Sergey Syrtsov (politikus): Perbedaan antara revisi

| caption = Syrtsov insaat 1929

| order = [[ListDaftar ofPerdana PremiersMenteri ofRSFS the Russian SFSRRusia|ChairmanKetua]] of thedari [[GovernmentPemerintah ofRepublik theSosialis RussianFederasi Soviet Federative Socialist RepublicRusia|Council ofDewan People'sKomisaris CommissarsRakyat]] of thedari [[RussianRepublik SovietSosialis FederativeFederasi SocialistSoviet RepublicRusia|RussianRSFS SFSRRusia]]

| term_start = 18 MayMei 1929

| office2 = CandidateCalon member of theanggota [[16thPolitbiro PolitburoPartai ofKomunis the Communist Party of theUni Soviet Unionke-16|16thPolitbiro ke-16]] [[PolitburoPolitbiro ofKomite theSentral CentralPartai CommitteeKomunis of the Communist Party of theUni Soviet Union|PolitburoPolitbiro]]

| term_start2 = 21 JuneJuni 1929

| term_end2 = 1 DecemberDesember 1930

| birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|17 JulyJuli|1893|5 JulyJuli}}

| birth_place = [[Synelnykove Raion|Slavgorod]], [[YekaterinoslavKegubernuran GovernorateYekaterinoslav]], [[RussianKekaisaran EmpireRusia]]

| death_place = [[MoscowMoskow]], [[RussianRepublik SovietSosialis FederativeFederasi SocialistSoviet RepublicRusia|RussianRSFS SFSRRusia]], [[SovietUni UnionSoviet]]

| nationality = [[SovietRakyat peopleSoviet|Soviet]]

| party = [[CommunistPartai PartyKomunis of theUni Soviet Union|RSDLP (BolsheviksBolshevik)]] (1913–1918) <br/>[[CommunistPartai PartyKomunis of theUni Soviet Union|RussianPartai CommunistKomunis PartyRusia]] (1918–1930)

| death_cause = [[ExecutionEksekusi byoleh firingregu squadtembak]]

==BiographyBiografi==

===EarlyTahun-tahun yearsawal===

Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov waslahir born indi [[Synelnykove Raion|Slavgorod]], [[Kegubernuran Yekaterinoslav|Guberniia Governorate|Ekaterinoslav guberniia]], [[ImperialKekaisaran RussiaRusia]] (nowsekarang partbagian ofdari [[UkraineUkraina]]) onpada tanggal 17 JulyJuli 1895 (5 JulyJuli <small>Old Style</small>)hingga tokeluarga akelas middle-classmenengah familydari ofekstraksi ethnicetnis [[RussiansRusia|RussianRusia]] extraction.<ref name=Fitz>Sheila Fitzpatrick, ''On Stalin's Team: The Years of Living Dangerously in Soviet Politics.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015; p. 328,</ref> Ayah Syrtsov's father, Ivan Syrtsov, was aadalah minorseorang localpegawai governmentpemerintah employeesetempat.<ref name=Hughes552>James Hughes, "Patrimonialism and the Stalinist System: The Case of S.I. Syrtsov," ''Europe-Asia Studies,'' vol. 48, no. 4 (June 1996), pp. 552.</ref>

Syrtsov attendedkuliah universitydi inuniversitas di [[St. Petersburg]] atdi [[Universitas Politeknik Peter theyang GreatAgung St. Petersburg Polytechnic University|SaintUniversitas PetersburgPoliteknik StateNegeri PolytechnicalSaint UniversityPetersburg]] wheredi mana ia hemenjadi becameaktif politicallysecara activepolitik, jointingbergabung thedengan [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik|Partai PartyBolshevik]] inpada tahun 1913.<ref name=Fitz />Pada Intahun 1916 forkarena hisaktivitas politicalpolitiknya activitiesbertabrakan ran afoul of thedengan [[Okhrana]] (secretpolisi policerahasia) anddan Syrtsov was arrestedditangkap, expelleddikeluarkan fromdari schoolsekolah, anddan sentdikirim intoke pengasingan internal exile in the regiondi ofwilayah [[Verkolensk]] indi [[Irkutsk]], easternsebelah timur Siberia.<ref>Hughes, "Patrimonialism and the Stalinist System," pp. 552–553.</ref> HeIa wasdibebaskan releaseddari frompengasingan exile following thesetelah [[FebruaryRevolusi RevolutionFebruari]] oftahun 1917, which was marked byyang aditandai releasedengan ofpembebasan politicaltahanan prisonerspolitik.<ref name=Hughes553>Hughes, "Patrimonialism and the Stalinist System," p. 553.</ref>

