http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-51.htm REFORMER SAYYID QUTB EXPOSES HIS SOCIALISTIC IDEAS]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070223214505/http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-52.htm REFORMER SAYYID QUTB ADVISES THAT GOVERNMENT SHOULD CONFISCATE INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20070224043106/http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam/ref-50.htm REFORMER SAYYID QUTB INTERPRETS THE ZAKAT OF ISLAM ERRENOUSLY]</ref> banning of slavery,—as "western" and ''[[bid'ah]]'' or innovative (innovations to Islam being forbidden ipso facto). They have accused Qutb of amateur scholarship, overuse of ''[[ijtihad]]'', innovation in ''[[Ijma]]'' (which Qutb felt should not be limited to scholars, but should be conducted by all Muslims<ref>Moussalli, Ahmad S., ''Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb'' by Ahmad S. Moussalli, American University of Beirut, 1992 p. 223</ref>), declaring unlawful what Allah has made lawful,<ref>Cassette: "Sharh Kitaab Masaa’il ul-Jaahiliyyah", 2nd cassette, 2nd side.</ref><ref>Baraa’ah Ulamaa il-Ummah of Isaam bin Sinaanee (a compilation of the sayings of the scholars on the deviations of Sayyid Qutb)</ref> assorted mistakes in ''aqeedah'' (belief) and ''manhaj'' (methodology).<ref>Abdullaah ad-Dawaish, 'al-Mawrid az-Zalaal fit -Tanbeeh alaa Akhtaa az-Zilaal'</ref>
 
==Legacy==
Alongside notable Islamists like [[Mawdudi|Maulana Mawdudi]], [[Hasan al-Banna]], and [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], Qutb is considered one of the most influential Muslim thinkers or activists of the modern era, not only for his ideas but for what some{{who|date=May 2011}} consider his heroic martyr's death.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Sivan, Emmanuel, ''Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics'', Yale University, 1985</ref><ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22acquired+the+status+of+shahid%22&btnG=&safe=active Muslim extremism in Egypt: the prophet and pharaoh - Page 59] " .... The iniquitous prince, who had usurped God's sovereignty and made himself the object of worship of his subjects, had the Islamicist theoretician hanged on 29 August 1966. Sazyyid Qutb thereby acquired the status of shahid, or martyr, in the eyes of his admirers."</ref> According to authors [[Daniel Benjamin]] and Steven Simon, "it was Sayyid Qutb who fused together the core elements of modern [[Islamism]]: the [[Kharij]]ites' [[takfir]], [[ibn Taymiyya]]'s [[fatwa]]s and policy prescriptions, [[Rashid Rida]]'s [[salafism]], [[Abul Ala Maududi|Maududi]]'s concept of the contemporary [[jahiliyya]] and [[Hassan al-Banna]]'s political activism." <ref>''The Age of Sacred Terror'' by Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, p.62</ref>
 
His written works are still widely available and have been translated into many Western languages. Qutb's best known<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22acquired+the+status+of+shahid%22&btnG=&safe=active#ds=bo&pq=%22acquired%20the%20status%20of%20shahid%22&hl=en&cp=28&gs_id=3d&xhr=t&q=qutb+%22best+known%22+milestones&qe=cXV0YiAiYmVzdCBrbm93biIgbWlsZXN0b25lcw&qesig=RBg_7XBJplHEwq8Vnn-Z0g&pkc=AFgZ2tkhCqesDKUvbewMjVQD5gbl7NjjjiBrav00kWqUYoG3NZdyqeq5HhP1MGuVKtMa5Uz89a-lXRdxQRgxn85C7OZBLCQ93Q&pf=p&sclient=psy&safe=active&tbo=1&tbm=bks&source=hp&pbx=1&oq=qutb+%22best+known%22+milestones&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=a4698f2327c7e383&biw=1280&bih=581 google book search of 'qutb "best known" milestones'] 61 hits</ref> work is ''[[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq]]'' (''Milestones''), but the majority of Qutb's theory can be found in his Qur'anic commentary ''[[Fi zilal al-Qur'an]]'' (''In the Shade of the Quran''). This 30-volume work is noteworthy for its innovative method of interpretation, borrowing heavily from the literary analysis of [[Amin al-Khuli]], while retaining some structural features of classical commentaries (for example, the practice of progressing from the first [[sura]] to the last).{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}
 
