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'''Negara-negara Vassal''' adalah sejumlah [[Negara vasal|negara bawahan]] dan [[upeti|taklukan]], biasanya di pinggiran [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]] di bawah suzerainty (kekuasaan) dari Porte (pemerintah pusat) Ottoman, di mana kontrol langsung tidak dilakukan, karena berbagai alasan.
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{State organisation of Ottoman Empire}}
'''Vassal States''' were a number of [[tribute|tributary]] or [[vassal state]]s, usually on the periphery of the [[Ottoman Empire]] under [[suzerainty]] of the [[Ottoman Porte|Porte]], over which direct control was not established, for various reasons.
== Fungsi ==
Beberapa dari negara-negara ini berperan sebagai [[negara penyangga]] antara Ustmaniyah dan Kristen di Eropa atau [[Shi'a IslamSyiah|Syi’ah]] di Asia.
Jumlah mereka bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu tapi yang terkemuka adalah [[Kekhanan Krimea|Kekhanan Crimea]], [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]], [[Transylvania]].
Negara-negara lain seperti [[Bulgaria]], [[Kerajaan Hungaria Timur|Kerajaan Hungaria Timur]], [[Kedespotan Serbia]], dan [[Kerajaan Bosnia|Kerajaan Bosnia]]{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} merupakan vassal sebelum diserap seluruhnya atau sebagian kedalam Kekaisaran.
Yang lainnya memiliki nilai komersial seperti [[ImeretiaImereti]]a, [[Mingrelia]], [[Chios]], [[Duchy of the Archipelago|Kadipaten Naxos]], dan [[Republik Ragusa]] (Dubrovnik).
Tempat-tempat seperti kota-kota suci dan juga [[Siprus]] dan [[Zakynthos|Zante]] yang merupakan daerah taklukan yang berasal dari [[Republik Venesia|Venesia]] tidak dikuasai sepenuhnya.
Akhirnya, beberapa area kecil seperti [[Montenegro]]/[[Zeta (state)|Zeta]] dan [[Mount Lebanon#Mount Lebanon, as a political name|MountGunung Lebanon]] tidak pantas untuk upaya penaklukan dan tidak sepenuhnya dibawahdi bawah kendali pusat.
[[Kepangeranan Serbia]] kembali menjadi taklukan pada 1817, setelah menjadi begitu dipada abad ke-15 menyusul jatuhnya [[Smederevo]] dan aneksasi kedalam Kekaisaran Ustmaniyah.
== Wujud ==
* Beberapa negara dalam sistem eyalet termasuk [[sanjak]] yang dipimpin oleh [[sancakbey]] lokal (misalnya, [[Samtskhe]], beberapa sanjak [[Kurds|Kurdi]]), daerah-daerah yang diiznkanareasdiizinkan thatuntuk werememilih permittedpemimpin tomereka elect their own leaderssendiri (e.g.misalnya, areas ofdaerah-daerah [[Albania]], [[Epirus]], anddan [[Morea]] ([[Mani Peninsula]] wassecara nominallynominal aadalah partbagian ofdari Provinsi Kepulauan Aegean Islandstapi Province butbey-bey Maniot ''beys''merupakan werebawahan tributarytaklukan vassalsdari ofPorte the(pemerintah Portepusat) Ustmaniyah.)), oratau ''de facto'' independenteyalet-eyalet independen{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} eyalets (e.g.misalnya, thekabupaten-kabupaten Barbaresque 'regencies' [[Regency of Algiers|Algiers]], [[Tunis]], [[Tripolitania]] in thedi Maghreb, anddan later thekemudian [[Khedivate of EgyptMesir]]).