Syrtsov wasadalah anpeserta activeaktif participant in thedalam [[OctoberRevolusi RevolutionOktober]] indi whichmana thekaum BolsheviksBolshevik overthrew themenggulingkan [[RussianPemerintahan ProvisionalSementara GovernmentRusia]] ofdari [[Alexander Kerensky]], headingmengepalai theKomite localRevolusi MilitaryMiliter Revolutionarylokal Committeedi in the city ofkota [[Rostov-on- Don]] during theselama revoltpemberontakan.<ref name=Hughes553 />

===ProvincialPemimpin Bolshevik leaderProvinsi===

AtPada the time of themasa [[OctoberRevolusi RevolutionOktober|BolshevikRevolusi RevolutionBolshevik]] inpada bulan November 1917, Syrtsov wasbermarkas based indi [[Rostov-on-Don]]. AsSebagai aanggota memberkomite ofrevolusioner themiliter regional military revolutionary committee, heia ledmemimpin aekspedisi punitivehukuman expedition againstterhadap [[Don CossacksCossack]] whoyang opposedmenentang the BolsheviksBolshevik. InPada Marchbulan Maret 1918, heia wasdiangkat appointedsebagai deputywakil chairmanketua ofDewan theKomisaris CouncilRakyat ofRepublik People'sDon CommissarsSoviet ofyang theberumur short-lived Don Soviet Republicpendek. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Zalessky |first1=K.A. |title=Сырцов Сергей Иванович 1893–1937 Биографический Указатель |website=Khronos }}</ref> HeIa wasditunjuk appointedmenjadi toanggota thekomite committeeyang inbertanggung chargejawab ofatas "[[Decossackization]]" of thewilayah Don regionpada inbulan DecemberDesember 1918 anddan participatedberpartisipasi indalam activityaktivitas tountuk breakmemecah uppemukiman the rural settlements of thepedesaan [[Don CossacksCossack]] duekarena topermusuhan theirmereka hostilityterhadap to therezim Bolshevik regime.<ref name=Hughes553 /> During theSelama [[RussianPerang CivilSaudara WarRusia]], heia servedmenjabat as asebagai [[politicalkomisaris commissarpolitik]] indi theAngkatan 12thDarat Army of theke-12 [[RedTentara ArmyMerah]], fromdari tahun 1918 tohingga 1919.<ref name=Fitz /><ref name=Hughes553 /> HeDia wasterluka woundedselama duringpertempuran thedan fighting and awarded thedianugerahi [[Order of the Red Banner]].<ref name=Hughes553 /> InPada tahun 1920, heia wasdiangkat appointedmenjadi secretarysekretaris ofkomite thepartai provinsi [[Oblast Odesa Oblast|Odesa]] provincial party committee.