The influence of his work extends to issues such as [[Westernization]], [[modernization]], and political reform and the theory of inevitable ideological conflict between "Islam and the West" (see [[Clash of civilizations]]), the notion of a [[International|transnational]] umma, and the comprehensive application of [[jihad]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}
 
Qutb's theoretical work on Islamic advocacy, [[social justice]] and education, has left a significant mark on the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] (at least outside of Egypt).{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
 
===Al Qaeda and Islamic Jihad===
Qutb had influence on Islamic insurgent/terror groups in Egypt<ref name="Qutbism#Takfir"/> and elsewhere. His influence on [[Al Qaeda]] was felt through his writing, his followers and especially through his brother, [[Muhammad Qutb]], who moved to [[Saudi Arabia]] following his release from prison in Egypt and became a [[professor]] of [[Islamic Studies]] and edited, published and promoted his brother Sayyid's work.<ref>Kepel, ''War for Muslim Minds,'' (2004) pp. 174–75</ref><ref>Kepel, ''Jihad'', (2002), p. 51</ref>
 
One of Muhammad Qutb's students and later an ardent follower was [[Ayman Zawahiri]], who went on to become a member of the [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]]<ref>Sageman, Marc, ''Understanding Terror Networks,'' University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 63</ref> and later a mentor of [[Osama bin Laden]] and a leading member of al-Qaeda.<ref>[http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html How Did Sayyid Qutb Influence Osama bin Laden?]</ref> Zawahiri was first introduced to Qutb by his uncle and maternal family patriarch, Mafouz Azzam, who was very close to Qutb throughout his life. Azzam was Qutb's student, then protégé, then personal lawyer and executor of his estate — one of the last people to see Qutb before his execution. According to [[Lawrence Wright]], who interviewed Azzam, "young Ayman al-Zawahiri heard again and again from his beloved uncle Mahfouz about the purity of Qutb's character and the torment he had endured in prison."<ref>Wright, ''Looming Tower'', 2006, p. 36</ref> Zawahiri paid homage to Qutb in his work ''Knights under the Prophet's Banner.''<ref>[http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_24 Sayyid Qutb's Milestones (footnote 24)]</ref>
 
[[Berkas:Anwar al-Awlaki sitting on couch, lightened.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Anwar al-Awlaki]]]]
[[Osama bin Laden]] was also acquainted with Sayyid's brother, [[Muhammad Qutb]]. A close college friend of bin Laden's, [[Mohammed Jamal Khalifa]], told Wright, that bin Laden regularly attended weekly public lectures by [[Muhammad Qutb]], at [[King Abdulaziz University]], and that he and bin Laden both "read Sayyid Qutb. He was the one who most affected our generation."<ref>Wright, ''Looming Tower'', 2006, p. 79</ref>
 
While imprisoned in Yemen, [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] became influenced by the works of Qutb.<ref name="NYT: path to terror">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp|title=Imam’s Path From Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad|author=Scott Shane, Souad Mekhennet, and Robert F. Worth|date=May 8, 2010|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=May 13, 2010}}</ref> He would read 150–200 pages a day of Qutb's works, describing himself during the course of his reading as "so immersed with the author I would feel Sayyid was with me in my cell speaking to me directly.”<ref name="NYT: path to terror" />
 
On the other hand, associate professor of history at [[Creighton University]], John Calvert, states that "the [[Al Qaeda]] threat" has "monopolized and distorted our understanding" of Qutb's "real contribution to contemporary Islamism."<ref>
[http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks%3A1&tbo=1&q=Qutb%27s+%22real+contribution+to+contemporary+Islamism.%22+&btnG=Search+Books&safe=active Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism] By John Calvert</ref>
 
==Karya==
'''Literatur:'''
* ''Mahammat al-Sha'ir fi'l-Hayah wa Shi'r al-Jil al-Hadir'' (The Task of the Poet in Life and the Poetry of the Contemporary Generation), 1933
Baris 188 ⟶ 48:
* ''Khasais al-Tasawwur al-Islami wa Muqawamatuhu'' (The Characteristics and Values of Islamic Conduct), 1960
* ''Al-Islam wa Mushkilat al-Hadara'' (Islam and the Problems of Civilization), n.d. (after 1954)
* [[Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq|Ma'alim fi'l-Tariq]] (Signposts on the Road, or Milestones), 1964 [http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/MILESTONES.pdf] ([http://www.yvonneridley.org/mediaitem.php?id=1 Reviewed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704030618/http://www.yvonneridley.org/mediaitem.php?id=1 |date=2007-07-04 }} by [[Yvonne Ridley]])
* Basic Principles of Islamic Worldview
* The Islamic Concept and Its Characteristics
* Islam and universal peace
 