*Outside theDiluar sistem eyalet systemadalah were states suchnegara-negara asseperti Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania whichyang paidmembayar tributeupeti tokepada theOttoman Ottomansdan anddi over which themana Porte hadmemiliki thehak rightuntuk tomencalonkan nominateatau ormenggulingkan deposepenguasa, thehak rulergarnisun, garrisondan rights,kontrol andkebijakan foreignluar policy controlnegeri. TheyMereka weredianggap considered by theoleh Otomans assebagai partbagian ofdari [[Dar al-Ahd|Dar al-'Ahd]], thussehingga theymereka werediizinkan alloweduntuk tomempertahankan preservepemerintahan their self-rulesendiri, anddan weretidak notberada underdi Islamicbawah law,hukum like the empire proper; Ottoman subjects, or Muslims for that matter, were not allowed to settle the land permanently or to build [[mosque]]sIslam.<ref>Romanian historian Florin Constantiniu points out that, on crossing into [[Wallachia]], foreign travelers used to notice hearing church bells in every village, which were forbidden by Islamic law in the Ottoman empire. {{Cite book|year=2006|edition=IV|publisher=Univers Enciclopedic Gold|title=O istorie sinceră a poporului român|trans_title=A sincere history of the Romanian people|first=Florin|last=Constantiniu|pages=115–118115–118}}</ref>
* Beberapa negara seperti Ragusa membayar upeti untuk keseluruhan wilayah mereka dan mengakui [[suzerainty]] (kekuasaan) Ottoman.
*Some states such as Ragusa paid tribute for the entirety of their territory and recognized Ottoman suzerainty.
* Lainnya seperti sharif Mekah mengakui [[suzerainty]] Ottoman tapi disubsidi oleh Porte.
*Others such as the [[sharif of Mecca]] recognized Ottoman suzerainty but were subsidized by the Porte.
*In theSelanjutnya laterpada periodperiode ofpenurunan Ottoman decline, severalbeberapa breakawaynegara statesyang frommemisahkan thediri Ottomandari EmpireKekaisaran hadOttoman thememiliki status ofnegara vassal statesvasal (e.g.misalnya theymereka paidmembayar tributeupeti tokepada theKekaisaran Ottoman Empire), beforesebelum gainingmemperoleh completekemerdekaan independencepenuh. TheyNamun were howevermereka de facto independentindependen, includingtermasuk havingmemiliki theirkebijakan ownluar foreignnegeri policymereka andsendiri dan theirmiliter ownindependen independentmereka militarysendiri. ThisIni wasadalah thekasus casedengan with the principalities ofkepangeranan-kepangeranan [[Principality ofKepangeranan Serbia|Serbia]], [[United Principalities of Romania|Romania]] and [[Principality ofKepangeranan Bulgaria|Bulgaria]].
ThereAda werejuga alsobawahan secondarysekunder vassals such as theseperti [[Nogai Horde]] and thedan [[CircassiansCircassia]] who wereyang (atsetidaknya leastsecara nominallynominal) vassalsmerupakan ofvasal the(bawahan) [[Khan (title)|khans]] of [[Khanate ofKekhanan Crimea|Crimea]], or someatau [[Berberorang peopleBerber|BerbersBerber]] anddan [[Arabsorang Arab|Arab]] whoyang paidmembayar tributeupeti tokepada thebeylerbey NorthAfrika African beylerbeyisUtara, whoyang pada weregilirannya inmenjadi turnvasal Ottoman vassalsdengan themselvessendirinya.
OtherNegara-negara stateslain paidmembayar tributeupeti foruntuk possessionsharta/kepunyaan thatmereka wereyang legallyterikat boundpada to theKekaisaran Ottoman Empiretetapi buttidak notdimiliki possessedoleh byOttoman the Ottomans such as theseperti [[Monarki Habsburg Monarchy|HabsburgsHabsburg]] foruntuk partsbagian ofdari [[Royal HungaryHungaria]] oratau [[Republic ofRepublik VeniceVenesia|VeniceVenesia]] foruntuk [[Zakynthos|Zante]].