InPada the years immediately aftertahun-tahun thesetelah revolutionrevolusi, Syrtsov tookmengambil positionsposisi whichyang placedmenempatkan himselfdirinya ondi thesayap leftkiri wing of thePartai Bolshevik Party, includingtermasuk opposition to themenentang [[Perjanjian Brest-Litovsk Treaty]] inpada Marchbulan Maret 1918.<ref name=Hughes553 /> HeIa wasmenjadi adelegasi delegate to thepada [[10thKongres Congresske-10 ofPartai theKomunis Russian Communist PartyRusia (BolsheviksBolshevik)|10thKongres Congress of theke-10 RKP(b)]] inpada Marchbulan Maret 1921, wheredi mana heia backedmendukung [[Leon Trotsky]], againstmelawan [[V. I. Lenin|Lenin]] indalam theperselisihan disputemengenai overperan theserikat role of the trade unionspekerja. HeDia alsojuga participatedberpartisipasi alongbersama withdengan otherdelegasi delegateslain todalam thepertemuan gatheringtersebut indalam crushing themenumpas [[Pemberontakan Kronstadt Rebellion]].<ref name=Hughes553 /> ThisPengalaman experienceini movedmenggerakkan Syrtsov inke aarah moreyang moderatelebih directionmoderat economicallysecara ekonomi, and he became andan earlyia andmenjadi vocalpendukung supporterawal ofdan thevokal [[NewKebijakan EconomicEkonomi PolicyBaru]] (NEP) advancedyang bydikemukakan oleh Lenin overatas radicaloposisi oppositionradikal fromdari withinkalangan Bolshevik ranks.<ref name=Hughes553 /> After theSetelah CongressKongres, Lenin intervenedmelakukan tointervensi secureuntuk Syrtsov'smengamankan appointmentpenunjukan asSyrtsov headsebagai ofketua thesekretaris secretarypartai ofkomunis thedi communist party in thewilayah Donbas region, againstmelawan oppositiontentangan fromdari leaderspara ofpemimpin thepartai UkrainianUkraina partykarena because ofdukungan Syrtsov's previous supportsebelumnya, whichyang heia promisedjanjikan toakan renounceditinggalkan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lenin |first1=V.I. |title=Collected Works Vol 45 |date=1976 |publisher=Progress Publishers |location=Moscow |page=111 |url=http://www.marx2mao.com/PDFs/Lenin%20CW-Vol.%2045.pdf |access-date=26 January 2023}}</ref>

===NationalPejabat partypartai functionarynasional===

InPada tahun 1921 Syrtsov wasdipindahkan movedke toMoskow Moscowuntuk tobekerja workdi inbirokrasi thenegara expandingyang statesedang bureaucracyberkembang.<ref name=Hughes553 /> HeIa wasdiangkat mademenjadi headkepala ofBagian thePencatatan Communistdan Party'sPenugasan RecordsPartai and Assignments SectionKomunis (Uchraspred) inpada JulyJuli 1921, ansebuah institutionlembaga whichyang wasdidedikasikan dedicateduntuk totugas thememelihara taskarsip ofpersonel maintaining party personnel filespartai.<ref name=Hughes553 /> Syrtsov establishedmembuat asistem systempengumpulan ofcatatan accumulatingindividu individualpada recordskartu onarsip filedan cardsmemainkan andperan playedpenting adalam key role in the establishment of thepembentukan ''[[nomenklatura]]'' system of appointmentsistem ofpengangkatan trustedpejabat officialsyang todipercaya lowpada leveljabatan officerendah byoleh centralpemerintah authoritypusat.<ref name=Hughes554>Hughes, "Patrimonialism and the Stalinist System," p. 554.</ref>

FollowingSetelah the appointment ofpenunjukan [[Joseph Stalin]] assebagai [[GeneralSekretaris SecretaryJenderal]] inpada bulan April 1922, pekerjaan Uchraspred's workdiawasi wasdengan carefullycermat supervisedoleh bySekretariat Stalin's Secretariatdan andhubungan akerja closeyang workingerat relationship betweenantara Syrtsov anddan Stalin was developed fordikembangkan theuntuk firstpertama timekalinya.<ref name=Hughes554 /> Syrtsov attendedmenghadiri meetingspertemuan ofBiro theOrganisasi party'spartai Organization(yang Bureaudianggap (regardedsebagai asbenteng thepertumbuhan bulwarkkekuatan offaksi Stalin's growing factional strength) anddan participatedberpartisipasi withbersama Stalin indalam thepenunjukan appointmentpersonel of key personnelkunci.<ref name=Hughes554 /> The shared agenda of the twoAgenda inbersama thiskeduanya periodpada wasperiode emphasizedini byditekankan theoleh factfakta thatbahwa Stalin anddan Syrtsov sharedberbagi adjoiningkantor officesyang inbersebelahan thedi [[Kremlin]].<ref name=Hughes554 />

Syrtsov wasdipindahkan movedpada intahun 1924 toke theposisi positionkepala ofdepartemen chiefAgitasi ofdan thePropaganda Central Committee's Agitation and PropagandaKomite departmentSentral, laterkemudian becomingmenjadi a member of theanggota Presidium of the [[CommunistAkademi AcademyKomunis]] anddan editor ofmajalah theKomite Sentral VKP(b) Central Committee's magazine, ''CommunistRevolusi Revolution.Komunis''.<ref name=Pankov>S.A. Pankov, [http://irkipedia.ru/content/syrcov_sergey_ivanovich_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009 "Sergei Ivanovich Syrtsov,"] ''Историческая энциклопедия Сибири'' (Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia), 2009.</ref>

Syrtsov becamemenjadi thesekretaris firstpertama secretaryorganisasi ofKomunis thedi Communistdistrik organization in the Urals district ofUral [[Siberia]] inpada tahun 1926, remainingdan intetap pada posisi thattersebut positionhingga untiltahun 1929.<ref name=Avt15>Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, ''Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party: A Study in the Technology of Power.'' New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959; p. 15.</ref> DuringSelama thekrisis graingandum crisispada oftahun 1927–28, Stalin traveledmelakukan toperjalanan theke regionwilayah intersebut pada tahun 1928 tountuk spurmemacu laggingketerlambatan grainpengiriman deliveriesgandum toke statelembaga procurementpengadaan agenciesnegara.<ref name=Avt18>Avtorkhanov, ''Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party,'' p. 18.</ref> Syrtsov wasterbukti foundmenjadi tosekutu beefektif anMoskow effectivedalam allymelakukan ofpemaksaan Moscowterhadap inkaum thetani exertiondalam ofapa coercionyang againstkemudian thedikenal peasantry in what came to be known as thesebagai [[metode Ural-Siberian methodSiberia]] of grainpengadaan procurementgandum, whichyang wasdidasarkan basedpada uponpenggunaan use of ArticlePasal 107 of the [[Criminal Code of theKUHP RSFSR]] indalam chargingmendakwa peasantspetani assebagai "speculatorsaspekulansa" forkarena refusingmenolak tomenjual sellgandum grainkepada tootoritas statenegara authoritiesmeskipun despite theharga inadequatepembelian purchaseyang pricesditawarkan beingtidak offeredmemadai.

InSetelah theapa aftermathyang ofdisebut the"tindakan so-calledluar biasa"extraordinary measures"yang employeddilakukan thepada 1928pengadaan grainbiji-bijian procurementtahun Syrtsov1928, wasSyrtsov asecara consistentkonsisten supportermendukung ofusulan Stalin's proposal foruntuk "kolektivisasi total collectivization" and thedan "liquidation oflikuidasi [[kulak]]s assebagai asebuah classkelas" in thedi SiberianKomite Oblast Committee of theSiberia VKP(b) assebagai asolusi long-termjangka solutionpanjang toterhadap themasalah problempengumpulan ofgabah inadequatenegara stateyang graintidak collectionsmemadai.<ref name=Avt15 /> Kesetiaan Syrtsov's loyaltypada on the question ofmasalah [[collectivizationkolektivisasi of agriculturepertanian]] wasmembuahkan hasil rewardedpada intahun 1929 whenketika heia wasdikembalikan returned fromdari [[Novosibirsk]] toke [[MoscowMoskow]] tountuk assumemengambil alih [[List of heads ofDaftar governmentkepala ofpemerintahan RussiaRusia|chairmanshipketua]] of the [[GovernmentPemerintah ofRepublik theSosialis RussianFederasi Soviet Federative Socialist RepublicRusia|CouncilDewan ofKomisaris People's CommissarsRakyat]] of thedari [[RussianRepublik SovietSosialis FederativeFederasi SocialistSoviet RepublicRusia|RussianSFSR SFSRRusia]]<ref name=Avt18 /> Syrtsov replacedmenggantikan collectivizationpenentang opponentkolektivisasi [[Alexey Rykov]] indalam thisposisi positionini, anddan seemstampaknya totelah haveditunjuk beenuntuk tapped to ultimately replacingmenggantikan Rykov assebagai ChairmanKetua ofDewan theKomisaris Council of People's CommissarsRakyat (CPC) of the entireseluruh nationnegara.<ref name=Avt189>Avtorkhanov, ''Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party,'' p. 189.</ref>

InSehubungan connectiondengan withlangkah the movetersebut, Syrtsov wasdiangkat made amenjadi [[candidatecalon memberanggota]] of thedari [[PolitburoPolitbiro]] ofdari thePartai byKomunis nowSeluruh renamedRusia All-Russian(Bolshevik) Communistyang Partysekarang (Bolsheviks)berganti nama menjadi [VKP(b)], asebuah movelangkah whichyang likelykemungkinan emphasizedbesar themenekankan designsdesain ofdari Stalin anddan his associates torekan-rekannya promotemempromosikan Syrtsov assebagai ChairmanKetua ofBPK the All-UnionSeluruh CPCSerikat.<ref name=Avt189 /> Syrtsov therebydengan becamedemikian themenjadi youngestanggota membertermuda ofPolitbiro thebaik Politburodari bothsegi in terms of age andusia durationdan ofdurasi partykeanggotaan membershippartai.<ref name=Avt190>Avtorkhanov, ''Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party,'' p. 190.</ref> HeIa wasjuga alsodiangkat mademenjadi a member of theanggota [[CouncilDewan ofPerburuhan Labordan and DefensePertahanan]] (STO), asebuah keybadan economicperencanaan planningdan anddistribusi distributionekonomi agencyutama, inpada bulan JulyJuli 1929.<ref>R.W. Davies, et al. (eds.), ''Soviet Government Officials, 1922–41: A Handlist.'' Birmingham, England: Center for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, 1989; p. 387.</ref>

===Perselingkuhan Syrtsov-Lominadze Affair oftahun 1930===

{{main|Perselingkuhan Syrtsov-Lominadze Affair}}

Syrtsov'sMasa tenurejabatan asSyrtsov headsebagai ofkepala thepemerintahan RussianRusia governmentterbukti proved to be briefsingkat. The campaignKampanye forkolektivisasi total collectivizationpertanian ofdi agricultureUni inSoviet theterbukti USSRtidak provedberfungsi todengan be dysfunctionally violentbaik, markedditandai bydengan expropriationspengambilalihan, forceddeportasi deportationspaksa, anddan armedpemberontakan revoltbersenjata. TheseEkses-ekses excessesini movedmenggerakkan theSyrtsov decisiveyang andtegas independentlydan mindedberpikiran Syrtsovindependen intomenjadi oppositionoposisi, gatheringmengumpulkan likeindividu-mindedindividu individualsyang inberpikiran thesama upperdi ranksjajaran ofatas theaparat CommunistPartai PartyKomunis apparatusyang characterizedoleh by historiansejarawan James Hughes asdigambarkan ansebagai "amateurishrencana politicalpolitik plotamatir tountuk oustmenggulingkan Stalin" forkarena thekekerasan violencedan andirasionalitas economic irrationalityekonomi.<ref name=Hughes552 /> InDalam thisupaya effortini Syrtsov wasbergabung joineddengan bysesama fellowanggota memberKomite of theSentral VKP(b) Centraldan CommitteeSekretaris andKomite SecretaryPartai ofDistrik the Transcaucasian District Party CommitteeTranskaukasia [[Vissarion Lominadze|Vissarion "Beso" Lominadze]] anddan Centralanggota ControlKomisi CommissionKontrol memberPusat [[Lazar Shatskin]], anseorang importanttokoh figurepenting in thedalam [[Communist InternationalPemuda ofKomunis YouthInternasional]] (KIM).<ref name=Avt191>Avtorkhanov, ''Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party,'' p. 191.</ref>

TheKelompok so-calledyang disebut Syrtsov-Lominadze Groupberencana planneduntuk tomembuat makeproposal theirrestrukturisasi restructuringpada proposalsidang atpleno thegabungan forthcomingKomite jointSentral plenumdan ofKomisi theKontrol CentralPusat Committeeyang andakan Centraldatang, Control Commission,yang scheduleddijadwalkan forpada OctoberOktober 1930.<ref name=Avt191 /> TheKampanye group'skelompok campaigntersebut wasdiungkapkan revealed tokepada Stalin and his groupdan earlykelompoknya inpada theawal organizingproses processpengorganisasian, justtepat aftersetelah itkampanye hadtersebut movedberalih fromdari criticalkomentar commentarykritis indalam alingkungan privatekelompok groupswasta settingke toperedaran the circulation ofliteratur anti-Stalin literaturedan andupaya theuntuk attemptmenarik topejabat attractdari officials from thepemerintahan Soviet governmentaldan andaparat party apparatus topartai. itsuntuk causepenyebabnya.<ref name=Hughes552 />