== Lihat pula ==
 
* [[Fi zilal al-Qur'an]]
* [[Teokrasi]]
* [[Islam dan antisemitisme]]
* [[TaqiuddinTaqiyyuddin al-Nabhanian nabhani]]
 
== Referensi ==
 
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
===Bibliografi Daftar pustaka ===
 
* {{cite book|last=Syukur|first=Yanuardi|date=2017|year=|url=|title=Menulis di Jalan Tuhan|location=Sleman|publisher=Deepublish|isbn=978-602-401-711-8|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Syukur|2017}}|url-status=live}}
 
=== Bibliografi ===
 
* Valentine, Simon Ross, Sayyid Qutb: Terrorism & the Origins of Militant Islam", American Chronicle, December 2008.
* From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism – Adnan A. Musallam
Baris 209 ⟶ 77:
* The Political Theory of Sayyid Qutb: A Genealogy of Discourse (2004)- Mohamed Soffar
* Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb – Ahmad S. Moussalli
* {{cite book|author=Abou El Fadl, Khalid| title=The Great Theft| url=https://archive.org/details/greattheftwrestl00abou|publisher=Harper San Francisco|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|author=Berman, Paul|title=Terror and Liberalism| url=https://archive.org/details/terrorliberalism00berm|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=2003}}
* {{cite book|author=Burke, Jason|title=Al Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam|publisher=Penguin| year=2004}}
* Calvert, John (2000), "`The World is an Undutiful Boy!`: Sayyid Qutb's American Experience," ''Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations'', Vol. II, No.1, pp.&nbsp;87–103:98.
* {{cite book|author=Calvert, John| title=Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism| publisher=Hurst & Co / Columbia University Press|year=2010}}
* Curtis, Adam (2005). ''[[The Power of Nightmares]]: The Rise of the Politics of Fear''. [[BBC]].
* {{cite book|author=Damir-Geilsdorf, Sabine|title=Der islamische Wegbereiter Sayyid Qutb und seine Rezeption|publisher=Würzburg|year=2003}}
* {{cite book|author=Haddad, Yvonne Y.|year=1983|title=Voices of the Islamic Revolution|chapter=Sayyid Qutb: ideologue of Islamic revival|editor=Esposito, J.}}
* {{cite book|author=Kepel, Gilles|title=The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt|translator=Jon Rothschild|publisher=[[Saqi Books|Al Saqi]]|year=1985|isbn=0-86356-118-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Kepel, Gilles|title=The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West |url=https://archive.org/details/warformuslimmind00kepe|translator=Pascale Ghazaleh|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-674-01575-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Kepel, Gilles|title=Jihad: the trail of political Islam|translator=Anthony F. Roberts|publisher=Al Saqi|year=2002|isbn=0-674-00877-4}}
* March, Andrew F. (2010) "Taking People as They Are: Islam as a 'Realistic Utopia' in the Political Theory of Sayyid Qutb," ''American Political Science Review'', Vol. 104, No. 1.
* {{cite book|author=Meddeb, Abelwahab|title=The Malady of Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/maladyofislam0000medd|translators=Pierre Joris and Ann Reid|publisher=Basic Books|year=2003|isbn=0-465-04435-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Moussalli, Ahmad S.|title=Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb''|publisher=American University of Beirut|year=1992}}
* {{cite book|author=Soffar, Mohamed (2004) The Political Theory of Sayyid Qutb: A Genealogy of Discourse''|publisher=Berlin: Verlag Dr. Koester, 1st ed.}}
* {{cite book|author=Qutb, Sayyid|title=Milestones|url=https://archive.org/details/milestones0000qutb|publisher=Kazi Publications|year=2003|isbn=1-56744-494-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Qutb, Sayyid|title=A Child From the Village|publisher=Syracuse University Press|editor=J. Calvert & W. Shepard|translator=Calvert, John; Shepard, William|year=2003|isbn=0-8156-0805-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Qutb, Sayyid|title=Social justice in Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/socialjusticeini00qutb|publisher=Islamic Publications International|introduction=Hamid Algar|translator=John B. Hardie; revised by Hamid Algar|year=2000|isbn=1-889999-11-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Shepard, William E.|title=Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism. A Translation and Critical Analysis of "Social Justice in Islam"|publisher=Leiden|year=1996}}