OtherUpeti tributelain fromdari foreignkekuatan powersasing includedtermasuk asemacam kind"uang ofperlindungan" “protectionkadang-kadang money”disebut sometimes called apajak [[Organisasi Orda (organization)|horde]] tax (similarmirip to thedengan [[Danegeld]]) paiddibayar byoleh [[ImperialRusia Russia|Russia]]atau orPersemakmuran the [[PolishPolandia-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]Lithuania. ItItu wasbiasanya usually paid to the Ottomandibayarkan vassalkepada [[Khan (title)|khanskhan]] of [[Khanate ofKekhanan Crimea|Crimea]] ratherbawahan thanOttoman todaripada thesultan Ottoman sultansecara directlylangsung.
== Daftar negara Sekutu, bawahan, otonomi dan taklukan Utsmaniyah ==
==List==
[[ImageBerkas:Central europe 1683.png|thumbjmpl|Map showing some vassal states of the Ottoman Empire in 1683|300px]]
{{Expand list|date=May 2010}}
* [[ByzantineKekaisaran Romawi Timur|Kekaisaran EmpireBizantium]], ca. 1372–1403 as a vassal state, tributary from 1424 onward.
* [[Principality ofWallachia|Kepangeranan Wallachia]] (Eflâk Prensliği), 1395–1397, 1417–1861 with some interruptions; briefly annexed as an [[Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|eyalet]] from 1521–22 and 1595–96<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ |title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the ... - Donald Edgar Pitcher - Google Boeken |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>){{Page needed|date=November 2010}}
* [[SerbianKedespotan DespotateSerbia]] <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=9yGRZTZhlDQC&pg=PA10&dq=Serbia+%2B+vassal+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&hl=en&ei=gOyRTtnjPKnj4QSx5JjPAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Serbia%20%2B%20vassal%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire&f=false Constantinople 1453: the end of Byzantium]{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} p.10</ref> (ca. 1402–1459)
* [[PrincipalityKepangeranan ofMoldavia|Kepangernan Moldavia]] (Boğdan Prensliği), 1456–1457, 1503–1861 with some interruptions; briefly annexed as an [[Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|eyalet]] from 1595–96<ref name="google1"/>){{Page needed|date=November 2010}}
* [[SharifateSyarif ofMekkah|Kesyarifan MeccaMekkah]], 1517-1803
* [[CrimeanKekhanan KhanateKrimea]] (Kırım Hanlığı), 1478–1774
* [[KazanKekhanan KhanateKazan]] (Kazan Hanlığı), 1523: Kazan briefly conquered by Crimean Khanate, [[Sahib I Giray]] enthroned as Khan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Crimean_Khanate |title=The Tatar Khanate of Crimea |publisher=All Empires |accessdate=9 October 2010}}</ref>
* [[Kerajaan Hungaria Timur|Kerajaan Hungaria Timur]]
*[[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]]
* [[Daftar Sultan Maladewa#Dinasti Hilaalee dynasty(1388-1573)|Dinasti Hilaalee]] of [[TheKesultanan MaldivesMaladewa|Maladewa]], 1565?-1597?<ref name="google2">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=80lLuG3KRGIC&pg=PA429&dq=%22ottoman+%22vassals%22+and+their+obligations%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NRsVUti_CpL89gT7-oDABA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22ottoman%20%22vassals%22%20and%20their%20obligations%22&f=false |title=The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2013-06-20 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
* [[PrincipalityKepangeranan of Transylvania (1570–1711)Transilvania|Principality ofKepangeranan Transylvania]] (Erdel), 1570–1692 with some interruptions
* [[Sultanate ofKesultanan Aceh]],([[Protektorat]]) 1569 -late 18thakhir abad century18<ref>Palabiyik, Hamit, ''Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age'', (Ankara, 2008), 84.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs%5CAceh-project%5Cfull-papers%5Caceh_fp_ismailhakkigoksoy.pdf |author=Ismail Hakki Goksoy |title=''Ottoman-Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources''|access-date=2014-09-29|archive-date=2008-01-19|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119135247/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs/Aceh-project/full-papers/aceh_fp_ismailhakkigoksoy.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom ofKerajaan Bohemia]], briefly in 1620 underdi bawah [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine|Frederick I of Bohemia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XgtpAl8HzjcC&pg=PA294&dq=Frederick+wrote+to+the+sultan+on+12+July,+making+Bohemia+a+tributary+state+of+the+Ottoman+empire&hl=en&ei=-fG1Tvv1FIHd0QGZnoTSBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Frederick%20wrote%20to%20the%20sultan%20on%2012%20July%2C%20making%20Bohemia%20a%20tributary%20state%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20empire&f=false |title=The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy - Peter Hamish Wilson - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
* [[PrincipalityKepangeranan Hungaria ofHulu|Kepangeranan UpperHungaria HungaryHulu]] (modern-day [[SlovakiaSlowakia]]), 1682–1685 under [[Imre Thököly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/regents/balkan/transylvania.htm |title=Princes of Transylvania |publisher=Tacitus.nu |date=2008-08-30 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
* [[Principality ofKepangeranan Serbia]] (Sırbistan Prensliği), 1817–1830; further autonomy 1833–1878
* [[UnitedPrincipatele PrincipalitiesUnite|Kepangeranan ofBersatu Romania]] (Romanya Prensliği), 1862–1877
* [[Kewalirajaan Mesir|Khedive Mesir]] (Mısır), 1867–1914: mendapat otonomi penuh dari Usmani dari status sebelumnya : [[Eyalet Mesir]], dan dari tahun 1882 menjadi [[Protektorat Inggris]]; meskipun statusnya masih bawahan Usmani, hingga lepas menjadi [[Kesultanan Mesir]] menjelang Perang Dunia I.
*[[Khedivate of Egypt]] (Mısır), 1867–1914: ''de jure'' under Ottoman suzerainty, in effect fully autonomous, and from 1882 a [[British occupation of Egypt|British protectorate]]; broke away from Ottoman suzerainty upon Ottoman entry into World War I as the [[Sultanate of Egypt]].
* [[Principality ofKepangeranan Bulgaria]] (Bulgaristan Prensliği), 1878–1908
* [[Republic ofRepublik Ragusa]]
* [[Duchy ofKadipaten Naxos]]
* [[Principality of Samos]] (Sisam), 1835–1912: established as an autonomous tributary principality under a Christian governor; annexed to Greece during the [[First Balkan War]]
* [[EasternRumelia Timur|Rumelia TImur]] (Doğu Rumeli), 1878–1885: established by the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]] on 13 July 1878 as an autonomous province; joined to the tributary [[Principality of Bulgaria]] on 6 September 1885 but remained ''de jure'' under Ottoman suzerainty; independent along with the rest of Bulgaria on 5 October 1908.
* [[Cyprus]] (Kıbrıs), 1878–1914: established as a British [[protectorate]] under Ottoman suzerainty with the [[Cyprus Convention]] of 4 June 1878; annexed by Britain upon Ottoman entry into World War I.
* [[Qatar]] (Katar), 1872–1913
* [[CretanNegara StateKreta]] (Girit), 1898–1912/13: established as an internationally supervised tributary state headed by a Christian governor; in 1908 the Cretan parliament unilaterally declared union with Greece; the island was occupied by Greece in 1912, and ''de jure'' annexed in 1913
* [[Cossack Hetmanate]]: [[Right-bank Ukraine]] under the rule of [[Petro Doroshenko]] (1669—1675)
* [[Republik Tujuh Pulau|Republik Septinsular]]
*[[Septinsular Republic]]
==See alsoLihat pula ==
* [[Pembagian Administratif Utsmaniyah|Daftar Teritori Utsmaniyah]]
*[[List of Ottoman Empire territories]]
* [[Eyalet]]
==References Referensi ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Organisasi Kesultanan Utsmaniyah}}
{{Organisation of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Pembagian administratif Kesultanan Utsmaniyah}}
{{Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vassal And Tributary States Of The Ottoman Empire}}
[[CategoryKategori:Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Kategori:Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]
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