Srytsov, Lominadze, Shatskin, anddan theirrekan co-thinkerspemikir weremereka expelleddikeluarkan from thedari VKP(b), withdan thesidang plenum of thepleno CC/CCC moveddiundur backke tobulan DecemberDesember.<ref name=Avt191 /> ThisHal markedini themenandai firstpertama timekalinya thatanggota membersdari ofdua thesebadan two leading bodies of thepimpinan VKP(b) were expelled from thetersebut partydikeluarkan withoutdari consentpartai oftanpa thepersetujuan CentralKomite CommitteeSentral itselfsendiri.<ref name=Avt192>Avtorkhanov, ''Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party,'' p. 192.</ref>

Syrtsov wasdigantikan replacedsebagai asKetua ChairmanDewan ofKomisaris the Council of People's Commissars of theRakyat RSFSR byoleh [[Daniil Sulimov]], hispenggantinya successorsebagai assekretaris secretary of the UralsKomite Oblast Committee of theUral VKP(b).<ref name=Avt192 />

===ArrestPenangkapan anddan executioneksekusi===

FollowingSetelah hispengusirannya expulsiondari fromPartai the Communist PartyKomunis, Syrtsov wentterjun intoke economicpekerjaan workekonomi, managing amengelola munitionspabrik plantamunisi.<ref name=Pankov /> InPada antanggal unknownyang datetidak diketahui, hedia joinedbergabung adengan secretkelompok oppositionoposisi grouprahasia withdengan [[Vissarion Lominadze|Lominadze]] as well asserta [[Jan Sten]]. ThisKelompok groupini thenkemudian joinedbergabung adengan largeraliansi conspiratorialkonspirasi allianceyang inlebih besar pada tahun 1932 withdengan [[Leon Trotsky]], zinovievists anddan some unnamedbeberapa [[RightOposisi OppositionKanan|rightistskaum kanan]] yang tidak disebutkan namanya. InDalam asurat letter fromdari [[Lev Sedov|putra Trotsky's son]], theymereka weredisebut referredsebagai to'kelompok as the 'Sten–Lominadze group'. [[Pierre Broué]] wrotemenulis thatbahwa theblok bloctersebut mostkemungkinan likelybesar dissolveddibubarkan inpada earlyawal tahun 1933, becausekarena somebeberapa ofanggotanya itsditangkap membersdan wereKamenev arrestedserta andZinoviev Kamenevtelah andbergabung Zinovievkembali had joineddengan Stalin again.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pierre Broué: The "Bloc" of the Oppositions against Stalin (January 1980)|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1980/01/bloc.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>

Syrtsov wasditangkap arrested onpada 19 April 1937 during theselama [[GreatPembersihan PurgeBesar-besaran]]. FollowingSetelah protracteddiinterogasi interrogationberlarut-larut, hedia wasdijatuhi sentencedhukuman tomati death onpada 10 September 1937 anddan dieksekusi executeddi inMoskow Moscowpada thathari sameyang daysama.<ref name=Zhertvy>{{cite web|url=http://lists.memo.ru/index18.htm |title=Жертвы политического террора в СССР |publisher=Lists.memo.ru |accessdate=2013-06-12}}</ref>

Syrtsov wassecara posthumouslyanumerta [[politicalrehabilitasi rehabilitationpolitik|rehabilitateddirehabilitasi]] (exonerated)dibebaskan bydari thetuduhan) Militaryoleh CollegiumKolegium of theMiliter [[SupremeMahkamah CourtAgung ofUni the USSRSoviet]] onpada tanggal 28 DecemberDesember 1957.<ref>[http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/martirolog/?t=page&id=13972 "Syrtsov, Sergei,"] Martirolog rasstreliannykh v Moskve i Moskovskoi oblasti (Memorial of those shot in Moscow and Moscow oblast), Sakharov Center, www.sakharov-center.ru/</ref>

==NotesCatatan==

==ReferencesReferensi==

==FurtherBacaan readinglebih lanjut==