* {{cite book|author=Sivan, Emmanuel|title=Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislammedi0000siva_q0r9|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1985}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Lawrence Wright|Wright, Lawrence]]|title=[[The Looming Tower]]: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11|publisher=Knopf|year=2006|isbn=978-0-375-41486-2}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [[Ahmed Bouzid]], [http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/public/etd-3398-184043/materials/Final.pdf ''Man, Society, And Knowledge In The Islamist Discourse Of Sayyid Qutb''] ''Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University'' (April, 1998)
* [[Martin Amis]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/sep/10/september11.politicsphilosophyandsociety ''The Age of Horrorism''] ''The Observer'' (September 10, 2006)
* [[Paul Berman]], [httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20031005151059/http://members.cox.net/slsturgi3/PhilosopherOfIslamicTerror.htm The Philosopher of Islamic Terror] ''New York Times Magazine'' (March 23, 2003).
* Robert Irwin, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,584478,00.html Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?] ''The Guardian'' (November 1, 2001).
* Daniel Brogan, [http://www.5280.com/issues/2003/0306/feature.php?pageID=269 Al Qaeda’s Greeley Roots] ''5280 Magazine'' (June 2003).
* Sayyid Qutb, ''[http://web.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/hold/index_2.htm Milestones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813111858/http://web.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/books/milestones/hold/index_2.htm |date=2010-08-13 }}''.
* [http://www.islamistwatch.org/texts/qutb/Milestones/ ''Milestones'' (alternate translation)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603183745/http://www.islamistwatch.org/texts/qutb/Milestones/ |date=2007-06-03 }}
* [http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html ''Sayyid Qtub's Milestones'']
* Sayyid Qutb, ''[http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/tafsir/syed_qutb/ In the Shade of the Qur'an] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220161840/http://www.youngmuslims.ca/online_library/tafsir/syed_qutb/ |date=2005-12-20 }}''. Source 1 ''[http://www.kalamullah.com/shade-of-the-quran.html In the Shade of the Qur'an]''. Source 2
Sayyid Qetb ''[httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20010802081801/http://www.geocities.com/abyassin/Qutb1.html/ This Religion of Islam]{{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=AnomieBOT}}''.
* Hisham Sabrin, [http://www.disinfo.com/2010/01/qutb-between-terror-and-tragedy/ Qutb: Between Terror and Tragedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122043249/http://www.disinfo.com/2010/01/qutb-between-terror-and-tragedy/ |date=2010-01-22 }} ''Disinformation.com'' (January 21, 2010)
* David Von Drehle, [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/presence-feb06.html A Lesson In Hate] {{Webarchive|url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20090419041809/http%3A//www.smithsonianmag.com/history%2Darchaeology/presence%2Dfeb06.html |date=2009-04-19 }} ''Smithsonian Magazine''
* [http://patrickpoole.blogspot.com/2005/10/alexis-carrel-and-sayyid-qutb.html Alexis Carrel and Sayyid Qutb]
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1131544 Religion scholar Karen Armstrong discusses Sayyid Qutb] from [[NPR]]´s ''Fresh Air from WHYY'' (October 17, 2001).
* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1253796 Sayyid Qutb's America] from [[NPR]]'s ''All Things Considered'' (May 6, 2003).
* [http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Religion_Reformers_in_Islam Religion Reformers In Islam]
* [http://pages.prodigy.net/thomasn528/blog/2003_08_17_newsarcv.html#106125889084239517 Sayyid Qutb's French connection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030825031001/http://pages.prodigy.net/thomasn528/blog/2003_08_17_newsarcv.html#106125889084239517 |date=2003-08-25 }}
* [http://www.muslimedia.com/archives/features99/qutb.htm Remembering Sayyid Qutb, an Islamic intellectual and leader of rare insight and integrity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713230602/http://www.muslimedia.com/archives/features99/qutb.htm |date=2007-07-13 }}
* [http://www.almizaanpubs.com/sayyid_qutb.html Major scholars on Sayyid Qutb]
* [http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcf.ydjiw6dc17raw.html Biography and Activities of Sayyid Qutb]
 
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{{Persondata
|NAME=Qutb, Sayyid
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=سيد قطب (Arabic)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Egyptian theorist and Islamist
|DATE OF BIRTH=October 9, 1906
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Musha, Egypt|Musha]], [[Egypt]]
|DATE OF DEATH=29 August 1966
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qutb, Sayyid}}
[[Kategori:Tokoh Mesir]]
 
{{Link GA|no}}
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb"